AJC Editor's Consensus: Psoriasis and Coronary Artery Disease

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 102, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 1631-1643

  Friedewald, Vincent E ^a   Cather, Jennifer C ^b   Gelfand, Joel M ^c   Gordon, Kenneth B ^d   Gibbons, Gary H ^e   Grundy, Scott M ^f   Jarratt, Michael T ^g   Krueger, James G ^h   Ridker, Paul M ⁱ   Stone, Neil ^d   Roberts, William C ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b BAYLOR UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

^d NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e MOREHOUSE SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^f UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^g BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^h ROCKEFELLER UNIVERSITY   (United States)

ⁱ HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ADALIMUMAB; ALEFACEPT; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CLOBETASOL PROPIONATE; COAL TAR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; CYTOKINE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DITHRANOL; EFALIZUMAB; EMOLLIENT AGENT; ENBRE; ETANERCEPT; ETRETIN; GEMFIBROZIL; HOMOCYSTEINE; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; INFLIXIMAB; METHOTREXATE; NICOTINIC ACID; PSORALEN; RETINOL DERIVATIVE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; ARTICLE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL FEATURE; CONSENSUS; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIFESTYLE MODIFICATION; LIPID BLOOD LEVEL; MAJOR DEPRESSION; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY; PHOTOTHERAPY; PHYSICAL ACTIVITY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PSORIASIS; ULTRAVIOLET A RADIATION; ULTRAVIOLET B RADIATION;

EID: 58149477214     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.10.004     Document Type: Note

References (170)

1. National Psoriasis Foundation. About psoriasis: statistics. http://www.psoriasis.org/about/stats Assessed September 1, 2008
2. Schon M.P., and Boehncke W.-H. Psoriasis. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1899-1912
3. Griffiths C.E., and Barker J.N.W. Pathogensis and clinical features of psoriasis. Lancet 360 (2007) 263-271
4. Gelfand J.M., Feldman S.R., Stern R.S., Thomas J., Rolstad T., and Margolis D.J. Determinant of quality of life in patients with psoriasis: a study from the US population. J Am Acad Dermatol 51 (2004) 704-708
5. Mease P.J., and Menter M.A. Quality-of-life issues in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: outcome measures and therapies from a dermatological perspective. J Am Acad Dermatol 54 (2006) 685-704
6. Van de Kerkhof P.C.M. The evolution of the psoriatic lesion. Br J Dermatol 157 (2007) 4-15
7. Krueger J.G., and Bowcock A. Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis. Ann Rhuem Dis 64 (2005) ii30-ii36
8. Christophers E. Comorbidities in psoriasis. Clin Dermatol 25 (2007) 529-534
9. Kimball A.B., Gladman D., Gelfand J.M., Gordon K., Horn E.J., Korman N.J., Korver G., Krueger G.G., Strober B.E., Lebwohl M.G., et al. National psoriasis foundation clinical consensus on psoriasis comorbidities and recommendations for screening. J Am Acad Dermatol 58 (2008) 1031-1042
10. Gottieb A.B., Chao C., and Dann F. Psoriasis comorbidities. J Dermatol Treat 19 (2008) 5-21
11. Schlaak J.F., Buslau M., Jochum W., Hermann E., Girndt M., Gallati H., Meyer zum Büschenfelde K.H., and Fleischer B. T cells in psoriasis vulgaris belong to the Th1 subset. J Invest Dermatol 102 (1994) 145-149
12. Lowes M.A., Kikuchi T., Fuentes-Duculan J., Cardinale I., Zaba L.C., Haider A.S., Bowman E.P., and Krueger J.G. Psoriasis vulgaris lesions contain discrete populations of Th1 and Th17 T cells. J Invest Dermatol 128 (2008) 1207-1211
13. Menter A., and Griffiths E.M. Current and future management of psoriasis. Lancet 370 (2007) 272-284
14. Reed W.B., Becker S.W., Rhode R., and Heiskell C.L. Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. A clinicopathologic conference. Arch Dermatol 99 (1961) 86
15. McDonald C.J., and Calabresi P. Complication on psoriasis. JAMA 224 (1973) 629
16. McDonald C.J., and Calabresi P. Occlusive vascular disease in psoriatic patients. N Engl J Med 288 (1973) 912
17. Ena P., Madeddu P., Glorioso N., Cerimele D., and Rappelli A. High prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and enhanced activity of the renin-angiotensin system in psoriatic patients. Acta Cardiol 40 (1985) 199-205
18. Henseler T., and Christophers E. Disease concomitance in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 32 (1995) 982-986
19. Lindegard B. Diseases associated with psoriasis in a general population of 159,200 middle-aged, urban, native Swedes. Dermatologica 172 (1986) 298-304
20. Krueger G.G., and Duvic M. Epidemiology of psoriasis: clinical issues. J Invest Dermatol 102 (1994) 14S-18S
21. Poikolainen K., Karvonen J., and Pukkala E. Excess mortality related to alcohol and smoking among hospital-treated patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 135 (1999) 1490-1493
22. Mallbris L., Akre O., Granath F., Yin L., Lindelof B., Ekbom A., and Stahle-Backdahl M. Increased risk for cardiovascular mortality in psoriasis inpatients but not in outpatients. Eur J Epidemiol 19 (2004) 225-230
23. McDonald C.J., and Calabresi P. Psoriasis and occlusive vascular disease. Br J Dermatol 99 (1978) 469-475
24. Gelfand J.M., Neimann A.L., Shin D.B., Wang X., Margolis D.J., and Troxel A.B. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA 296 (2006) 1735-1741
25. Kimball A.B., Robinson D., Wu Y., Guzzo C., Yeilding N., Paramore C., Fraeman K., and Bala M. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among psoriasis patients in two US healthcare databases, 2001-2002. Dermatology 217 (2008) 27-37
26. Kaye J.A., Li L., and Jick S.S. Incidence of risk factors for myocardial infarction and other vascular diseases in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 159 (2008) 895-902
27. Ludwig R.J., Herzog C., Rostock A., Ochsendorf F.R., Sollner T.M., Thaci D., Kaufmann R., Vogl T.J., and Boehncke W.-H. Psoriasis: a possible risk factor for development of coronary artery calcification. Br J Dermatol 156 (2007) 272-276
28. Kremers H.M., McEvoy M.T., Dann F.J., and Gabriel S.E. Heart disease in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 58 (2008) 347-352
29. Gelfand J.M., Troxel A.B., Lewis J.D., Kurd S.K., Shin D.B., Wang X., Margolis D.J., and Strom B.L. The risk of mortality in patients with psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 143 (2007) 1493-1499
30. Wakke M., Thio H.B., Prens E.P., Sijbrands E.J.G., and Neumann H.A.M. Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients. Atherosclerosis 190 (2007) 1-9
31. Dratelin C.R., Martinez-Abundis E., Balcázar-Muñoz B.R., Bustos-Saldaña R., and González-Ortiz M. Lipid profile, insulin secretion, and insulin sensitivity in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 48 (2003) 882-885
32. Rocha-Pereira P., Santos-Silva A., Rebelo I., Figueiredo A., Quintanilha A., and Teixeira F. Dislipidemia and oxidative stress in mild and in severe psoriasis as a risk for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta 303 (2001) 33-39
33. Neimann A.I., Shin D.B., Wang X., Margolis D.J., Troxel A.B., and Gelfand J.M. Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 55 (2006) 829-835
34. Mallbris L., Ritchlin C.T., and Ståhle M. Metabolic disorders in patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rep 5 (2006) 355-363
35. Herron M.D., Hinckley M., Hoffman M.S., Papenfuss J., Hansen C.B., Callis K.P., and Krueger G.C. Impact of obesity and smoking on psoriasis presentation and management. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 1527-1534
36. Sommer D.M., Jenisch S., Suchan M., Christophers E., and Weichenthal M. Increased prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with moderate to severe psoriasis. Arch Dermatol Res 298 (2006) 321-328
37. Cohen A.D., Gilutz H., Henkin Y., Zahger D., Shapiro J., Bonneh D.Y., and Vardy D.A. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol 87 (2007) 506-509
38. Cohen A.D., Sherf M., Vidavsky L., Vardy D.A., Shapiro J., and Meyerovitch J. Association between psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. A cross-sectional study. Dermatology 216 (2008) 152-155
39. Gisondi P., Tessari G., Conti A., Piaserico S., Schianchi S., Peserico A., Giannetii A., and Girolomoni G. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: a hospital-based case-control study. Br J Dermatol 157 (2007) 68-73
40. Wellen K.E., and Hotamisligil G.S. Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112 (2003) 1785-1788
41. Panagiotakos D.M., Pitsavos C., Yannakoulia M., Chrysohoou C., and Stefanadis C. The implication of obesity and central fat on markers of chronic inflammation: the ATTICA study. Atherosclerosis 183 (2005) 308-315
42. Meigs J.B., Wilson P.W.F., Nathan D.M., D'Agostino R.B., Williams K., and Haffner S.M. Prevalence and characteristics of the metabolic syndrome in the San Antonio heart and Framingham offspring studies. Diabetes 52 (2003) 2160-2167
43. Rutter M.K., Meigs J.B., Sullivan L.M., D'Agostino R.B., and Wilson P.W.F. C-reactive protein, the metabolic syndrome, and prediction of cardiovascular events in the Framingham offspring study. Circulation 110 (2004) 380-385
44. Olijhoek J.K., Van der Graff Y., Banga J.-D., Algra A., Rabelink T.J., and Visseren F.L.J. The metabolic syndrome is associated with advanced vascular damage in patients with coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral arterial disease or abdominal aortic aneurysm. Eur Heart J 25 (2004) 342-348
45. Lau D.C., Dhillon B., Yan H., Szmitko P.E., and Verma S. Adipokines: molecular links between obesity and atherosclerosis. Am J Physiol 288 (2005) H2031-H2041
46. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Daniels S.R., Donato K.A., Eckel R.H., Franklin B.A., Gordon D.J., Krauss R.M., Savage P.J., Smith S.C., et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome. Circulation 112 (2005) 2735-2752
47. Escalante A., Haas R.W., and del Rincon I. Paradoxical effect of body mass index on survival in rheumatoid arthritis. Arch Intern Med 165 (2005) 1624-1629
48. Sterry W., Strober B.E., and Menter A. Obesity in psoriasis: the metabolic, clinical and therapeutic implications. Br J Dermatol 157 (2007) 649-655
49. Wannamethee G., Lowe G.D.O., Shaper A.G., Rumley A., Lennon L., and Whincup P.H. Association between cigarette smoking, pipe/cigar smoking, and smoking cessation, and haemostatic and inflammatory markers for cardiovascular disease. Eur Heart J 26 (2005) 1765-1773
50. Fortes C., Mastroeni S., Leffondrè K., Sampogna F., Melchi F., Mazzotti E., Pasquini P., and Abeni D. Relationship between smoking and the clinical severity of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 141 (2005) 1580-1584
51. Mallbris L., Granath F., Hamsten A., and Ståhle M. Psoriasis is associated with lipid abnormalities at the onset of skin disease. J Am Acad Dermatol 54 (2006) 614-621
52. Kural B.V., Örem A., Cimsit G., Yandi Y.E., and Calapoglu M. Evaluation of the atherogenic tendency of lipids and lipoprotein content and their relationships with oxidant-antioxidant system in patients with psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta 328 (2003) 71-82
53. Shapiro J., Cohen A.D., David M., Hodak E., Chodik G., Viner A., Kremer E., and Heymann A. The association between psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis in Israel: a case-control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 56 (2007) 629-634
54. Cohen A.D., Dreiher J., Shapiro Y., Vidavsky L., Vardy D.A., Davidovici B., and Meyerovitch J. Psoriasis and diabetes: a population-based cross-sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 22 (2008) 585-589
55. Boehncke S., Thaci D., Beschmann H., Ludwig R.J., Ackermann H., Badenhoop K., and Boehncke W.-H. Psoriasis patients show signs of insulin resistance. Br J Dermatol 157 (2007) 1249-1251
56. Kural B.V., Örem A., Cimsit G., Uyda H.A., Yandi Y.E., and Alver A. Plasma homocysteine and its relationship with atherothrombotic markers in psoriatic patients. Clin Chim Acta 332 (2003) 23-30
57. Malebra M., Gisondi P., Radaeli A., Sala R., Calzavara Pinton P.G., and Girolomoni G. Plasma homocysteine and folate levels in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 155 (2006) 1165-1169
58. Malinow M.R., Bostom A.G., and Krauss R.M. Homocyst(e)ine, diet, and cardiovascular diseases. Circulation 99 (1999) 178-182
59. Mayer E.L., Jacobsen D.W., and Robinson K. Homocysteine and coronary atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 27 (1996) 517-527
60. Kaul S., Zadeh A.A., and Shah P.K. Homocysteine hypothesis for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) 914-923
61. Wu Y., Mills D., and Bala M. Psoriasis: cardiovascular risk factors and other disease comorbidities. J Drugs Dermatol 7 (2008) 373-377
62. Nasreen S., Ahmed I., and Effendi S. Frequency and magnitude of anxiety and depression in patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 18 (2008) 397-400
63. Friedewald V.E., Cather J.C., Gordon K.B., Kavanaugh A., Ridker P.M., and Roberts W.C. The editor's roundtable: psoriasis, inflammation, and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 101 (2008) 1119-1126
64. Vaccarino V., Johnson B.D., Sheps D.S., Reis S.E., Kelsey S.F., Bittner V., Rutledge T., Shaw L.J., Sopko G., and Bairey C.N. Depression, inflammation, and incident cardiovascular disease in women with suspected coronary ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol 50 (2007) 2044-2050
65. Carney R.M., Blumenthal J.A., Catellier D., Freedland K.E., Berkman L.F., Watkinds L.L., Czajkowski S.M., Hayano J., and Jaffe A.S. Depression as a risk factor for mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am J Cardiol 92 (2003) 1277-1281
66. Barth J., Schumacher M., and Hermann-Lingen C. Depression as a risk factor for mortality in patients with coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Psychosom Med 66 (2004) 802-813
67. Wulsin L.R., and Singal B.M. Do depressive symptoms increase the risk for the onset of coronary disease?. A systematic quantitative review. Psychosom Med 65 (2003) 201-210
68. Stewart J.C., Janicki-Deverts D., Muldoon M.F., and Kamarck T.W. Depressive symptoms moderate the influenza of hostility on serum interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein. Psychosom Med 70 (2008) 197-204
69. Michowitz Y., Goldstein E., Roth A., Afek A., Abashidze A., Gal Y.B., Keren G., and George J. The involvement of tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (trail) in atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 45 (2005) 1018-1024
70. Zhang L., Peppel K., Sivashanmugam P., Orman E.S., Brain L., Exum S.T., and Freedman N.J. Expression of tumor necrosis factor receptor-1 in arterial wall cells promotes atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27 (2007) 1087-1094
71. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Pfeffer M., Sacks F., Lepage S., and Braunwald E. Elevation of tumor necrosis factor-α and increased risk of recurrent coronary events after myocardial infarction. Circulation 101 (2000) 2149-2153
72. Piertzak A.T., Zalewska A., Chodorwska G., Krasowska D., Michalak-Stoma A., Nockowski P., Osemlak P., Paszkowski T., and Rolinski J.M. Cytokines and anticytokines in psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta 394 (2008) 7-21
73. Ross R. Atherosclerosis-an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 340 (1999) 115-126
74. Spagnoli L.G., Bonanno E., Sangiorgi G., and Mauriello A. Role of inflammation in atherosclerosis. J Nucl Med 48 (2007) 1800-1815
75. Libby P. What have we learned about the biology of atherosclerosis?. The role of inflammation. Am J Cardiol 88 suppl (2001) 3J-6J
76. Forrester J.S. Prevention of plaque rupture: a new paradigm of therapy. Ann Intern Med 137 (2002) 823-833
77. Newby A.C. Metalloproteinases and vulnerable atherosclerosis plaques. Trends Cardiovasc Med 17 (2007) 253-258
78. Shah P.K. Mechanisms of plaque vulnerability and rupture. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003) 15S-22S
79. Friedewald VE, Ambrose JA, Roberts WC, Stone GW, Willerson JT. The editor's roundtable: the vulnerable plaque. Am J Cardiol. In press.
80. Delves P.J., and Roitt I.M. The immune system. N Engl J Med 343 (2008) 37-49
81. Jiang H., and Chess L. Regulation of immune responses by T cells. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 1166-1176
82. Ridker P.M. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 107 (2003) 363-369
83. Marnell L., Mold D., and Du Clos T.W. C-reactive protein: ligands, receptors and role in inflammation. Clin Immunol 117 (2005) 104-111
84. Rocha-Pereira P., Santos-Silva A., Rebelo I., Figueiredo A., Quintanilhas A., and Teixeria F. The inflammatory response in mild and in severe psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 150 (2004) 917-928
85. Sergeant A., Markygerorgou A., Chan W.C., Thorrat A., and Burden D. C-reactive protein in psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 158 (2008) 417-419
86. Ohtsuka T. The relation between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein and maximum body mass index in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 158 (2008) 1141-1143
87. 2-macroglobulin plasma activity in medium-severe and severe psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 18 (2004) 180-183
88. Beer F.C., Hind C.R., Allan R.M., Maseri A., and Pepys M.B. Measurement of serum C-reactive protein concentration in myocardial ischaemia and infarcation. Br Heart J 47 (1982) 239-243
89. Berk Bradford C., Weintraub W.S., and Alexander R.W. Elevation of C-reactive protein in "active" coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 65 (1990) 168-172
90. Pai J.K., Pischon T., Ma J., Manson J.E., Hankinson S.E., Joshipura K., Curhan G.C., Rifai N., Cannuscio C.C., Stampfer M.J., et al. Inflammatory markers and the risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 2599-2610
91. Ridker P.M., Cushman M., Stampfer M.J., Tracy R.P., and Hennekens C.H. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 336 (1997) 973-979
92. Sesso H.D., Buring J.E., Rafai N., Blake G.J., Gaziano J.M., and Ridker P.M. C-reactive protein and the risk of developing hypertension. JAMA 290 (2003) 2945-2951
93. Ridker P.M., Glynn R.J., and Hennekens C.H. C-reactive protein adds to the predictive value of total and HDL cholesterol in determining risk of first myocardial infarction. Circulation 97 (1998) 2007-2011
94. Yeh E.T.H. CRP as a mediator of disease. Circulation 109 (2004) II-11-II-14
95. Scirica B.M., and Morrow D.A. Is C-reactive protein an innocent bystander or proatherogenic culprit?. Circulation 113 (2006) 2128-2151
96. Armstrong E.J., Morrow D.A., and Sabatine M.S. Inflammatory biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation 113 (2006) 72-75
97. Inoue T., Komoda H., Nonaka M., Kameda M., Uchida T., and Node K. Interleukin-8 as an independent predictor of long-term clinical outcome in patients with coronary artery disease. Int J Cardiol 124 (2008) 319-325
98. Natali A., L'Abbate, and Ferrannini E. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, coronary atherosclerosis, and cardiac mortality. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 639-648
99. Roman M.J., Moeller E., Davis A., Paget S.A., Crow M.K., Lockshin M.D., Sammaritano L., Devereux R.B., Schwartz J.E., Levine D.M., et al. Preclinical carotid atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Intern Med 144 (2006) 249-256
100. Buhlin K., Gustafsson A., Pockley G., Frostefård, and Klinge B. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with periodontitis. Eur Heart J 24 (2003) 2099-2107
101. Chen Y.-W., Umeda M., Nagasawa T., Takeuchi Y., Huang Y., Inoue Y., Iwai T., Izumi Y., and Ishikawa I. Periodontitis may increase the risk of peripheral arterial disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 35 (2008) 153-158
102. Asanuma Y., Oeser A., Shintani A.K., Turner E., Olsen N., Fazio S., Linton M.F., Raggi P., and Stein C.M. Premature coronary-artery atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 349 (2003) 2407-2415
103. McMahon M., and Hahn B.H. Atherosclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus- mechanistic basis of the association. Curr Opin Immunol 19 (2007) 633-639
104. Smeeth L., Thomas S.L., Hall A.J., Hubbard R., Farrington P., and Vallance P. Risk of myocardial infarction and stroke after acute infection or vaccination. N Engl J Med 351 (2004) 2611-2618
105. Marchesi C., Paradis P., and Schiffrin E.L. Role of the renin-angiotensin system in vascular inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 29 (2008) 367-374
106. Sahar S., Dwarakanath R.S., Reddy A., Lanting L., Todorov I., and Natarajan R. Angiotensin II enhances interleukin-18 mediated inflammatory gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 96 (2005) 1064-1071
107. Katariina K., Perola M., Terwilliger J., Kaprio J., Koskenvuo M., Syvänen A.-C., Vartiaien E., Peltonen L., and Kontula K. Evidence for involvement of the type 1 angiotensin II receptor locus in essential hypertension. Hypertension 33 (1999) 844-849
108. Pedrinelli R., Dell'Omo G., Di Bello V., Pellegrini G., Pucci L., Del Prato S., and Penno G. Low-grade inflammation and microalbuminuria in hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24 (2004) 2414-2419
109. Ferrario C.M., and Strawn W.B. Role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and proinflammatory mediators in cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 98 (2006) 121-128
110. Sironi L., Nobili E., Gianella A., Gelosa P., and Tremoli E. Anti-inflammatory properties of drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. Drugs Today (Barc) 41 (2005) 609-622
111. Schillaci G., and Pirro M. C-reactive protein in hypertension significance and predictive value. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 16 (2006) 500-508
112. Lim H.S., and Lip G.Y.H. Interleukin-15 in hypertension: further insights into inflammation and vascular disease. Am J Hypertens 18 (2005) 1017-1018
113. Hjeistuen A., Anderssen S.A., Holme I., Seljeflot I., and Klemdsal T.O. Markers of inflammation are inversely related to physical activity and fitness in sedentary men with treated hypertension. Am J Hypertens 19 (2006) 669-677
114. Kampus P., Muda P., Kals J., Ristimäe T., Fischer K., Teesalu R., and Zilmer M. The relationship between inflammation and arterial stiffness in patients with essential hypertension. Int J Cardiol 122 (2006) 46-51
115. Takase H., Nakazawa A., Yamashita S., Toriyama T., Sato K., Ueda R., and Dohi Y. Pioglitazone produces rapid and persistent reduction of vascular inflammation in patients with hypertension and type 3 diabetes mellitus who are receiving angiotensin II receptor blockers. Metab Clin Exp 56 (2007) 559-564
116. Karthikeyan V.J., and Lip G.Y.H. Alpha 1-microglobulin: a further insight to inflammation in hypertension?. Am J Hypertens 20 (2007) 1022-1023
117. Aznaouridis K.A., and Stefanadis C.I. Inflammation and arterial function. Artery Res 1 (2007) 32-38
118. Mahmud A., and Feely J. Arterial stiffness is related to systemic inflammation in essential hypertension. Hypertension 46 (2005) 1118-1122
119. Setty A.R., Curhan G., and Chol H.K. Obesity, waist circumference, weight change, and the risk of psoriasis in women. Arch Intern Med 167 (2007) 1670-1675
120. Virdis A., and Schiffrin E.L. Vascular inflammation: a role in vascular disease in hypertension?. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 12 (2003) 181-187
121. Engström G., Janzon L., Berglund O., Lind P., Stavenow L., Hedblad B., and Lindgärde F. Blood pressure increase and incidence of hypertension in relation to inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 22 (2002) 2054-2058
122. August P., and Suthanthiran M. Transforming growth factor β signaling, vascular remodeling, and hypertension. N Engl J Med 354 (2006) 2721-2723
123. Ghanem F.A., and Movahed A. Inflammation in high blood pressure: a clinician prespective. J Am Soc Hypertens 1 (2007) 113-119
124. Lakoski S.G., Herrington D.M., Siscovick D.M., and Hulley S.B. C-reactive protein concentration and incident hypertension in young adults. Arch Intern Med 166 (2006) 345-349
125. Guzlik T.J., Hoch N.E., Brown K.A., McCann L.A., Rahman A., Dikalov S., Goronzy J., Weyand C., and Harrison D.G. Role of the T-cell in the genesis of angiotensin II-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction. J Exp Med 204 (2007) 2449-2460
126. Brown N.J. Aldosterone and vascular inflammation. Hypertension 51 (2008) 161-167
127. Savoia C., and Schiffrin E.L. Reduction of c-reactive protein and the use of anti-hypertensives. Vasc Health Risk Manag 3 (2007) 975-983
128. Ruiz-Ortega M., Esteban V., Rupérez M., Sánchez-López E., Rodríquez-Vita J., Carvajal G., and Egido J. Renal and vascular hypertension-induced inflammation: role of angiotensin II. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 15 (2006) 159-166
129. Ishibashi M., Hiasa K., Zhao Q., Inoue S., Ohtani K., Kitamoto S., Tsuchihashi M., Sugaya T., Charo I.F., Kura S., et al. Critical role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-a receptor CCR2 on monocytes in hypertension-induced vascular inflammation and remodeling. Circ Res 94 (2004) 1203-1210
130. Recinos A., Lejeune W., Sun H., Lee C.Y., Tieu B.C., Lu, Hou T., Boldogh I., Tilton R.G., and Brasier A.R. Angiotensin II induces IL-6 expression and the Jak-stat2 pathway in aortic adventitia of LDL receptor-deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 194 (2007) 125-133
131. Libby P., and Ridker P.M. Inflammation and atherothrombosis. J Am Coll Cardiol 48 (2006) A33-A46
132. Granger D.N., Vowinkel T., and Petnehazy T. Modulation of the inflammatory response in cardiovascular disease. Hypertension 43 (2004) 924-931
133. Prodanowich S., Ma F., Taylor R., Pezon C., Fasihi T., and Kirsner R.S. Methotrexate reduces incidence of vascular diseases in veterans with psoriasis or rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 52 (2005) 262-267
134. Choi H.k., Hernán M.A., Seeger J.D., Robins J.M., and Wolfe F. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet 359 (2002) 1173-1177
135. Ikonomidis I., Andreotti F., Economou E., Stefanadis C., Toutouzas P., and Nihoyannopoulos P. Increased proinflammatory cytokines in patients with chronic stable angina and their reduction by aspirin. Circulation 100 (1999) 793-798
136. White W.B., West C.R., Borer J.S., Gorelick P.B., Lavange L., Pan S.X., Weiner E., and Verburg K.M. Risk of cardiovascular events in patients receiving celecoxib: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007) 91-98
137. Nussmeier N.A., Whelton A.A., Brown M.T., Langford R.M., Hoeft A., Parlow J.L., Boyce S.W., and Verburg K.M. Complications of the COX-2-inhibitors parecoxib and valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med 352 (2005) 1081-1091
138. Bresalier R.S., Sandler R.S., Quan H., Bolognese J.A., Oxenius B., Horgan K., Lines C., Riddell R., Morton D., Lanas A., et al. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 1092-1102
139. Solomon S.D., McMurray J.J.V., Pfeffer M.A., Wittes J., Fowler R., Finn P., Anderson W.F., Zauber A., Hawk E., Bertagnolli M., et al. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med 353 (2005) 1071-1080
140. Schönbeck U., and Libby O. Inflammation, immunity, and HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors. Circulation 109 (2004) II-18-II-26
141. Ridker P.M., Rifai N., Clearfield M., Downs J.R., Weis S.E., Miles J.S., and Gotto A.M. Measurement of C-reactive protein for the targeting of statin therapy in the primary prevention of acute coronary events. N Engl J Med 26 (2001) 1959-1965
142. Willerson J.T., and Ridker P.M. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation 109 (2004) II-2-II-10
143. Albert M.A., Danielson E., Rifai N., and Ridker P.M. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels. JAMA 286 (2001) 64-70
144. McCarey D.W., McInnes I.B., Madhok R., Hampson R., Scherbakova O., Ford I., Capell H.A., and Sattar N. Trial of Atorvastatin in Rheumatoid Arthritis (TARA): double-blind, randomized placebo controlled trial. Lancet 363 (2004) 2015-2021
145. Shirinsky I.V., and Shirinsky V.S. Efficacy of simvastatin in plaque psoriasis: a pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 57 (2007) 529-531
146. Namazi M.R. Statins: novel additions of the dermatologic arsenal?. Exp Dermatol 13 (2004) 337-339
147. Yu B.-L., and Zhao S.-P. Anti-inflammatory effect is an important property of niacin on atherosclerosis beyond its lipid-altering effects. Med Hypotheses 69 (2007) 90-94
148. Kashyap M.L., McGovern M.E., Berra K., Guyton J.R., Kwiterovich P.O., Harper W.L., Toth P.D., Favrot L.K., Kerzner B., Nash S.D., et al. Long-term study and efficacy of a once-daily niacin/lovastatin formulation for patients with dyslipidemia. Am J Cardiol 89 (2002) 672-678
149. Grundy S.M., Vega G.L., McGovern M.E., Tullock B.R., Kendall D.M., Fitz-Patrick D., Ganda O.P., Rosenson R.S., Buse J.B., Robertson D.D., et al. Efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-daily niacin for the treatment of dyslipidemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Arch Intern Med 162 (2002) 1568-1576
150. Friedewald V.E., Grundy S., Gotto A.M., Haffner S., Denke M.A., Hollander P., and Roberts W.C. The editor's roundtable: the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007) 382-389
151. Ridker P.M., Fonseca F.A.H., Genest J., Gotto A.M., Kastelein J.J.P., Khurmi N.S., Koenig W., Libby P., Lorenzatti A.J., Nordestgaard B.G., et al. Baseline characteristics of participants in the Jupiter trial, a randomized placebo-controlled primary prevention trial of statin therapy among individuals with low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Am J Cardiol 100 (2007) 1659-1664
152. Grundy S.M., Cleeman J.I., Mertz C.N., Brewer H.B., Clark L.T., Hunninghake D.B., Pasternak R.C., Smith S.C., and Stone N.J. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 110 (2004) 227-239
153. Chobanian A.V., Bakris G.L., Black H.R., Cushman W.C., Green L.A., Izzo J.L., Jones D.W., Materson B.J., Oparil S., Wright J.T., et al. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension 42 (2003) 1206-1252
154. United States Department of Agriculture. Dietary guidelines for Americans 2005. http://www.health.gov/DIETARYGUIDELINES/dga2005/document/html/chapter9.h tm Accessed October 28, 2008
155. McKenney J. New perspective on the use of niacin in the treatment of lipid disorders. Arch Intern Med 164 (2004) 697-705
156. Guyton J.R., and Bays H.E. Safety considerations with niacin therapy. Am J Cardiol 99 (2007) 22C-31C
157. 2 receptor 1 suppresses nicotinic acid-induced vasodilation in mice and humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103 (2006) 6682-6687
158. Wolf R., Schiavo A.L., Russo A., de Angelis F., and Ruocco V. Effects of gemfibrozil on in vitro cultured normal human skin explants. Int J Dermatol 38 (1999) 65-69
159. Fry L., and Baker B.S. Triggering psoriasis: the role of infections and medications. Clin Dermatol 25 (2007) 606-615
160. Kawamura A.I., and Ochiai T. Candesartan cilexetil induced pustular psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol 13 (2003) 406-407
161. Wakefield P.E., Berger T.G., and James W.D. Atenolol-induced pustular psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 126 (1990) 968-969
162. Coroas A.S.P.S., de Olveira J.G.G., Magina S., Santos J., Pestana M., and de Almeida M.D.V. Cyclosporine enhances salt sensitivity of body water composition as assessed by impedance among psoriatic patients with normal renal function. J Ren Nutr 14 (2004) 226-232
163. Rayyes O.A., Wallmark A., and Florén C.-H. Cyclosporine inhibits catabolism of low-density lipoproteins in hepg2 cells by about 25%. Hepatology 24 (1996) 613-619
164. Katz H.I., Waalen J., and Leach E.E. Acitretin in psoriasis: an overview of adverse effects. J Am Acad Dermatol 41 (1999) S7-S12
165. Kwon H.J., Coté T.R., Cuffe M.S., Kramer J.M., and Braun M.M. Case reports of heart failure after therapy with a tumor necrosis factor antagonist. Ann Intern Med 138 (2003) 807-811
166. Wolfe F., and Michaud K. Heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: rates, predictors, and the effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy. Am J Med 116 (2004) 305-311
167. Bozhurt B., Torre-Amione G., Warren M.S., Whitmore J., Soran O.Z., Feldman A.M., and Mann D.L. Results of targeted anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy with etanercept (Enbrel) in patients with advanced heart failure. Circulation 103 (2001) 1044-1047
168. Listing J., Strangfeld A., Kekow J., Schneider M., Kapelle A., Wassenberg S., and Zink A. Does tumor necrosis factor α inhibition promote or prevent heart failure in patients with rheumatoid arthritis?. Arthrit Rheum 58 (2008) 667-677
169. Danila M.I., Patkar N.M., Curtis J.R., Saag K.G., and Teng G.G. Biologics and heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: are we any wiser?. Curr Opin Rheumatol 20 (2008) 327-333
170. Wolf R., Tamir A., and Brenner S. Psoriasis related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Dermatologica 181 (1990) 51-53