메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 675-694

Emerging drugs for diabetic retinopathy

Author keywords

3 hydroxy 3methyl glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor; Advanced glycation end products; Aldose reductase inhibitor; Aminoguanadine; Angiotensin II receptor blocker; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor; Antioxidants; Corticosteroids

Indexed keywords

ADVANCED GLYCATION END PRODUCT; AFLIBERCEPT; AG 014699; ALAGEBRIUM; ALDEHYDE REDUCTASE; ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ALPHA TOCOPHEROL; AMINOGUANIDINE; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; ARI 809; AST 120; ATORVASTATIN; BEVACIZUMAB; CANDESARTAN HEXETIL; CAPTOPRIL; CELECOXIB; DEXAMETHASONE; EFALIZUMAB; EPALRESTAT; EYEJECT; FENOFIBRATE; FIDARESTAT; GROWTH FACTOR; HYALURONIDASE; IC 0007; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; INFLIXIMAB; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN POTASSIUM; LR 90; MIDOSTAURIN; MK 0140; NOVA 63035; OCTREOTIDE; PEGAPTANIB; PEGVISOMANT; PERINDOPRIL; POLYOL; PONALRESTAT; PRINOMASTAT; PROTEIN KINASE C INHIBITOR; PT 4523655; PYRIDOXAMINE; RANIBIZUMAB; RTP801I 14; SIMVASTATIN; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; SORBINIL; SUPEROXIDE; THIOCTIC ACID; TOLRESTAT; TRIAMCINOLONE ACETONIDE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; UNINDEXED DRUG; VASCULOTROPIN; VITRAGAN; VITREOSOLVE; XENELIM; ZOPOLRESTAT;

EID: 58149229539     PISSN: 14728214     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1517/14728210802584035     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (24)

References (201)
  • 3
    • 84870816352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from
    • Diabetes Atlas. Available from: http://www.eatlas.idf.org
    • Diabetes Atlas
  • 4
    • 33845341470 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of recent increase in incidence on future diabetes burden: US, 2005-2050
    • Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Geiss LS, et al. Impact of recent increase in incidence on future diabetes burden: US, 2005-2050. Diabetes Care 2006; 29(9):2114-6
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 2114-2116
    • Narayan, K.M.1    Boyle, J.P.2    Geiss, L.S.3
  • 5
    • 0027370108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329(14):977-86 • Landmark RCT on benefits glycemic control in type 1 diabetes Ref 6 Landmark RCT on benefits glycémic control in type 2 diabetes
    • The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. N Engl J Med 1993;329(14):977-86 • Landmark RCT on benefits glycemic control in type 1 diabetes Ref 6 Landmark RCT on benefits glycémic control in type 2 diabetes.
  • 6
    • 0032511583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33, UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352(9131):837-53
    • Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group. Lancet 1998;352(9131):837-53
  • 7
    • 0027286787 scopus 로고
    • Meta-analysis of effects of intensive blood-glucose control on late complications of type I diabetes
    • Wang PH, Lau J, Chalmers TC. Meta-analysis of effects of intensive blood-glucose control on late complications of type I diabetes. Lancet 1993;341(8856):1306-19
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.341 , Issue.8856 , pp. 1306-1319
    • Wang, P.H.1    Lau, J.2    Chalmers, T.C.3
  • 8
    • 0032511580 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998;317(7160):703-13 • Key study on benefits blood pressure control in DR.
    • Tight blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 38. UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group. BMJ 1998;317(7160):703-13 • Key study on benefits blood pressure control in DR.
  • 9
    • 45149133036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • ADVANCE Collaborative Group
    • ADVANCE Collaborative Group, Patel A, MacMahon S, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2008;358(24):2560-72
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.358 , Issue.24 , pp. 2560-2572
    • Patel, A.1    MacMahon, S.2
  • 10
    • 39649088467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relation between fasting glucose and retinopathy for diagnosis of diabetes: Three population-based cross-sectional studies
    • Wong TY, Liew G, Tapp RJ, et al. Relation between fasting glucose and retinopathy for diagnosis of diabetes: three population-based cross-sectional studies. Lancet 2008;371(9614):736-43
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , Issue.9614 , pp. 736-743
    • Wong, T.Y.1    Liew, G.2    Tapp, R.J.3
  • 11
    • 0017912754 scopus 로고
    • Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: The second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings
    • Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of diabetic retinopathy study findings. Ophthalmology 1978;85(1):82-106
    • (1978) Ophthalmology , vol.85 , Issue.1 , pp. 82-106
  • 12
    • 0019473351 scopus 로고
    • Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS Report Number 8. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group
    • Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Clinical application of Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) findings, DRS Report Number 8. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology 1981;88(7):583-600
    • (1981) Ophthalmology , vol.88 , Issue.7 , pp. 583-600
  • 13
    • 0025892104 scopus 로고
    • number 9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology ;98(5Suppl):766-85
    • Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy ETDRS report number 9. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology 1991;98(5Suppl):766-85
    • (1991) Early photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy ETDRS report
  • 14
    • 0038016408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Perspectives on diabetic retinopathy
    • Aiello LM. Perspectives on diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2003;136(1):122-35
    • (2003) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.136 , Issue.1 , pp. 122-135
    • Aiello, L.M.1
  • 15
    • 0032471009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Visual field loss after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation in diabetic retinopadiy: Full- versus mild-scatter coagulation
    • Pahor D. Visual field loss after argon laser panretinal photocoagulation in diabetic retinopadiy: full- versus mild-scatter coagulation. Int Ophthalmol 1998;22(5):313-9
    • (1998) Int Ophthalmol , vol.22 , Issue.5 , pp. 313-319
    • Pahor, D.1
  • 16
    • 0029047457 scopus 로고
    • Focal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic macular edema. Relationship of treatment effect to fluorescein angiographic and other retinal characteristics at baseline: ETDRS report no. 19. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group
    • Focal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic macular edema. Relationship of treatment effect to fluorescein angiographic and other retinal characteristics at baseline: ETDRS report no. 19. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113(9):1144-55
    • (1995) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.113 , Issue.9 , pp. 1144-1155
  • 17
    • 34548087845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of diabetic retinopathy: A systematic review
    • Mohamed Q, Gillies MC, Wong TY. Management of diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review. JAMA 2007;298(8):902-16
    • (2007) JAMA , vol.298 , Issue.8 , pp. 902-916
    • Mohamed, Q.1    Gillies, M.C.2    Wong, T.Y.3
  • 18
    • 58149246528 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CDC national estimates on diabetes. Available from
    • CDC national estimates on diabetes. Available from: http://www.diabetes. org/diabetes-statistics.jsp
  • 19
    • 33947316803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ocular drug development: Future directions
    • Sherris D. Ocular drug development: future directions. Angiogenesis 2007;10(2):71-6
    • (2007) Angiogenesis , vol.10 , Issue.2 , pp. 71-76
    • Sherris, D.1
  • 20
    • 34547935418 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Polyol Pathway as a Mechanism for Diabetic Retinopathy: Attractive, Elusive, and Resilient
    • Article ID 61038
    • Lorenzi M. The Polyol Pathway as a Mechanism for Diabetic Retinopathy: Attractive, Elusive, and Resilient. Experimental Diabetes Research. 2007; Article ID 61038, 1-10
    • (2007) Experimental Diabetes Research , pp. 1-10
    • Lorenzi, M.1
  • 21
    • 0037375171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of polyol pathway in glucose-induced apoptosis of cultured retinal pericytes
    • Miwa K, Nakamura J, Hamada Y, et al. The role of polyol pathway in glucose-induced apoptosis of cultured retinal pericytes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2003;60(1):1-9
    • (2003) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.60 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-9
    • Miwa, K.1    Nakamura, J.2    Hamada, Y.3
  • 22
    • 21544463410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldose reductase in diabetic microvascular complications
    • Chung SS, Chung SK. Aldose reductase in diabetic microvascular complications. Curr Drug Targets 2005;6(4):475-86
    • (2005) Curr Drug Targets , vol.6 , Issue.4 , pp. 475-486
    • Chung, S.S.1    Chung, S.K.2
  • 23
    • 0029975352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the development of diabetic vascular complications
    • King GL, Kunisaki M, Nishio Y, et al. Biochemical and molecular mechanisms in the development of diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes 1996;45(Suppl 3):S105-8
    • (1996) Diabetes , vol.45 , Issue.SUPPL. 3
    • King, G.L.1    Kunisaki, M.2    Nishio, Y.3
  • 24
    • 0041809017 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Polymorphisms of the aldose reductase gene and susceptibility to diabetic microvascular complications
    • Demaine AG. Polymorphisms of the aldose reductase gene and susceptibility to diabetic microvascular complications. Curr Med Chem 2003;10(15):1389-98
    • (2003) Curr Med Chem , vol.10 , Issue.15 , pp. 1389-1398
    • Demaine, A.G.1
  • 25
    • 4344658774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Studies of rat and human retinas predict a role for the polyol pathway in human diabetic retinopathy
    • Dagher Z, Park YS, Asnaghi V, et al. Studies of rat and human retinas predict a role for the polyol pathway in human diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes 2004;53(9):2404-11
    • (2004) Diabetes , vol.53 , Issue.9 , pp. 2404-2411
    • Dagher, Z.1    Park, Y.S.2    Asnaghi, V.3
  • 26
    • 47649126432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat counteracts diabetes-associated cataract formation, retinal oxidative- nitrosative stress, glial activation, and apoptosis
    • Drei VR, Pacher P, Ali TK, et al. Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat counteracts diabetes-associated cataract formation, retinal oxidative- nitrosative stress, glial activation, and apoptosis. Int J Mol Med 2008;21(6):667-76
    • (2008) Int J Mol Med , vol.21 , Issue.6 , pp. 667-676
    • Drei, V.R.1    Pacher, P.2    Ali, T.K.3
  • 27
    • 20244376882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldose reductase inhibition prevents glucose-induced apoptosis in cultured bovine retinal microvascular pericytes
    • Naruse K, Nakamura J, Hamada Y, et al. Aldose reductase inhibition prevents glucose-induced apoptosis in cultured bovine retinal microvascular pericytes. Exp Eye Res 2000;71(3):309-15
    • (2000) Exp Eye Res , vol.71 , Issue.3 , pp. 309-315
    • Naruse, K.1    Nakamura, J.2    Hamada, Y.3
  • 28
    • 0344837811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat prevents retinal oxidative stress and vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in streptozotocin-diabetic rats
    • Obrosova IG, Minchenko AG, Vasupuram R, et al. Aldose reductase inhibitor fidarestat prevents retinal oxidative stress and vascular endothelial growth factor overexpression in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Diabetes 2003;52(3):864-71
    • (2003) Diabetes , vol.52 , Issue.3 , pp. 864-871
    • Obrosova, I.G.1    Minchenko, A.G.2    Vasupuram, R.3
  • 29
    • 0025073693 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in diabetic retinopathy. Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108(9):1234-44
    • A randomized trial of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in diabetic retinopathy. Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial Research Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108(9):1234-44
  • 30
    • 0031039903 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worldwide pharmacovigilance systems and tolrestat withdrawal
    • Foppiano M, Lombardo G. Worldwide pharmacovigilance systems and tolrestat withdrawal. Lancet 1997;349(9049):399-400
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.349 , Issue.9049 , pp. 399-400
    • Foppiano, M.1    Lombardo, G.2
  • 31
    • 0026985138 scopus 로고
    • Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in 259 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy treated with ponalrestat (an aldose reductase inhibitor) or placebo for 18 months. United Kingdom/Scandinavian Ponalrestat Trial
    • Sundkvist G, Armstrong FM, Bradbury JE, et al. Peripheral and autonomic nerve function in 259 diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy treated with ponalrestat (an aldose reductase inhibitor) or placebo for 18 months. United Kingdom/Scandinavian Ponalrestat Trial. J Diabetes Complications 1992;6(2):123-30
    • (1992) J Diabetes Complications , vol.6 , Issue.2 , pp. 123-130
    • Sundkvist, G.1    Armstrong, F.M.2    Bradbury, J.E.3
  • 32
    • 33746456027 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: The 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor-Diabetes Complications Trial
    • Hotta N, Akanuma Y, Kawamori R, et al. Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor-Diabetes Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2006;29(7):1538-44
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , Issue.7 , pp. 1538-1544
    • Hotta, N.1    Akanuma, Y.2    Kawamori, R.3
  • 33
    • 33750869527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A selective aldose reductase inhibitor of a new structural class prevents or reverses early retinal abnormalities in experimental diabetic retinopadiy
    • Sun W, Oates PJ, Coutcher JB, et al. A selective aldose reductase inhibitor of a new structural class prevents or reverses early retinal abnormalities in experimental diabetic retinopadiy. Diabetes 2006;55(10):2757-62
    • (2006) Diabetes , vol.55 , Issue.10 , pp. 2757-2762
    • Sun, W.1    Oates, P.J.2    Coutcher, J.B.3
  • 34
    • 0036738046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications
    • Stitt AW, Jenkins AJ, Cooper ME. Advanced glycation end products and diabetic complications. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002;11(9):1205-23
    • (2002) Expert Opin Investig Drugs , vol.11 , Issue.9 , pp. 1205-1223
    • Stitt, A.W.1    Jenkins, A.J.2    Cooper, M.E.3
  • 35
    • 0035856980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications
    • Good summary of interconnected mechanisms of DR, •
    • Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001;414(6865):813-20 • Good summary of interconnected mechanisms of DR.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.414 , Issue.6865 , pp. 813-820
    • Brownlee, M.1
  • 36
    • 0031019299 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toxic action of advanced glycation end products on cultured retinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells: Relevance to diabetic retinopathy
    • Chibber R, Molinatti PA, Rosatto N, et al. Toxic action of advanced glycation end products on cultured retinal capillary pericytes and endothelial cells: relevance to diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 1997;40(2):156-64
    • (1997) Diabetologia , vol.40 , Issue.2 , pp. 156-164
    • Chibber, R.1    Molinatti, P.A.2    Rosatto, N.3
  • 37
    • 33644698951 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycation and carboxymethyllysine levels in skin collagen predict the risk of future 10-year progression of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in the diabetes control and complications trial and epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications participants with type 1 diabetes
    • Genuth S, Sun W, Cleary P, et al. Glycation and carboxymethyllysine levels in skin collagen predict the risk of future 10-year progression of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy in the diabetes control and complications trial and epidemiology of diabetes interventions and complications participants with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2005:54(11):3103-11
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , Issue.11 , pp. 3103-3111
    • Genuth, S.1    Sun, W.2    Cleary, P.3
  • 38
    • 0032997958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skin collagen glycation, glycoxidation, and crosslinking are lower in subjects with long-term intensive versus conventional therapy of type 1 diabetes: Relevance of glycated collagen products versus HbA1c as markers of diabetic complications. DCCT Skin Collagen Ancillary Study Group. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial
    • Monnier VM, Bautista O, Kenny D, et al. Skin collagen glycation, glycoxidation, and crosslinking are lower in subjects with long-term intensive versus conventional therapy of type 1 diabetes: relevance of glycated collagen products versus HbA1c as markers of diabetic complications. DCCT Skin Collagen Ancillary Study Group. Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 1999;48(4):870-80
    • (1999) Diabetes , vol.48 , Issue.4 , pp. 870-880
    • Monnier, V.M.1    Bautista, O.2    Kenny, D.3
  • 39
    • 23744440311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body's AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects
    • Uribarri J, Cai W, Sandu O, et al. Diet-derived advanced glycation end products are major contributors to the body's AGE pool and induce inflammation in healthy subjects. Ann NY Acad Sci 2005;1043:461-6
    • (2005) Ann NY Acad Sci , vol.1043 , pp. 461-466
    • Uribarri, J.1    Cai, W.2    Sandu, O.3
  • 40
    • 34447269956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral administration of AST-120 (Kremezin) is a promising therapeutic strategy for advanced glycation end product (AGE)-related disorders
    • Yamagishi S, Nakamura K, Matsui T, et al. Oral administration of AST-120 (Kremezin) is a promising therapeutic strategy for advanced glycation end product (AGE)-related disorders. Med Hypotheses 2007;69(3):666-8
    • (2007) Med Hypotheses , vol.69 , Issue.3 , pp. 666-668
    • Yamagishi, S.1    Nakamura, K.2    Matsui, T.3
  • 41
    • 35748972367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Food-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs): A novel therapeutic target for various disorders
    • Yamagishi S, Ueda S, Okuda S. Food-derived advanced glycation end products (AGEs): a novel therapeutic target for various disorders. Curr Pharm Des 2007;13(27):2832-6
    • (2007) Curr Pharm Des , vol.13 , Issue.27 , pp. 2832-2836
    • Yamagishi, S.1    Ueda, S.2    Okuda, S.3
  • 42
    • 10744223527 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized trial of an inhibitor of formation of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy
    • Bolton WK, Cattran DC, Williams ME, et al. Randomized trial of an inhibitor of formation of advanced glycation end products in diabetic nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2004;24(1):32-40
    • (2004) Am J Nephrol , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 32-40
    • Bolton, W.K.1    Cattran, D.C.2    Williams, M.E.3
  • 43
    • 0035253812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes
    • Jain SK, Lim G. Pyridoxine and pyridoxamine inhibits superoxide radicals and prevents lipid peroxidation, protein glycosylation, and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activity reduction in high glucose-treated human erythrocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2001;30(3):232-7
    • (2001) Free Radic Biol Med , vol.30 , Issue.3 , pp. 232-237
    • Jain, S.K.1    Lim, G.2
  • 44
    • 0142058743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pyridoxamine, an inhibitor of advanced glycation and lipoxidation reactions: A novel therapy for treatment of diabetic complications
    • Metz TO, Alderson NL, Thorpe SR, Baynes JW. Pyridoxamine, an inhibitor of advanced glycation and lipoxidation reactions: a novel therapy for treatment of diabetic complications. Arch Biochem Biophys 2003;419(1):41-9
    • (2003) Arch Biochem Biophys , vol.419 , Issue.1 , pp. 41-49
    • Metz, T.O.1    Alderson, N.L.2    Thorpe, S.R.3    Baynes, J.W.4
  • 45
    • 0036723821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes
    • Stitt A, Gardiner TA, Alderson NL, et al. The AGE inhibitor pyridoxamine inhibits development of retinopathy in experimental diabetes. Diabetes 2002;51(9):2826-32
    • (2002) Diabetes , vol.51 , Issue.9 , pp. 2826-2832
    • Stitt, A.1    Gardiner, T.A.2    Alderson, N.L.3
  • 46
    • 35548975242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of pyridoxamine in combined phase 2 studies of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy
    • Williams ME, Bolton WK, Khalifah RG, et al. Effects of pyridoxamine in combined phase 2 studies of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. Am J Nephrol 2007;27(6):605-14
    • (2007) Am J Nephrol , vol.27 , Issue.6 , pp. 605-614
    • Williams, M.E.1    Bolton, W.K.2    Khalifah, R.G.3
  • 47
    • 41849131467 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A new advanced glycation inhibitor, LR-90, prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy in rats
    • Bhatwadekar A, Glenn JV, Figarola JL, et al. A new advanced glycation inhibitor, LR-90, prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy in rats. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92(4):545-7
    • (2008) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.92 , Issue.4 , pp. 545-547
    • Bhatwadekar, A.1    Glenn, J.V.2    Figarola, J.L.3
  • 48
    • 0345303768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycation end-product cross-link breaker reduces collagen and improves cardiac function in aging diabetic heart
    • Liu J, Masurekar MR, Vatner DE, et al. Glycation end-product cross-link breaker reduces collagen and improves cardiac function in aging diabetic heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003;285(6):2587-91
    • (2003) Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol , vol.285 , Issue.6 , pp. 2587-2591
    • Liu, J.1    Masurekar, M.R.2    Vatner, D.E.3
  • 49
    • 28444472740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products by angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 inhibition in diabetic nephropathy
    • Forbes JM, Thorpe SR, Thallas-Bonke V, et al. Modulation of soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products by angiotensin-converting enzyme-1 inhibition in diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16(8):2363-72
    • (2005) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.16 , Issue.8 , pp. 2363-2372
    • Forbes, J.M.1    Thorpe, S.R.2    Thallas-Bonke, V.3
  • 50
    • 0344837347 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy
    • Hammes HP, Du X, Edelstein D, et al. Benfotiamine blocks three major pathways of hyperglycemic damage and prevents experimental diabetic retinopathy. Nat Med 2003;9:(3):294-9
    • (2003) Nat Med , vol.9 , Issue.3 , pp. 294-299
    • Hammes1    HP, D.X.2    Edelstein, D.3
  • 51
    • 33751171940 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Suppression of RAGE as a basis of simvastatin-dependent plaque stabilization in type 2 diabetes
    • Cuccurullo C, Iezzi A, Fazia ML, et al. Suppression of RAGE as a basis of simvastatin-dependent plaque stabilization in type 2 diabetes. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2006;26:(12):2716-23
    • (2006) Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol , vol.26 , Issue.12 , pp. 2716-2723
    • Cuccurullo, C.1    Iezzi, A.2    Fazia, M.L.3
  • 52
    • 0031860340 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications
    • Koya D, King GL. Protein kinase C activation and the development of diabetic complications. Diabetes 1998;47(6):859-66
    • (1998) Diabetes , vol.47 , Issue.6 , pp. 859-866
    • Koya, D.1    King, G.L.2
  • 53
    • 0027981889 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of the mechanism for the chronic activation of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway in diabetes and hypergalactosemia
    • Xia P, Inoguchi T, Kern TS, et al. Characterization of the mechanism for the chronic activation of diacylglycerol-protein kinase C pathway in diabetes and hypergalactosemia. Diabetes 1994;43:(9):1122-9
    • (1994) Diabetes , vol.43 , Issue.9 , pp. 1122-1129
    • Xia, P.1    Inoguchi, T.2    Kern, T.S.3
  • 54
    • 0036939182 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The potential role of PKC beta in diabetic retinopathy and macular edema
    • Aiello LP. The potential role of PKC beta in diabetic retinopathy and macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol 2002;47(Suppl 2):S263-9
    • (2002) Surv Ophthalmol , vol.47 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Aiello, L.P.1
  • 55
    • 0028786651 scopus 로고
    • Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins
    • Aiello LP, Pierce EA, Foley ED, et al. Suppression of retinal neovascularization in vivo by inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) using soluble VEGF-receptor chimeric proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:23:10457-61
    • (1995) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.92 , Issue.23 , pp. 10457-10461
    • Aiello, L.P.1    Pierce, E.A.2    Foley, E.D.3
  • 56
    • 0030863502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glucose-induced protein kinase C activation regulates vascular permeability factor mRNA expression and peptide production by human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro
    • Williams B, Gallacher B, Patel H, Orme C. Glucose-induced protein kinase C activation regulates vascular permeability factor mRNA expression and peptide production by human vascular smooth muscle cells in vitro. Diabetes 1997;46(9):1497-503
    • (1997) Diabetes , vol.46 , Issue.9 , pp. 1497-1503
    • Williams, B.1    Gallacher, B.2    Patel, H.3    Orme, C.4
  • 57
    • 0346494560 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protein kinase C inhibition and diabetic retinopathy: A shot in the dark at translational research
    • Donnelly R, Idris I, Forrester JV. Protein kinase C inhibition and diabetic retinopathy: a shot in the dark at translational research. Br J Ophthalmol 2004; 88(1):145-51
    • (2004) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.88 , Issue.1 , pp. 145-151
    • Donnelly, R.1    Idris, I.2    Forrester, J.V.3
  • 58
    • 1542742166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • C99-PKC412-003 Study Group. Reduction of diabetic macular edema by oral administration of the kinase inhibitor PKC412
    • Campochiaro PA, C99-PKC412-003 Study Group. Reduction of diabetic macular edema by oral administration of the kinase inhibitor PKC412. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45(3):922-31
    • (2004) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.45 , Issue.3 , pp. 922-931
    • Campochiaro, P.A.1
  • 59
    • 21344435254 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: Initial results of the Protein Kinase C beta Inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKC-DRS) multicenter randomized clinical trial
    • The PKC-DRS Study Group
    • The PKC-DRS Study Group. The effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: initial results of the Protein Kinase C beta Inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKC-DRS) multicenter randomized clinical trial. Diabetes 2005;54(7):2188-97
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , Issue.7 , pp. 2188-2197
  • 60
    • 34248180118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ruboxistaurin: LY 333531. Drugs R D 2007;8(3):193-9
    • Ruboxistaurin: LY 333531. Drugs R D 2007;8(3):193-9
  • 61
    • 20044376702 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathobiology of diabetic complications: A unifying mechanism
    • Brownlee M. The pathobiology of diabetic complications: a unifying mechanism. Diabetes 2005;54(6):1615-25
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , Issue.6 , pp. 1615-1625
    • Brownlee, M.1
  • 62
    • 0031951148 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of diabetes-induced abnormal retinal blood flow by treatment with d-alpha-tocopherol
    • Kunisaki M, Bursell SE, Umeda F, et al. Prevention of diabetes-induced abnormal retinal blood flow by treatment with d-alpha-tocopherol. Biofactors 1998;7(1-2):55-67
    • (1998) Biofactors , vol.7 , Issue.1-2 , pp. 55-67
    • Kunisaki, M.1    Bursell, S.E.2    Umeda, F.3
  • 63
    • 0032813888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes
    • Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, et al. High-dose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care 1999;22(8):1245-51
    • (1999) Diabetes Care , vol.22 , Issue.8 , pp. 1245-1251
    • Bursell, S.E.1    Clermont, A.C.2    Aiello, L.P.3
  • 64
    • 0036834582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in high-risk patients with diabetes: Results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy
    • Lonn E, Yusuf S, Hoogwerf B, et al. Effects of vitamin E on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in high-risk patients with diabetes: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Diabetes Care 2002;25(11):1919-27
    • (2002) Diabetes Care , vol.25 , Issue.11 , pp. 1919-1927
    • Lonn, E.1    Yusuf, S.2    Hoogwerf, B.3
  • 65
    • 1242337352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: A meta-analysis
    • Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, et al. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004;21(2):114-21
    • (2004) Diabet Med , vol.21 , Issue.2 , pp. 114-121
    • Ziegler, D.1    Nowak, H.2    Kempler, P.3
  • 66
    • 35748951314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired apparent ion demand in experimental diabetic retinopathy: Correction by lipoic acid
    • Berkowitz BA, Roberts R, Stemmler A, et al. Impaired apparent ion demand in experimental diabetic retinopathy: correction by lipoic acid. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(10):4753-8
    • (2007) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.48 , Issue.10 , pp. 4753-4758
    • Berkowitz, B.A.1    Roberts, R.2    Stemmler, A.3
  • 67
    • 9444224415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of long-term administration of alpha-lipoic acid on retinal capillary cell death and the development of retinopathy in diabetic rats
    • Kowluru RA, Odenbach S. Effect of long-term administration of alpha-lipoic acid on retinal capillary cell death and the development of retinopathy in diabetic rats. Diabetes 2004;53(12):3233-8
    • (2004) Diabetes , vol.53 , Issue.12 , pp. 3233-3238
    • Kowluru, R.A.1    Odenbach, S.2
  • 68
    • 33845295849 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benfotiamine prevents macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress following a meal rich in advanced glycation end products in individuals with type 2 diabetes
    • Stirban A, Negrean M, Stratmann B, et al. Benfotiamine prevents macro- and microvascular endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress following a meal rich in advanced glycation end products in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29(9):2064-71
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , Issue.9 , pp. 2064-2071
    • Stirban, A.1    Negrean, M.2    Stratmann, B.3
  • 69
    • 58149249512 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from
    • Benfotiamine Study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/ NCT00117026
    • Benfotiamine Study
  • 70
    • 51249107520 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral benfotiamine plus alpha-lipoic acid normalises complication-causing pathways in type 1 diabetes
    • Du X, Edelstein D, Brownlee M. Oral benfotiamine plus alpha-lipoic acid normalises complication-causing pathways in type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2008;51(10):1930-2
    • (2008) Diabetologia , vol.51 , Issue.10 , pp. 1930-1932
    • Du, X.1    Edelstein, D.2    Brownlee, M.3
  • 71
    • 0036517850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent early diabetic retinopathy via TNF-alpha suppression
    • Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Mitsiades N, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent early diabetic retinopathy via TNF-alpha suppression. FASEB J 2002;16(3):438-40
    • (2002) FASEB J , vol.16 , Issue.3 , pp. 438-440
    • Joussen, A.M.1    Poulaki, V.2    Mitsiades, N.3
  • 72
    • 0024500488 scopus 로고
    • Effect of aspirin alone and aspirin plus dipyridamole in early diabetic retinopathy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. The DAMAD Study Group
    • Effect of aspirin alone and aspirin plus dipyridamole in early diabetic retinopathy. A multicenter randomized controlled clinical trial. The DAMAD Study Group. Diabetes 1989;38(4):491-8
    • (1989) Diabetes , vol.38 , Issue.4 , pp. 491-498
  • 73
    • 0025049576 scopus 로고
    • Ticlopidine treatment reduces the progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. The TIMAD Study Group
    • Ticlopidine treatment reduces the progression of nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy. The TIMAD Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108(11):1577-83
    • (1990) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.108 , Issue.11 , pp. 1577-1583
  • 74
    • 0025853982 scopus 로고
    • Effects of aspirin treatment on diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 8. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group
    • Effects of aspirin treatment on diabetic retinopathy. ETDRS report number 8. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Ophthalmology 1991;98(5 Suppl):757-65
    • (1991) Ophthalmology , vol.98 , Issue.5 SUPPL. , pp. 757-765
  • 75
    • 0028891116 scopus 로고
    • Effects of aspirin on vitreous/preretinal hemorrhage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report no. 20
    • Chew EY, Klein ML, Murphy RP, et al. Effects of aspirin on vitreous/preretinal hemorrhage in patients with diabetes mellitus. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study report no. 20. Arch Ophthalmol 1995;113(1):52-5
    • (1995) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.113 , Issue.1 , pp. 52-55
    • Chew, E.Y.1    Klein, M.L.2    Murphy, R.P.3
  • 76
    • 4444275738 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, but not cyclooxygenase-1, reduces prostaglandin E2 secretion from diabetic rat retinas
    • Ayalasomayajula SP, Amrite AC, Kompella UB. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2, but not cyclooxygenase-1, reduces prostaglandin E2 secretion from diabetic rat retinas. Eur J Pharmacol 2004;498(1-3):275-8
    • (2004) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.498 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 275-278
    • Ayalasomayajula, S.P.1    Amrite, A.C.2    Kompella, U.B.3
  • 77
    • 0037419532 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, inhibits retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular leakage in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model
    • Ayalasomayajula SP, Kompella UB. Celecoxib, a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, inhibits retinal vascular endothelial growth factor expression and vascular leakage in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 2003;458(3):283-9
    • (2003) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.458 , Issue.3 , pp. 283-289
    • Ayalasomayajula, S.P.1    Kompella, U.B.2
  • 78
    • 58149219311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A phase III study evaluating celecoxib in patients with DR. Available from
    • A phase III study evaluating celecoxib in patients with DR. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00050479
  • 79
    • 33744976771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials
    • Kearney PM, Baigent C, Godwin J, et al. Do selective cyclo-oxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2006;332(7553):1302-8
    • (2006) BMJ , vol.332 , Issue.7553 , pp. 1302-1308
    • Kearney, P.M.1    Baigent, C.2    Godwin, J.3
  • 80
    • 15744404419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subconjunctivally administered celecoxib-PLGA microparticles sustain retinal drug levels and alleviate diabetes-induced oxidative stress in a rat model
    • Ayalasomayajula SP, Kompella UB. Subconjunctivally administered celecoxib-PLGA microparticles sustain retinal drug levels and alleviate diabetes-induced oxidative stress in a rat model. Eur J Pharmacol 2005;511(2-3):191-8
    • (2005) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.511 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 191-198
    • Ayalasomayajula, S.P.1    Kompella, U.B.2
  • 81
    • 0014406109 scopus 로고
    • Selective anterior hypophysectomy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. A transsphenoidal microsurgical technique
    • Hardy J, Ciric IS. Selective anterior hypophysectomy in the treatment of diabetic retinopathy. A transsphenoidal microsurgical technique. JAMA 1968;203(2):73-8
    • (1968) JAMA , vol.203 , Issue.2 , pp. 73-78
    • Hardy, J.1    Ciric, I.S.2
  • 82
    • 0014406142 scopus 로고
    • Pituitary ablation for diabetic retinopathy. I. Results of hypophysectomy. (A ten-year evaluation)
    • Ray BS, Pazianos AG, Greenberg E, et al. Pituitary ablation for diabetic retinopathy. I. Results of hypophysectomy. (A ten-year evaluation). JAMA 1968;203(2):79-84
    • (1968) JAMA , vol.203 , Issue.2 , pp. 79-84
    • Ray, B.S.1    Pazianos, A.G.2    Greenberg, E.3
  • 83
    • 0027381792 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone and diabetes mellitus. A review of sixty-three years of medical research and a glimpse into the future?
    • Sönksen PH, Russell-Jones D, Jones RH. Growth hormone and diabetes mellitus. A review of sixty-three years of medical research and a glimpse into the future? Horm Res 1993;40(1-3):68-79
    • (1993) Horm Res , vol.40 , Issue.1-3 , pp. 68-79
    • Sönksen, P.H.1    Russell-Jones, D.2    Jones, R.H.3
  • 84
    • 0034082810 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy: A randomized controlled study
    • Grant MB, Mames RN, Fitzgerald C, et al. The efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care 2000;23(4):504-9
    • (2000) Diabetes Care , vol.23 , Issue.4 , pp. 504-509
    • Grant, M.B.1    Mames, R.N.2    Fitzgerald, C.3
  • 85
    • 0025297227 scopus 로고
    • Effect of one year continuous subcutaneous infusion of a somatostatin analogue, octreotide, on early retinopathy, metabolic control and thyroid function in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus
    • Kirkegaard C, Nørgaard K, Snorgaard O, et al. Effect of one year continuous subcutaneous infusion of a somatostatin analogue, octreotide, on early retinopathy, metabolic control and thyroid function in Type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus. Acta Endocrinol(Copenh) 1990;122(6):766-72
    • (1990) Acta Endocrinol(Copenh) , vol.122 , Issue.6 , pp. 766-772
    • Kirkegaard, C.1    Nørgaard, K.2    Snorgaard, O.3
  • 86
    • 58149221895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from
    • Octreotide long release study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ ct/show/NCT00248157
    • Octreotide long release study
  • 87
    • 58149245223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Octreotide LAR. Available from
    • Octreotide LAR. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct/show/ NCT00248131
  • 88
    • 58149248133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Grant MB. Treating diabetic retinopathy with IGF-1 antagonists. Diabetic retinopathy: diagnostic and treatment novelties. Program and abstracts of the American Diabetes Association 66th Scientific Sessions; June 9-13, 2006; Washington, DC
    • Grant MB. Treating diabetic retinopathy with IGF-1 antagonists. Diabetic retinopathy: diagnostic and treatment novelties. Program and abstracts of the American Diabetes Association 66th Scientific Sessions; June 9-13, 2006; Washington, DC
  • 89
    • 0035191536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of a growth hormone receptor antagonist drug on proliferative diabetic retinopathy
    • Growth Hormone Antagonist for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group
    • Growth Hormone Antagonist for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group. The effect of a growth hormone receptor antagonist drug on proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2001;108(12):2266-72
    • (2001) Ophthalmology , vol.108 , Issue.12 , pp. 2266-2272
  • 90
    • 23944480405 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiogenic pathways in diabetic retinopathy
    • Aiello LP. Angiogenic pathways in diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med 2005;353(8):839-41
    • (2005) N Engl J Med , vol.353 , Issue.8 , pp. 839-841
    • Aiello, L.P.1
  • 91
    • 4143136640 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vascular endothelial growth factor: Basic science and clinical progress
    • Ferrara N. Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress. Endocr Rev 2004;25(4):581-611
    • (2004) Endocr Rev , vol.25 , Issue.4 , pp. 581-611
    • Ferrara, N.1
  • 92
    • 0027942607 scopus 로고
    • Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders
    • Aiello LP, Avery RL, Arrigg PG, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor in ocular fluid of patients with diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. N Engl J Med 1994;331(22):1480-7
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , Issue.22 , pp. 1480-1487
    • Aiello, L.P.1    Avery, R.L.2    Arrigg, P.G.3
  • 93
    • 31644447232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Vitreous levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are related to diabetic macular edema
    • Funatsu H, Yamashita H, Nakamura S, et al. Vitreous levels of pigment epithelium-derived factor and vascular endothelial growth factor are related to diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2006;113(2):294-301
    • (2006) Ophthalmology , vol.113 , Issue.2 , pp. 294-301
    • Funatsu, H.1    Yamashita, H.2    Nakamura, S.3
  • 94
    • 2642709170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor's effect on the activation of protein kinase C, its isoforms, and endothelial cell growth
    • Xia P, Aiello LP, Ishii H, et al. Characterization of vascular endothelial growth factor's effect on the activation of protein kinase C, its isoforms, and endothelial cell growth. J Clin Invest 1996;98(9):2018-26
    • (1996) J Clin Invest , vol.98 , Issue.9 , pp. 2018-2026
    • Xia, P.1    Aiello, L.P.2    Ishii, H.3
  • 95
    • 20544455330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bevacizumab (Avastin), a humanized and-VEGF monoclonal antibody for cancer therapy
    • Ferrara N, Hillan KJ, Novotny W. Bevacizumab (Avastin), a humanized and-VEGF monoclonal antibody for cancer therapy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005;333(2):328-35
    • (2005) Biochem Biophys Res Commun , vol.333 , Issue.2 , pp. 328-335
    • Ferrara, N.1    Hillan, K.J.2    Novotny, W.3
  • 96
    • 0242468884 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase I/II dose-escalation trial of bevacizumab in previously treated metastatic breast cancer
    • Cobleigh MA, Langmuir VK, Sledge GW, et al. A Phase I/II dose-escalation trial of bevacizumab in previously treated metastatic breast cancer. Semin Oncol 2003;30(5 Suppl 16):117-24
    • (2003) Semin Oncol , vol.30 , Issue.5 SUPPL. 16 , pp. 117-124
    • Cobleigh, M.A.1    Langmuir, V.K.2    Sledge, G.W.3
  • 97
    • 30744432619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endothelial cells and VEGF in vascular development
    • Coultas L, Chawengsaksophak K, Rossant J. Endothelial cells and VEGF in vascular development. Nature 2005;438(7070):937-45
    • (2005) Nature , vol.438 , Issue.7070 , pp. 937-945
    • Coultas, L.1    Chawengsaksophak, K.2    Rossant, J.3
  • 98
    • 58149223198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available from
    • Food and Drug Administration. MedWatch safety alert. Available from: www.fda.gov/medwatch/SAFETY/2004/safety04.htm#avastin
    • MedWatch safety alert
  • 99
    • 25844513658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema
    • Cunningham ET, Adamis AP, Altaweel M, et al. A Phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2005;112(10):1747-57
    • (2005) Ophthalmology , vol.112 , Issue.10 , pp. 1747-1757
    • Cunningham, E.T.1    Adamis, A.P.2    Altaweel, M.3
  • 100
    • 29644444716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in retinal neovascularization after pegaptanib (Macugen) therapy in diabetic individuals
    • Adamis AP, Altaweel M, Bressler NM, et al. Changes in retinal neovascularization after pegaptanib (Macugen) therapy in diabetic individuals. Ophthalmology 2006;113(1):23-8
    • (2006) Ophthalmology , vol.113 , Issue.1 , pp. 23-28
    • Adamis, A.P.1    Altaweel, M.2    Bressler, N.M.3
  • 101
    • 58149248128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A multi-center trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pegaptanib sodium (Macugen®) injected into the eye every 6 weeks for up to 2 years for macular swelling associated with diabetes. Available from
    • A multi-center trial to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pegaptanib sodium (Macugen®) injected into the eye every 6 weeks for up to 2 years for macular swelling associated with diabetes. Available from: http:// clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00605280
  • 102
    • 33749451356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
    • Brown DM, Kaiser PK, Michels M, et al. Ranibizumab versus verteporfin for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006;355(14):1432-44
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , Issue.14 , pp. 1432-1444
    • Brown, D.M.1    Kaiser, P.K.2    Michels, M.3
  • 103
    • 33749445317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration
    • Rosenfeld PJ, Brown DM, Heier JS, et al. Ranibizumab for neovascular age-related macular degeneration. N Engl J Med 2006;355(14):1419-31
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.355 , Issue.14 , pp. 1419-1431
    • Rosenfeld, P.J.1    Brown, D.M.2    Heier, J.S.3
  • 104
    • 33748957021 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study of multiple intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in patients with center-involving clinically significant diabetic macular edema
    • Chun DW, Heier JS, Topping TM, et al. A pilot study of multiple intravitreal injections of ranibizumab in patients with center-involving clinically significant diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2006;113(10):1706-12
    • (2006) Ophthalmology , vol.113 , Issue.10 , pp. 1706-1712
    • Chun, D.W.1    Heier, J.S.2    Topping, T.M.3
  • 106
    • 58149259140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The READ-2 (ranibizumab for edema of the macula in diabetes) study. Available from
    • The READ-2 (ranibizumab for edema of the macula in diabetes) study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00407381
  • 107
    • 58149243891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of ranibizumab injection in subjects with clinically significant macular edema with center involvement secondary to diabetes mellitus RISE, Available from
    • A study of ranibizumab injection in subjects with clinically significant macular edema with center involvement secondary to diabetes mellitus (RISE). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00473330
  • 108
    • 58149257845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab (intravitreal injections) in patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema (RESTORE). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00687804
    • Efficacy and safety of ranibizumab (intravitreal injections) in patients with visual impairment due to diabetic macular edema (RESTORE). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00687804
  • 109
    • 58149259137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study of rnibizumab injection in subjects with clinically significant macular edema with center involvement secondary to diabetes mellitus RIDE, Available from
    • Study of rnibizumab injection in subjects with clinically significant macular edema with center involvement secondary to diabetes mellitus (RIDE). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00473382
  • 110
    • 33748982649 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Avery RL, Pearlman J, Pieramici DJ, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2006;113(10):1695,e1-15
    • Avery RL, Pearlman J, Pieramici DJ, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2006;113(10):1695,e1-15
  • 111
    • 33646447443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regression of retinal and iris neovascularization after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment
    • Avery RL. Regression of retinal and iris neovascularization after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment. Retina 2006;26(3):352-4
    • (2006) Retina , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 352-354
    • Avery, R.L.1
  • 112
    • 33745348133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rapid regression of disc neovascularization in a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy following adjunctive intravitreal bevacizumab
    • Bakri SJ, Donaldson MJ, Link TP. Rapid regression of disc neovascularization in a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy following adjunctive intravitreal bevacizumab. Eye 2006;20(12):1474-5
    • (2006) Eye , vol.20 , Issue.12 , pp. 1474-1475
    • Bakri, S.J.1    Donaldson, M.J.2    Link, T.P.3
  • 113
    • 33646464279 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopadiy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage
    • Spaide RF, Fisher YL. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopadiy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage. Retina 2006;26(3):275-8
    • (2006) Retina , vol.26 , Issue.3 , pp. 275-278
    • Spaide, R.F.1    Fisher, Y.L.2
  • 114
    • 33749557195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What we don't know about avastin might hurt us
    • Gillies MC. What we don't know about avastin might hurt us. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(10):1478-9
    • (2006) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.124 , Issue.10 , pp. 1478-1479
    • Gillies, M.C.1
  • 115
    • 54949136462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute intraocular inflammation after intravitreous injections of bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration
    • In press
    • Wickremasinghe SS, Michalova K, Gilhotra J, et al. Acute intraocular inflammation after intravitreous injections of bevacizumab for treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Ophthalmology 2008; In press
    • (2008) Ophthalmology
    • Wickremasinghe, S.S.1    Michalova, K.2    Gilhotra, J.3
  • 116
    • 67650040773 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A Phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema
    • Scott IU, Edwards AR, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A Phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2007;114(10):1860-7
    • (2007) Ophthalmology , vol.114 , Issue.10 , pp. 1860-1867
    • Scott, I.U.1    Edwards, A.R.2
  • 117
    • 0037401890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • VEGF-TRAP(R1R2) suppresses choroidal neovascularization and VEGF-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier
    • Saishin Y, Saishin Y, Takahashi K, et al. VEGF-TRAP(R1R2) suppresses choroidal neovascularization and VEGF-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier. J Cell Physiol 2003;195(2):241-8
    • (2003) J Cell Physiol , vol.195 , Issue.2 , pp. 241-248
    • Saishin, Y.1    Saishin, Y.2    Takahashi, K.3
  • 118
    • 58149223197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CLEAR-IT-2: Interim results of the Phase II, randomized, controlled dose-and interval-ranging study of repeated intravitreal VEGF trap administration in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration
    • Benz MS, Nguyen QD, Chu K, et al. CLEAR-IT-2: interim results of the Phase II, randomized, controlled dose-and interval-ranging study of repeated intravitreal VEGF trap administration in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(5):4549
    • (2007) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.48 , Issue.5 , pp. 4549
    • Benz, M.S.1    Nguyen, Q.D.2    Chu, K.3
  • 119
    • 58149225783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regeneron and Bayer HealthCare announce VEGF trap-eye achieved durable improvement in vision over 52 weeks in a Phase 2 study in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Available from: http://investor.regeneron.com/ phoenix.zhtml?c=119576&p=irol-news Article&ID=1188658&highlight=
    • Regeneron and Bayer HealthCare announce VEGF trap-eye achieved durable improvement in vision over 52 weeks in a Phase 2 study in patients with age-related macular degeneration. Available from: http://investor.regeneron.com/ phoenix.zhtml?c=119576&p=irol-news Article&ID=1188658&highlight=
  • 120
    • 43649083100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF trap
    • Stewart MW, Rosenfeld PJ. Predicted biological activity of intravitreal VEGF trap. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92(5):667-8
    • (2008) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.92 , Issue.5 , pp. 667-668
    • Stewart, M.W.1    Rosenfeld, P.J.2
  • 121
    • 36549007009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Results of a Phase I study of intravitreal VEGF trap in subjects with diabetic macular edema: The CLEAR-IT DME study
    • Do DV, Nguyen QD, Browning DJ, et al. Results of a Phase I study of intravitreal VEGF trap in subjects with diabetic macular edema: the CLEAR-IT DME study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(5):1430
    • (2007) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.48 , Issue.5 , pp. 1430
    • Do, D.V.1    Nguyen, Q.D.2    Browning, D.J.3
  • 122
    • 41649092475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RNA interference: Generic block on angiogenesis
    • Kalluri R, Kanasaki K. RNA interference: generic block on angiogenesis. Nature 2008;452(7187):543-5
    • (2008) Nature , vol.452 , Issue.7187 , pp. 543-545
    • Kalluri, R.1    Kanasaki, K.2
  • 123
    • 58149248135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Group. The RACE study: Bevasiranib for the treatment of diabetic macular edema
    • Prenner JL, RACE Study Group. The RACE study: bevasiranib for the treatment of diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007;48(5):5045
    • (2007) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.48 , Issue.5 , pp. 5045
    • Prenner, J.L.1    Study, R.A.C.E.2
  • 124
    • 58149224534 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PF-4523655 (RTP801i-14) is another siRNA drug candidate. Available from
    • PF-4523655 (RTP801i-14) is another siRNA drug candidate. Available from: http://www.quarkpharma.com/qbi-en/products/rtp801i-14/
  • 125
    • 58149220612 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PF-4523655 for DME. Available from
    • PF-4523655 for DME. Available from: http://www.quarkpharma.com/qbi-en/ newslist/tirstDMEpatient/
  • 126
    • 0035721542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respirable antisense oligonucleotides: A new drug class for respiratory disease
    • Tanaka M, Nyce JW. Respirable antisense oligonucleotides: a new drug class for respiratory disease. Respir Res 2001;2(1):5-9
    • (2001) Respir Res , vol.2 , Issue.1 , pp. 5-9
    • Tanaka, M.1    Nyce, J.W.2
  • 127
    • 58149248134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • iCo-007, a VEGF '+' agent for the potential treatment of diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy
    • Hnik P, Clement JG, Ono SJ, Henry SP. iCo-007, a VEGF '+' agent for the potential treatment of diabetic macular edema and diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(5):3503
    • (2008) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 3503
    • Hnik, P.1    Clement, J.G.2    Ono, S.J.3    Henry, S.P.4
  • 128
    • 0032509788 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells
    • Nauck M, Karakiulakis G, Perruchoud AP, et al. Corticosteroids inhibit the expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor gene in human vascular smooth muscle cells. Eur J Pharmacol 1998;341(2-3):309-15
    • (1998) Eur J Pharmacol , vol.341 , Issue.2-3 , pp. 309-315
    • Nauck, M.1    Karakiulakis, G.2    Perruchoud, A.P.3
  • 129
    • 41149099068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contributions of inflammatory processes to the development of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy
    • Kern TS. Contributions of inflammatory processes to the development of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Diabetes Res 2007;2007:95103
    • (2007) Exp Diabetes Res 2007 , pp. 95103
    • Kern, T.S.1
  • 130
    • 2442547705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Corticosteroids in posterior segment disease: An update on new delivery systems and new indications
    • Ciulla TA, Walker JD, Fong DS, Criswell MH. Corticosteroids in posterior segment disease: an update on new delivery systems and new indications. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004;15(3):211-20
    • (2004) Curr Opin Ophthalmol , vol.15 , Issue.3 , pp. 211-220
    • Ciulla, T.A.1    Walker, J.D.2    Fong, D.S.3    Criswell, M.H.4
  • 131
    • 40849085554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal steroids for macular edema: The past, the present, and the future
    • Cunningham MA, Edelman JL, Kaushal S. Intravitreal steroids for macular edema: the past, the present, and the future. Surv Ophthalmol 2008;53(2):139-49
    • (2008) Surv Ophthalmol , vol.53 , Issue.2 , pp. 139-149
    • Cunningham, M.A.1    Edelman, J.L.2    Kaushal, S.3
  • 132
    • 27544469368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controversies in intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide use
    • Sobrin L, D'Amico DJ. Controversies in intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide use. Int Ophthalmol Clin 2005;45(4):133-41
    • (2005) Int Ophthalmol Clin , vol.45 , Issue.4 , pp. 133-141
    • Sobrin, L.1    D'Amico, D.J.2
  • 133
    • 33748260374 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular oedema: 6-month results of a prospective controlled trial
    • Audren F, Erginay A, Haouchine B, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular oedema: 6-month results of a prospective controlled trial. Acta Ophthalmol Scand 2006;84(5):624-30
    • (2006) Acta Ophthalmol Scand , vol.84 , Issue.5 , pp. 624-630
    • Audren, F.1    Erginay, A.2    Haouchine, B.3
  • 134
    • 33750051350 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema: Phase 2 trial comparing 4 mg vs 2 mg
    • Audren F, Lecleire-Collet A, Erginay A, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema: phase 2 trial comparing 4 mg vs 2 mg. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142(5):794-9
    • (2006) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.142 , Issue.5 , pp. 794-799
    • Audren, F.1    Lecleire-Collet, A.2    Erginay, A.3
  • 135
    • 26844431631 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal triamcinolone compared with macular laser grid photocoagulation for the treatment of cystoid macular edema
    • Avitabile T, Longo A, Reibaldi A. Intravitreal triamcinolone compared with macular laser grid photocoagulation for the treatment of cystoid macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140(4):695-702
    • (2005) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.140 , Issue.4 , pp. 695-702
    • Avitabile, T.1    Longo, A.2    Reibaldi, A.3
  • 136
    • 0037247376 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for diffuse diabetic macular edema
    • Jonas JB, Kreissig I, Söfker A, Degenring RF. Intravitreal injection of triamcinolone for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121(1):57-61
    • (2003) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.121 , Issue.1 , pp. 57-61
    • Jonas, J.B.1    Kreissig, I.2    Söfker, A.3    Degenring, R.F.4
  • 137
    • 33745884399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular edema: A prospective, randomized study
    • Jonas JB, Kamppeter BA, Harder B, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic macular edema: a prospective, randomized study. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2006;22(3):200-7
    • (2006) J Ocul Pharmacol Ther , vol.22 , Issue.3 , pp. 200-207
    • Jonas, J.B.1    Kamppeter, B.A.2    Harder, B.3
  • 138
    • 33646491434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Macular grid photocoagulation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema
    • Kang SW, Sa HS, Cho HY, Kim JI. Macular grid photocoagulation after intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diffuse diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol 2006;124(5):653-8
    • (2006) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.124 , Issue.5 , pp. 653-658
    • Kang, S.W.1    Sa, H.S.2    Cho, H.Y.3    Kim, J.I.4
  • 139
    • 0842267262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic diffuse macular edema: Preliminary results of a prospective controlled trial
    • discussion 224-5
    • Massin P, Audren F, Haouchine B, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide for diabetic diffuse macular edema: preliminary results of a prospective controlled trial. Ophthalmology 2004;111(2):218-24; discussion 224-5
    • (2004) Ophthalmology , vol.111 , Issue.2 , pp. 218-224
    • Massin, P.1    Audren, F.2    Haouchine, B.3
  • 140
    • 33747623255 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: Two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial
    • Gillies MC, Sutter FK, Simpson JM, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone for refractory diabetic macular edema: two-year results of a double-masked, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 2006;113(9):1533-1538
    • (2006) Ophthalmology , vol.113 , Issue.9 , pp. 1533-1538
    • Gillies, M.C.1    Sutter, F.K.2    Simpson, J.M.3
  • 141
    • 45249101790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation for persistent diabetic macular oedema
    • Ockrim ZK, Sivaprasad S, Falk S, et al. Intravitreal triamcinolone versus laser photocoagulation for persistent diabetic macular oedema. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92(6):795-9
    • (2008) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.92 , Issue.6 , pp. 795-799
    • Ockrim, Z.K.1    Sivaprasad, S.2    Falk, S.3
  • 142
    • 44949213923 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravitreal steroids for macular edema in diabetes
    • Evidence based systematic review of intravitreal steroids in DMO, CD005656 •
    • Grover D, Li TJ, Chong CC. Intravitreal steroids for macular edema in diabetes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;1:CD005656 • Evidence based systematic review of intravitreal steroids in DMO.
    • (2008) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.1
    • Grover, D.1    Li, T.J.2    Chong, C.C.3
  • 143
    • 34249744774 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Randomized trial of peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide with and without focal photocoagulation for mild diabetic macular edema: A pilot study
    • Chew E, Strauber S, Beck R, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network, Randomized trial of peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide with and without focal photocoagulation for mild diabetic macular edema: a pilot study. Ophthalmology 2007;114(6):1190-6
    • (2007) Ophthalmology , vol.114 , Issue.6 , pp. 1190-1196
    • Chew, E.1    Strauber, S.2    Beck, R.3
  • 144
    • 50249149459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2008;115(9):1447-9,1449,e1-10
    • Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. A randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide and focal/grid photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2008;115(9):1447-9,1449,e1-10
  • 145
    • 34548336565 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection with and without preservative
    • Maia M, Farah ME, Belfort RN, et al. Effects of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide injection with and without preservative. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91(9):1122-4
    • (2007) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.91 , Issue.9 , pp. 1122-1124
    • Maia, M.1    Farah, M.E.2    Belfort, R.N.3
  • 146
    • 49049092808 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased incidence of sterile endophthalmitis following intravitreal preserved triamcinolone acetonide
    • Jonisch J, Lai JC, Deramo VA, et al. Increased incidence of sterile endophthalmitis following intravitreal preserved triamcinolone acetonide. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92(8):1051-4
    • (2008) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.92 , Issue.8 , pp. 1051-1054
    • Jonisch, J.1    Lai, J.C.2    Deramo, V.A.3
  • 147
    • 58149256522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluocinolone Acetonide Uveitis Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye
    • Jaffe G, Fluocinolone Acetonide Uveitis Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant for uveitis affecting the posterior segment of the eye. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004;45(5):3369
    • (2004) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.45 , Issue.5 , pp. 3369
    • Jaffe, G.1
  • 148
    • 8144227637 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema: 12 month results
    • Pearson P, Baker CW, Eliott D, et al. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema: 12 month results. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44(5):4288
    • (2003) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 4288
    • Pearson, P.1    Baker, C.W.2    Eliott, D.3
  • 149
    • 58149249494 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluconolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 2-year results of a multi-center clinical trial
    • Pearson P, Levy B, Fluconolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 2-year results of a multi-center clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005;46(5):4673
    • (2005) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.46 , Issue.5 , pp. 4673
    • Pearson, P.1    Levy, B.2
  • 150
    • 58149274997 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 3-year results of a multi-center clinical trial
    • Pearson P, Levy B, Comstock T, Fluocinolone Acetonide Implant Study Group. Fluocinolone acetonide intravitreal implant to treat diabetic macular edema: 3-year results of a multi-center clinical trial. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2006;47(5):5442
    • (2006) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.47 , Issue.5 , pp. 5442
    • Pearson, P.1    Levy, B.2    Comstock, T.3
  • 151
    • 33845287363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An intravitreous dexamethasone bioerodible drug delivery System for the treatment of persistent diabetic macular edema
    • Kuppermann BD, Blumenkranz MS, Haller JA, et al. An intravitreous dexamethasone bioerodible drug delivery System for the treatment of persistent diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003;44(5):4289
    • (2003) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.44 , Issue.5 , pp. 4289
    • Kuppermann, B.D.1    Blumenkranz, M.S.2    Haller, J.A.3
  • 152
    • 58149253961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Safety and Tolerability of NOVA63035 'corticosteroid' in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema Secondary to Diabetic Retinopathy Phase 1 study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00665106
    • Safety and Tolerability of NOVA63035 'corticosteroid' in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema Secondary to Diabetic Retinopathy Phase 1 study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00665106
  • 154
    • 35648998535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chacko M, Weinberg JM. Efalizumab. Dermatol Ther 2007;20(4):265-9
    • Chacko M, Weinberg JM. Efalizumab. Dermatol Ther 2007;20(4):265-9
  • 155
    • 0036216417 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is diabetic retinopathy an inflammatory disease?
    • Adamis AP. Is diabetic retinopathy an inflammatory disease? Br J Ophthalmol 2002;86(4):363-5
    • (2002) Br J Ophthalmol , vol.86 , Issue.4 , pp. 363-365
    • Adamis, A.P.1
  • 156
    • 58149219300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined aPproach to Treatment Using Ranibizumab and Efalizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema Study: The CAPTURE DME Study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00676559
    • Combined aPproach to Treatment Using Ranibizumab and Efalizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema Study: The CAPTURE DME Study. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00676559
  • 157
    • 8344276694 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infliximab for the treatment of posterior uveitis with retinal neovascularization in Behçet disease
    • Giansanti F, Barbera ML, Virgili G, et al. Infliximab for the treatment of posterior uveitis with retinal neovascularization in Behçet disease. Eur J Ophthalmol 2004;14(5):445-8
    • (2004) Eur J Ophthalmol , vol.14 , Issue.5 , pp. 445-448
    • Giansanti, F.1    Barbera, M.L.2    Virgili, G.3
  • 158
    • 22844450941 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A prospective trial of infliximab therapy for refractory uveitis: Preliminary safety and efficacy outcomes
    • Suhler EB, Smith JR, Wertheim MS, et al. A prospective trial of infliximab therapy for refractory uveitis: preliminary safety and efficacy outcomes. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123(7):903-12
    • (2005) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.123 , Issue.7 , pp. 903-912
    • Suhler, E.B.1    Smith, J.R.2    Wertheim, M.S.3
  • 159
    • 34247209156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tumor necrosis factor antagonists: Preliminary evidence for an emerging approach in the treatment of ocular inflammation
    • Theodossiadis PG, Markomichelakis NN, Sfikakis PP. Tumor necrosis factor antagonists: preliminary evidence for an emerging approach in the treatment of ocular inflammation. Retina 2007;27(4):399-413
    • (2007) Retina , vol.27 , Issue.4 , pp. 399-413
    • Theodossiadis, P.G.1    Markomichelakis, N.N.2    Sfikakis, P.P.3
  • 161
    • 41949142753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A pilot study on ocular safety of intravitreal infliximab in a rabbit model
    • Giansanti F, Ramazzotti M, Vannozzi L, et al. A pilot study on ocular safety of intravitreal infliximab in a rabbit model. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(3):1151-6
    • (2008) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.49 , Issue.3 , pp. 1151-1156
    • Giansanti, F.1    Ramazzotti, M.2    Vannozzi, L.3
  • 163
    • 33744473322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression of kidney transplant recipients: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials
    • Webster AC, Lee VW, Chapman JR, Craig JC. Target of rapamycin inhibitors (sirolimus and everolimus) for primary immunosuppression of kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Transplantation 2006;81(9):1234-48
    • (2006) Transplantation , vol.81 , Issue.9 , pp. 1234-1248
    • Webster, A.C.1    Lee, V.W.2    Chapman, J.R.3    Craig, J.C.4
  • 164
    • 67650791670 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Randomized Dose-Escalation Trial of Locally-Administered Sirolimus to Treat Diabetic Macular Edema
    • Blumenkranz MS, Dugel PU, Solley WA, et al. A Randomized Dose-Escalation Trial of Locally-Administered Sirolimus to Treat Diabetic Macular Edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(5):1567
    • (2008) Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci , vol.49 , Issue.5 , pp. 1567
    • Blumenkranz, M.S.1    Dugel, P.U.2    Solley, W.A.3
  • 166
    • 58149257844 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dose Ranging Study of an Ocular Sirolimus (Rapamycin) Formulation in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ ct2/show/NCT00656643
    • Dose Ranging Study of an Ocular Sirolimus (Rapamycin) Formulation in Patients With Diabetic Macular Edema. Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ ct2/show/NCT00656643
  • 167
    • 0032559771 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin II potentiates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenic activity in retinal microcapillary endothelial cells
    • Otani A, Takagi H, Suzuma K, Honda Y. Angiotensin II potentiates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenic activity in retinal microcapillary endothelial cells. Circ Res 1998;82(5):619-28
    • (1998) Circ Res , vol.82 , Issue.5 , pp. 619-628
    • Otani, A.1    Takagi, H.2    Suzuma, K.3    Honda, Y.4
  • 168
    • 0032477583 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
    • Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM, et al. Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet 1998;351(9095):28-31
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9095 , pp. 28-31
    • Chaturvedi, N.1    Sjolie, A.K.2    Stephenson, J.M.3
  • 169
    • 0025087033 scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of captopril on the blood-retina barrier in normotensive insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy and background retinopathy
    • Larsen M, Hommel E, Parving HH, Lund-Andersen H. Protective effect of captopril on the blood-retina barrier in normotensive insulin-dependent diabetic patients with nephropathy and background retinopathy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1990;228(6):505-9
    • (1990) Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol , vol.228 , Issue.6 , pp. 505-509
    • Larsen, M.1    Hommel, E.2    Parving, H.H.3    Lund-Andersen, H.4
  • 170
    • 8144221037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risks of progression of retinopathy and vision loss related to tight blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: UKPDS 69
    • Matthews DR, Stratton IM, Aldington SJ, et al. Risks of progression of retinopathy and vision loss related to tight blood pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: UKPDS 69. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122(11):1631-40
    • (2004) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.122 , Issue.11 , pp. 1631-1640
    • Matthews, D.R.1    Stratton, I.M.2    Aldington, S.J.3
  • 171
    • 0034074955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes
    • Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2000;23(Suppl 2):B54-64
    • (2000) Diabetes Care , vol.23 , Issue.SUPPL. 2
    • Estacio, R.O.1    Jeffers, B.W.2    Gifford, N.3    Schrier, R.W.4
  • 172
    • 0029857846 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in NIDDM (ABCD) Trial
    • Schrier RW, Estacio RO, Jeffers B. Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in NIDDM (ABCD) Trial. Diabetologia 1996;39(12):1646-54
    • (1996) Diabetologia , vol.39 , Issue.12 , pp. 1646-1654
    • Schrier, R.W.1    Estacio, R.O.2    Jeffers, B.3
  • 174
    • 0033753370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Angiotensin convening enzyme inhibition reduces retinal overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hyperpermeability in experimental diabetes
    • Gilbert RE, Kelly DJ, Cox AJ, et al. Angiotensin convening enzyme inhibition reduces retinal overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor and hyperpermeability in experimental diabetes. Diabetologia 2000;43(11):1360-7
    • (2000) Diabetologia , vol.43 , Issue.11 , pp. 1360-1367
    • Gilbert, R.E.1    Kelly, D.J.2    Cox, A.J.3
  • 175
    • 0041842758 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of losartan on diabetic maculopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomized, double-masked study
    • Knudsen ST, Bek T, Poulsen PL, et al. Effects of losartan on diabetic maculopathy in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-masked study. J Intern Med 2003;254(2):147-58
    • (2003) J Intern Med , vol.254 , Issue.2 , pp. 147-158
    • Knudsen, S.T.1    Bek, T.2    Poulsen, P.L.3
  • 176
    • 21744456865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • ADVANCE-Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: Patient recruitment and characteristics of the study population at baseline
    • ADVANCE Collaborative Group
    • ADVANCE Collaborative Group. ADVANCE-Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease: patient recruitment and characteristics of the study population at baseline. Diabet Med 2005;22(7):882-8
    • (2005) Diabet Med , vol.22 , Issue.7 , pp. 882-888
  • 177
    • 20444402237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Diabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme: Baseline characteristics
    • Sjølie AK, Porta M, Parving HH, et al. The Diabetic REtinopathy Candesartan Trials (DIRECT) Programme: baseline characteristics. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2005;6(1):25-32
    • (2005) J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst , vol.6 , Issue.1 , pp. 25-32
    • Sjølie, A.K.1    Porta, M.2    Parving, H.H.3
  • 178
    • 0036288905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association of atherosclerosis, vascular risk factors, and retinopathy in adults with diabetes : The atherosclerosis risk in communities study
    • Klein R, Sharrett AR, Klein BE, et al. The association of atherosclerosis, vascular risk factors, and retinopathy in adults with diabetes : the atherosclerosis risk in communities study. Ophthalmology 2002;109(7):1225-34
    • (2002) Ophthalmology , vol.109 , Issue.7 , pp. 1225-1234
    • Klein, R.1    Sharrett, A.R.2    Klein, B.E.3
  • 179
    • 0036673902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood pressure, lipids, and obesity are associated with retinopathy: The Hoorn study
    • van Leiden HA, Dekker JM, Moll AC, et al. Blood pressure, lipids, and obesity are associated with retinopathy: The Hoorn study. Diabetes Care 2002;25(8):1320-5
    • (2002) Diabetes Care , vol.25 , Issue.8 , pp. 1320-1325
    • van Leiden, H.A.1    Dekker, J.M.2    Moll, A.C.3
  • 180
    • 0029757496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS)
    • Chew EY, Klein ML, Ferris FL, et al. Association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic retinopathy. Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) Report 22. Arch Ophthalmol 1996;114(9):1079-84
    • (1996) Arch Ophthalmol , vol.114 , Issue.9 , pp. 1079-1084
    • Chew, E.Y.1    Klein, M.L.2    Ferris, F.L.3
  • 181
    • 0000306390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statins do more than just lower cholesterol
    • Vaughan CJ, Murphy MB, Buckley BM. Statins do more than just lower cholesterol. Lancet 1996;348(9034):1079-82
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , Issue.9034 , pp. 1079-1082
    • Vaughan, C.J.1    Murphy, M.B.2    Buckley, B.M.3
  • 182
    • 4143055661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Update on statins: 2003
    • Vaughan CJ, Gotto AM. Update on statins: 2003. Circulation 2004;110(7):886-92
    • (2004) Circulation , vol.110 , Issue.7 , pp. 886-892
    • Vaughan, C.J.1    Gotto, A.M.2
  • 183
    • 0036180956 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin retards progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia
    • Sen K, Misra A, Kumar A, Pandey RM. Simvastatin retards progression of retinopathy in diabetic patients with hypercholesterolemia. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2002:56(1):1-11
    • (2002) Diabetes Res Clin Pract , vol.56 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-11
    • Sen, K.1    Misra, A.2    Kumar, A.3    Pandey, R.M.4
  • 184
    • 0036224827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Design of the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) in patients with type 2 diabetes
    • Colhoun HM, Thomason MJ, Mackness MI, et al. Design of the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2002;19(3):201-11
    • (2002) Diabet Med , vol.19 , Issue.3 , pp. 201-211
    • Colhoun, H.M.1    Thomason, M.J.2    Mackness, M.I.3
  • 185
    • 3843109167 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Baseline characteristics in the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) in patients with Type 2 diabetes
    • Thomason MJ, Colhoun HM, Livingstone SJ, et al. Baseline characteristics in the Collaborative AtoRvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS) in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 2004;21(8):901-5
    • (2004) Diabet Med , vol.21 , Issue.8 , pp. 901-905
    • Thomason, M.J.1    Colhoun, H.M.2    Livingstone, S.J.3
  • 186
    • 33746431474 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: The Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN)
    • Knopp RH, d'Emden M, Smilde JG, Pocock SJ. Efficacy and safety of atorvastatin in the prevention of cardiovascular end points in subjects with type 2 diabetes: the Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease Endpoints in Non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (ASPEN). Diabetes Care 2006;29(7):1478-85
    • (2006) Diabetes Care , vol.29 , Issue.7 , pp. 1478-1485
    • Knopp, R.H.1    d'Emden, M.2    Smilde, J.G.3    Pocock, S.J.4
  • 187
    • 0016330270 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind trial of Atromid-S in exudative diabetic retinopathy
    • Cullen JF, Town SM, Campbell CJ. Double-blind trial of Atromid-S in exudative diabetic retinopathy. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 1974;94(2):554-62
    • (1974) Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK , vol.94 , Issue.2 , pp. 554-562
    • Cullen, J.F.1    Town, S.M.2    Campbell, C.J.3
  • 188
    • 36049001784 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): A randomised controlled trial
    • Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, et al. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007;370(9600):1687-97
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , Issue.9600 , pp. 1687-1697
    • Keech, A.C.1    Mitchell, P.2    Summanen, P.A.3
  • 189
    • 58149259134 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluating How the Treatments in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Affect Diabetic Retinopathy (The ACCORD Eye Study). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00542
    • Evaluating How the Treatments in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study Affect Diabetic Retinopathy (The ACCORD Eye Study). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00542
  • 190
    • 0030717692 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: Structure, regulation and biological functions
    • Gomez DE, Alonso DF, Yoshiji H, Thorgeirsson UP. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases: structure, regulation and biological functions. Eur J Cell Biol 1997;74(2):111-22
    • (1997) Eur J Cell Biol , vol.74 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-122
    • Gomez, D.E.1    Alonso, D.F.2    Yoshiji, H.3    Thorgeirsson, U.P.4
  • 191
    • 58149225781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of Doxycyline for the Treatment of Nonproliferative and Early Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy POC1, Available from
    • Evaluation of Doxycyline for the Treatment of Nonproliferative and Early Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (POC1). Available from: http:// clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00511875
  • 192
    • 0033828802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of prinomastat (AG3340), a potent inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, on a subacute model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy
    • Ozerdem U, Mach-Hofacre B, Cheng L, et al. The effect of prinomastat (AG3340), a potent inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases, on a subacute model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Curr Eye Res 2000;20(6):447-53
    • (2000) Curr Eye Res , vol.20 , Issue.6 , pp. 447-453
    • Ozerdem, U.1    Mach-Hofacre, B.2    Cheng, L.3
  • 193
    • 0035996280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of Prinomastat) (AG3340), a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, in treatment of retinal neovascularization
    • Garcia C, Bartsch DU, Rivero ME, et al. Efficacy of Prinomastat) (AG3340), a matrix metalloprotease inhibitor, in treatment of retinal neovascularization. Curr Eye Res 2002;24(1):33-8
    • (2002) Curr Eye Res , vol.24 , Issue.1 , pp. 33-38
    • Garcia, C.1    Bartsch, D.U.2    Rivero, M.E.3
  • 194
    • 4444330115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Posterior vitreous detachment: Clinical correlations
    • Hayreh SS, Jonas JB. Posterior vitreous detachment: clinical correlations. Ophthalmologica 2004; 218:5:333-43
    • (2004) Ophthalmologica , vol.218 , Issue.5 , pp. 333-343
    • Hayreh, S.S.1    Jonas, J.B.2
  • 195
    • 33947499496 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pharmacologic vitreolysis
    • Gandorfer A. Pharmacologic vitreolysis. Dev Ophthalmol 2007;39:149-56
    • (2007) Dev Ophthalmol , vol.39 , pp. 149-156
    • Gandorfer, A.1
  • 196
    • 33751182096 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of intravitreal dispase on vitreoretinal interface in rabbits
    • Zhu D, Chen H, Xu X. Effects of intravitreal dispase on vitreoretinal interface in rabbits. Curr Eye Res 2006;31(11):935-46
    • (2006) Curr Eye Res , vol.31 , Issue.11 , pp. 935-946
    • Zhu, D.1    Chen, H.2    Xu, X.3
  • 197
    • 7044222855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrasurgical plasmin enzyme in diabetic macular edema
    • Azzolini C, D'Angelo A, Maestranzi G, et al. Intrasurgical plasmin enzyme in diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138(4):560-6
    • (2004) Am J Ophthalmol , vol.138 , Issue.4 , pp. 560-566
    • Azzolini, C.1    D'Angelo, A.2    Maestranzi, G.3
  • 198
    • 26844520874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pooled Efficacy Results From Two Multinational Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials of a Single Intravitreous Injection of Highly Purified Ovine Hyaluronidase (Vitrase®) for the Management of Vitreous Hemorrhage
    • Kuppermann BD, Thomas EL, De Smet MD, et al. Pooled Efficacy Results From Two Multinational Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials of a Single Intravitreous Injection of Highly Purified Ovine Hyaluronidase (Vitrase®) for the Management of Vitreous Hemorrhage. Am J of Ophthalmol 2005;140(4):573-84
    • (2005) Am J of Ophthalmol , vol.140 , Issue.4 , pp. 573-584
    • Kuppermann, B.D.1    Thomas, E.L.2    De Smet, M.D.3
  • 200
    • 49449096585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental evaluation of microplasmin: An alternative to vital dyes
    • Gandorfer A. Experimental evaluation of microplasmin: an alternative to vital dyes. Dev Ophthalmol 2008;42:153-9
    • (2008) Dev Ophthalmol , vol.42 , pp. 153-159
    • Gandorfer, A.1
  • 201
    • 58149245211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A Multicenter Study to Compare Multiple Doses of Intravitreal Microplasmin vs Sham Injection for Treatment of Patients With DME MIVI-II, Available from
    • A Multicenter Study to Compare Multiple Doses of Intravitreal Microplasmin vs Sham Injection for Treatment of Patients With DME (MIVI-II). Available from: http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00412451.


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.