Platinum solubility and partitioning in a felsic melt-vapor-brine assemblage

Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta

Volumn 73, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 438-454

  Simon, Adam C ^a   Pettke, Thomas ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BERN   (Switzerland)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRINE; FLUID INCLUSION; ORE DEPOSIT; PARTITIONING; PLATINUM; RHYOLITE; SALINITY; SILICATE MELT; SOLUBILITY;

EID: 57849110972     PISSN: 00167037     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2008.10.020     Document Type: Article

References (133)

1. Acosta-Vigil A., London D., Morgan G.B., and Dewers T.A. Solubility of excess alumina in hydrous granitic melts in equilibrium with peraluminous minerals at 700-800 °C and 200 MPa, and applications of the aluminum saturation index. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 146 (2003) 100-119
2. 2O above 573 K. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 1657-1680
3. Archibald S.M., Migdisov A.A., and Williams-Jones A.E. The stability of Au-chloride complexes in water vapor at elevated temperatures and pressures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 65 23 (2002) 4413-4423
4. Archibald S.M., Migdisov A.A., and Williams-Jones A.E. An experimental study of the stability of copper chloride complexes in water vapor at elevated temperatures and pressures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 9 (2001) 1611-1619
5. Arribas Jr. A., Hedenquist J.W., Itaya T., Okada T., Concepción R.A., and Garcia Jr. J.S. Contemporaneous formation of adjacent porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits over 300 ka in northern Luzon, Philippines. Geology 23 4 (1995) 337-340
6. Audétat A., Günther D., and Heinrich C.A. Formation of a magmatic hydrothermal ore deposit; insights in with LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions. Science 279 (1998) 2091-2094
7. Audétat A., Günther D., and Heinrich C.A. Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in a fractionating granite: a microchemical study of the Sn-W-F-mineralized Mole Granite (Australia). Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64 (2000) 3373-3393
8. Bailey, D.K. and Cooper, J. P. (1978) Comparison of the crystallization of pantelleritic obsidian under hydrous and anhydrous conditions. In Progress in Experimental Petrology; Fourth Progress Report of Research Supported by N.E.R.C., 1975-1978(ed. W.S. MacKenzie). pp. 230-233.
9. Bailey D.K., Cooper J.P., and Knight J.L. Anhydrous melting and crystallization of peralkaline obsidians. Bull. Volcanol. 38 (1974) 653-665
10. Ballhaus C., Ryan C.G., Mernagh T.P., and Green D.H. The partitioning of Fe, Ni, Cu, Pt, and Au between sulfide, metal and fluid phases: a pilot study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 58 (1994) 811-826
11. Belonoshko A.B., Shi P.F., and Saxena S.K. A FORTRAN-77 program for calculation of Gibbs free energy and volume of C-H-O-S-N-Ar mixtures. Comp. Geosci. 18 (1992) 1267-1269
12. Bodnar R.J., and Sterner S.M. Synthetic fluid inclusions in natural quartz. II. Application to PVT studies. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 (1985) 1855-1859
13. Bodnar R.J., and Sterner S.M. Synthetic fluid inclusions. In: Ulmer G.C., and Barnes H.L. (Eds). Hydrothermal Experimental Techniques (1987), John Wiley & Sons, New York 423-457
14. 2O-NaCl to 1000C and 1500 bars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49 (1985) 1861-1873
15. 2O-NaCl fluid inclusions. In: De Vivo B., and Frezzotti M.L. (Eds). Fluid Inclusions in Minerals, Methods and Applications (1994), Virginia Polytechnic Institute, VA 117-130
16. Borisov A., and Palme H. Experimental determination of the solubility of platinum in silicate melts. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61 20 (1997) 4349-4357
17. Boudreau A.E., and McCallum I.S. Investigations of the stillwater complex: part V. Apatite as indicators of evolving fluid composition. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 102 (1989) 138-153
18. Boudreau A.E., and McCallum I.S. Concentration of platinum-group elements by magmatic fluids in layered intrusions. Econ. Geol. 87 (1992) 1830-1848
19. Boudreau A.E., and Meurer W.P. Chromatographic separation of the platinum-group elements, gold, base metals and sulfur during degassing of a compacting and solidifying crystal pile. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 134 (1999) 174-185
20. Boudreau A.E., Mathez E.A., and McCallum I.S. Halogen geochemistry of the Stillwater and Bushveld Complexes: evidence for transport of the platinum-group elements by Cl-rich fluids. J. Petrol. 27 (1986) 967-986
21. Brenan J.M., McDonough W.F., and Dalpe C. Experimental constraints on the partitioning of rhenium and some platinum-group elements between olivine and silicate melt. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 212 1-2 (2003) 135-150
22. Burnham C.W. Magmas and hydrothermal fluids. In: Barnes H.L. (Ed). Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits (1979), Wiley, New York 71-136
23. Candela P.A. Generalized mathematical models for the fractional evolution of vapor from magmas in terrestrial planetary crusts. In: Saxena S.K. (Ed). Advances in Physical Geochemistry vol. 6 (1986), Springer-Verlag, New York 362-396
24. Candela P.A., and Holland H.D. The partitioning of copper and molybdenum between melts and aqueous fluids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 (1984) 373-380
25. Cassidy K. F., Lang Jr., Lueck B. A., Mortensen J. K., Russel J. K. and Thompson J. F. H. (1996) Geochemical and isotopic characteristics of Mesozoic alkalic intrusions in the Cordillera nf British Columbia: tectonic significance and implications for Cu-Au metallogeny. Geol. Soc. Austral., Abstracts No. 41, 13th Australian Geological Convenction, Canberra, February, 1996.
26. Charles R.W., and Vidale R. Temperature calibration of a new rapid quench vessel. Am. Mineral. 67 (1982) 175-179
27. Carmichael I.S.E., and MacKenzie W.S. Feldspar-liquid equilibria in pantellerites: an experimental study. Am. J. Sci. 261 (1963) 382-396
28. Chou I.-M. (1987a) Oxygen buffer hydrogen sensor techniques at elevated pressures and temperatures. In Hydrothermal Experimental Techniques (eds. G. C. Ulmer and H. L. Barnes). pp. 61-99.
29. 2O to 1000 degrees C and 1500 bars. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 51 (1987) 1965-1975
30. 2O ternary, and the solidus in the NaCl-KCl binary to 2 kb pressure, and a summary of experimental data for thermodynamic-PTX analysis of solid-liquid equilibria at elevated P-T conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 2281-2293
31. Chou I.C., and Eugster H.P. Solubility of magnetite in supercritical chloride solutions. Am. J. Sci. 277 (1977) 1296-1314
32. Cline J.S., and Bodnar R.J. Can economic porphyry copper mineralization be generated by a "typical" calc-alkaline melt?. J. Geophys. Res. 96 B5 (1991) 8113-8126
33. Cline J.S., and Bodnar R.J. Direct generation of brine from a crystallizing silicic melt at the Questa, New Mexico, molybdenum deposit. Econ. Geol. 89 (1994) 1780-1802
34. Cottrell E., and Walker D. Constraints on core formation from Pt partitioning in mafic silicate liquids at high temperatures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 1565-1580
35. Dilles J.H. Petrology of the Yerington Batholith, Nevada: evidence for evolution of porphyry copper ore fluids. Econ. Geol. 82 7 (1987) 1750-1789
36. Dingwell D.B. The glass transition in hydrous granitic melts. Phys. Earth Planet. Interiors 107 (1998) 1-8
37. Economou-Eliopoulos M. (2005) Platinum-group element potential of porphyry deposits. In Exploration for Deposits of Platinum-Group Elements, (ed. J. Mungall). Min. Assoc. Canada Short Course Series, 35, pp. 203-235.
38. Emmons W.H. Relations of disseminated copper ores in porphyry to igneous intrusions. American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers Transactions 75 (1927) 797-809
39. Ertel W., O'Neill H.St.C., Sylvester P.J., and Dingwell D.B. Solubilities of Pt and Rh in a haplobasaltic silicate melt at 1300°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63 16 (1999) 2439-2449
40. Fleet M.E., and Stone W.E. Partitioning of platinum-group elements in the Fe-Ni-S system and their fractionation in nature. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 1 (1991) 245-253
41. Fleet M.E., and Wu T.W. Volatile transport of platinum-group elements in sulfide chloride assemblages at 1000°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 3519-3531
42. Fleet M.E., and Wu T.S. Volatile transport of precious metals at 1000°C: speciation, fractionation, and effect of base-metal sulfide. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 487-495
43. Fleet M.E., Stone W.E., and Crocket J.H. Partitioning of palladium, iridium, and platinum between sulfide liquid and basalt melt. Effects of melt composition, concentration, and oxygen fugacity. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 9 (1991) 2545-2554
44. Fortenfant S.S., Gunther D., Dingwell D.B., and Rubie D.C. Temperature dependence of Pt and Rh solubilities in haplobasaltic melt. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 1 (2003) 123-131
45. Frank M.R., Candela P.A., Piccoli P.M., and Glascock M.D. Gold solubility, speciation, and partitioning as a function of HCl in the brine-silicate melt-metallic gold system at 800 °C and 100 MPa. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 66 (2002) 3719-3732
46. Gammons C.H. Experimental investigations of the hydrothermal geochemistry of platinum and palladium. IV: the stoichiometry of Pt(IV) and Pd(II) chloride complexes at 100 to 300 °C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 59 (1995) 1655-1667
47. Gammons C.H. Experimental investigations of the hydrothermal geochemistry of platinum and palladium: V. Equilibria between platinum metal, Pt(II), and Pt(IV) chloride complexes at 25 to 300°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 60 (1996) 1683-1694
48. 4 solutions at 300 C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 3881-3894
49. Gammons C.H., and Bloom M.S. Experimental investigation of the hydrothermal geochemistry of platinum and palladium: II. The solubility of PtS and PdS in aqueous s sulfide solutions to 300°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 2451-2467
50. Gammons C.H., Yu Y., and Bloom M.S. Experimental investigation of the hydrothermal geochemistry of platinum and palladium: III. The solubility of Ag-Pd alloy + AgCl in NaCl/HCl solutions at 300°C. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 57 (1993) 2469-2479
51. Gammons C.H., and Williams-Jones A.E. Chemical mobility of gold in the porphyry epithermal environment. Econ. Geol. 92 (1997) 45-59
52. Günther D., Frischknecht R., Heinrich C.A., and Kahlert H.J. Capabilities of an Argon fluoride 193 nm Excimer laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry microanalysis of geological materials. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 12 (1997) 939-944
53. Günther D., Audétat A., Frischknecht A., and Heinrich C.A. Quantitative analysis of major, minor, and trace elements in fluid inclusions using laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. J. Anal. Atom. Specrom. 13 (1998) 263-270
54. Halter W.E., Pettke T., and Heinrich C.A. The origin of Cu/Au ratios in porphyry-type ore deposits. Science 296 (2002) 1842-1844
55. Halter W.E., Heinrich C.A., and Pettke T. Magma evolution and the formation of porphyry Cu-Au ore fluids: evidence from silicate and sulfide melt inclusions. Miner. Deposita 39 (2005) 845-863
56. Hanley J.J., and Heinrich C.A. Synthetic melt inclusion and quartz-trap methods for determining Pt solubility in a mafic mineral - halide melt system at 750°C, 400 bar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) A378
57. Hanley J.J., Pettke T., Mungall J.E., and Spooner E.T.C. The solubility of platinum and gold in NaCl brines at 1.5 kbar, 600 to 800°C: a laser ablation ICP-MS pilot study of synthetic fluid inclusions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 2593-2611
58. Hedenquist J.W., and Lowenstern J.B. The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Nature 370 (1994) 519-527
59. Hedenquist J.W., Arribas Jr. A., and Reynolds T.J. Evolution of an intrusion centered hydrothermal system: far Southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines. Econ. Geol. 93 (1998) 373-404
60. Heinrich C.A., Ryan C.G., Mernagh T.P., and Eadington P.J. Segregation of ore metals between magmatic brine and vapor. Econ. Geol. 87 (1992) 1566-1583
61. Heinrich C.A., Günther D., Audétat A., Ulrich T., and Frischknecht R. Metal fractionation between magmatic brine and vapor, determined by microanalysis of fluid inclusions. Geology 27 (1999) 755-758
62. Heinrich C.A., Pettke T., Halter W.E., Aigner-Torres M., Audétat A., Günther D., Hattendorf D., Bleiner D., Guillong M., and Horn I. Quantitative multi-element analysis of minerals, fluid and melt inclusions by laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 67 (2003) 3473-3497
63. Holland H.D. Granites, solutions, and base metal deposits. Econ. Geol. 67 (1972) 281-301
64. Huebner J.S., and Sato M.S. The oxygen fugacity-temperature relationships of manganese oxide and nickel oxide buffers. Am. Mineral. 55 (1970) 934-938
65. Hulbert L.J., Duke J.M., Eckstrand O.R., Lydon J.W., and Scoates R.F.J. Geological environments of the platinum group elements. Geol. Surv. Canada Open File 1440 (1988) 148
66. Jarosewich E., Nelen J.A., and Norbery J.A. Reference samples for electron microprobe analyses. Geostandards Newslett. 4 (1980) 43-47
67. Jugo P.J., Candela P.A., and Piccoli P.M. Magmatic sulfides and Au:Cu ratios in porphyry deposits: an experimental study of copper and gold partitioning at 850°C, 100 MPa in a haplogranitic melt-pyrrhotite-intermediate solid solution-gold metal assemblage, at gas saturation. Lithos 46 (1999) 573-589
68. Keller N. S. (2008) Metals and volatiles in melts: an experimental and field study. Ph.D. dissertation. Australian National University. 193 pp.
69. Loney R.A., and Himmelberg G.R. Petrogenesis of the Pd-rich intrusion at Salt Chuck, Prince of Wales Island: an early Palaeozoic Alaskan-type ultramafic body. Can. Mineral. 30 (1992) 1005-1022
70. Longerich H.P., Jackson S.E., and Gunther D. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric transient signal data acquisition and analyte concentration calculation. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 11 (1996) 899-904
71. McMillan P.F., and Holloway J.R. Water solubility in aluminosilicate melts. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 97 (1987) 320-332
72. Meurer W.P., and Boudreau A.E. Compaction of density-stratified cumulates: effect on trapped liquid distribution. J. Geol. 104 (1996) 115-120
73. Meurer W.P., Willmore C.C., and Boudreau A.E. Metal redistribution during fluid exsolution and migration in the Middle Banded series of the Stillwater complex, Montana. Lithos 47 (1998) 143-156
74. Morgan G.B., and London D. Optimizing the electron microprobe analysis of hydrous alkali aluminosilicate glasses. Am. Mineral. 81 (1996) 1176-1185
75. Mulja T., and Mitchell R.H. The Geordie Lake Intrusion, Coldwell Complex, Ontario: a palladium- and tellurium-rich disseminated sulphide occurrence derived from an evolved tholeiitic magma. Econ. Geol. 86 (1991) 1050-1069
76. Muntean J.L., and Einaudi M.T. Porphyry-epithermal transition: Maricunga belt, northern Chile. Econ. Geol. 96 (2001) 743-772
77. Mutschler F.E., Griffin M.E., Scott S.D., and Shannon S.S. Precious metal deposits related to alkaline rocks in the North American Dordillera - an interpretative review. Trans. Geol. Soc. S. Africa 88 (1985) 355-377
78. Mysen B.O. Volatiles in magmatic liquids. In: Perchuk L.L. (Ed). Progress in Metamorphic and Igneous Petrology (1991), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
79. Ohnenstetter D., and Watkinson D.H. Low-temperature evolution of the platinum group mineralogy, Two Duck Lake intrusions, Coldwell Complex, Ontario, Canada. In: Laveroux N.P., and Dislter V.V. (Eds). International Platinum 1998 (1998), Theophrastus Publishing, St. Petersburg 116-118
80. Okamoto H. Ag-Pt (Silver-Platinum). J. Phase Equillib. 18 (1997) 485
81. Peach C., Mathez E.A., Keays R.R., and Reeves S.J. Experimentally determined sulfide melt-silicate melt partition coefficients for iridium and palladium. Chem. Geol. 117 (1994) 361-377
82. Pettke T., Halter W.E., Webster J.D., Aigner-Torres M., and Heinrich C.A. Accurate quantification of melt inclusion chemistry by LA-ICP-MS: a comparison with EMP and SIMS and advantages and possible limitations of these methods. Lithos 78 (2004) 333-361
83. Pettke T., Halter W. E., Driesner T., von Quadt A. and Heinrich C. A. (2001) The porphyry to epithermal link: preliminary fluid chemical results from the Apuseni Mountains, Romania, and Famatina, Argentinian Andes. Eleventh Annual V.M. Goldschmidt Conference.
84. Pettke T., Heinrich C.A., Ciocan A.C., and Gunther D. Quadrupole mass spectrometry and optical emission spectroscopy: detection capabilities and representative sampling of short transient signals from laser-ablation. J. Anal. Atomic Spectrom. 15 9 (2000) 1149-1155
85. Redmond P.B., Einaudi M.T., Inan E.E., Landtwing M.R., and Heinrich C.A. Copper deposition by fluid cooling in intrusion-centered systems: new insights from the Bingham porphyry ore deposit, Utah. Geology 32 3 (2004) 217-220
86. Rempel K.U., Migdisov A.A., and Williams-Jones A.E. The solubility and speciation of molybdenum in water vapor at elevated temperatures and pressures: implications for ore genesis. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 687-696
87. Richards J.P. Cumulative factors in the generation of giant calc-alkaline porphyry Cu deposits. In: Porter T.M. (Ed). Super Porphyry Copper and Gold Deposits-A Global Perspective vol. 1 (2005), PGC Publishing, Adelaide 7-25
88. Richards J.P., McCulloch M.T., Chappell B.W., and Kerrich R. Sources of metals in the Porgera gold deposit, Papua New Guinea: evidence from alteration, isotope, and noble metal geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 55 (1991) 580-656
89. Roedder E. Fluid inclusions. Rev. Min. 12 (1984) 644
90. Romano C., Dingwell D.B., and Sterner S. Kinetics of quenching of hydrous feldspathic melts: quantification using synthetic fluid inclusions. Am. Mineral. 79 (1994) 1125-1134
91. Rusk B., Dilles J., and Reed M. Fluid inclusion evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution in the porphyry copper-molybdenum deposit at Butte, Montana. Econ. Geol. 103 (2008) 307-334
92. Sassani D.C., and Shock E.L. Speciation and solubility of palladium in aqueous magmatic-hydrothermal solutions. Geology 18 (1990) 925-928
93. Sassani D.C., and Shock E.L. Solubility and transport of platinum-group elements in supercritical fluids: summary and estimates of thermodynamic properties for ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, and platinum solids, aqueous ions, and complexes to 1000°C and 5 kbar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 62 (1998) 2643-2671
94. Scaillet B., and MacDonald R. Phase relations of peralkaline silicic magmas and petrogenetic implications. J. Petrol. 42 (2001) 825-845
95. Shinohara H. and Kazahaya K. (1995) Degassing processes related to magma-chamber crystallization. In Magmas, Fluids and Ore Deposits, (ed. J. F. H. Thompson). Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course, 23, 47-70.
96. Shinohara H., and Hedenquist J.W. Constraints on magma degassing beneath the Far Southeast porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Philippines. J. Petrol. 38 (1997) 1741-1752
97. Sillitoe R.H. Some thoughts on gold-rich porphyry copper deposits. Miner. Deposita 14 (1979) 161-174
98. Sillitoe R.H. Gold deposits in western Pacific island arcs; the magmatic connection. Econ. Geol. Monogr. 6 (1989) 274-291
99. Sillitoe R. H. (1993a) Epithermal models: genetic types, geometric controls and shallow features. In Mineral Deposit Modeling (eds. R. V. Kirkham, W. D. Sinclair, R. I. Thorpe and J. M. Duke), Geological Association of Canada Special Volume, 40, 403-417.
100. Sillitoe R. H. (1993b) Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits; geological model and exploration implications. In Mineral Deposit Modeling (eds. R. V. Kirkham, W. D. Sinclair, R. I. Thorpe and J. M. Duke), Geological Association of Canada Special Volume, 40, 465-478.
101. Sillitoe R.H. Gold-rich porphyry deposits: descriptive and genetic models and their role in exploration and discovery. Rev. Econ. Geol. 13 (2000) 315-345
102. Simmons S.F., and Brown K.L. Gold in magmatic hydrothermal solutions and the rapid formation of a giant ore deposit. Science 314 (2006) 288-291
103. Simon A. C., Candela P. A. and Piccoli P. M. (2002) Sulfur's effect on iron concentration in chloride-bearing, aqueous, hydrothermal-magmatic fluids. EoS Transactions, V22A-04.
104. Simon A.C., Pettke T., Candela P.A., Piccoli P.M., and Heinrich C.A. Magnetite solubility and iron transport in magmatic-hydrothermal environments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 68 (2004) 4905-4914
105. Simon A.C., Pettke T., Candela P.A., Piccoli P.M., and Heinrich C.A. Gold partitioning in melt-vapor-brine systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 69 (2005) 3321-3335
106. Simon A.C., Pettke T., Candela P.A., Piccoli P.M., and Heinrich C. Copper partitioning in a melt-vapor-brine-magnetite-pyrrhotite assemblage. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 70 (2006) 5583-5600
107. Simon A.C., Frank M.R., Pettke T., Candela P.A., Piccoli P.M., Heinrich C.A., and Glascock M. An evaluation of synthetic fluid inclusions for the purpose of trapping equilibrated, coexisting, immiscible fluid phases at magmatic conditions. Am. Mineral. 92 (2007) 124-138
108. Simon A.C., Pettke T., Candela P.A., Piccoli P.M., and Heinrich C. The partitioning behavior of As and Au in a haplogranite - vapor at magmatic conditions in sulfur-free and sulfur bearing systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) 1764-1782
109. Simon A.C., Pettke T., Candela P.A., and Piccoli P.M. The partitioning of silver in a vapor brine-rhyolite assemblages. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72 (2008) 1638-1659
110. Singer D. A. and Cox D. P. (1986) Grade and tonnage model of porphyry copper-gold deposits. In Mineral Deposit Models: U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin (eds. D. P. Cox and D. A. Singer), 1693, 110-114.
111. Sowerby J.R., and Keppler H. Water speciation in rhyolitic melt determined by in-situ infrared spectroscopy. Am. Mineral. 84 11-12 (1999) 1843-1849
112. Sterner S.M., and Bodnar R.J. Synthetic fluid inclusions in natural quartz: I. Compositional types synthesized and applications to experimental geochemistry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 (1984) 2659-2668
113. 2O under vapor-saturated conditions. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52 (1988) 989-1005
114. 2O: V. Thermodynamic-PTX analysis of solid-liquid equilibria at high temperatures and pressures. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 (1992) 2295-2309
115. Thompson J. F. H., Lang J. R., Mortensen J. K. and Cassidy K. F. (1995) Cu-Au metallogeny of alkalic arc magmatism: examples from the Mesozoic arc terranes of the northern Canadian Cordillera and comparison to the Tabar-Feni arc, PNG. Giant Ore Deposits-II Symposium, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, April 1995, 668-673.
116. Thompson R.N., and MacKenzie W.S. Feldspar-liquid equilibria in peralkalineacid liquids: an experimental study. Am. J. Sci. 265 (1967) 714-734
117. Titley S.R. Geological and geotectonic setting of porphyry copper deposits in the southern Cordillera. Arizona Geological Society 14 (1981) 79-97
118. Ulrich T., Günther D., and Heinrich C.A. Evolution of a porphyry Cu-Au deposit, base on LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions, Bajo de la Alumbrera, Argentina. Econ. Geol. 97 (2001) 1888-1920
119. Urabe T. Aluminous granite as a source of hydrothermal ore deposits: an experimental study. Econ. Geol. 80 (1985) 148-157
120. Vanko D.A., Bodnar R.J., and Sterner S.M. Synthetic fluid inclusions: VIII. Vapor-saturated halite solubility in part of the system NaCl-CaCl2-H2O, with application to fluid inclusions from oceanic hydrothermal systems. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 52 (1988) 2451-2456
121. Vennemann T.W., Muntean J.L., Kesler S.E., O'Neil J.R., Valley J.W., and Russell N. Stable isotope evidence for magmatic fluids in the Pueblo Viejo epithermal acid sulfate Au-Ag deposit, Dominican Republic. Econ. Geol. 88 (1993) 55-71
122. Vila T., and Sillitoe R.H. Gold-rich porphyry systems in the Maricunga Belt, northern Chile. Econ. Geol. 86 (1991) 1238-1260
123. 2 fluids and topaz rhyolite melt. Econ. Geol. 84 (1989) 116-134
124. Webster J.D. Fluid-melt interactions involving Cl-rich granites: experimental study from 2 to 8 kbar. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 56 2 (1992) 659-678
125. Werle J.L., Ikramuddin M., and Mutschler F.E. Allard Stock, La Plata Mountains, Colorado-an alkaline rock-hosted porphyry copper-precious metal deposit. Can. J. Earth Sci. 21 (1984) 630-641
126. Williams T.J., Candela P.A., and Piccoli P.M. The partitioning of copper between silicate melts and two-phase aqueous fluids: an experimental investigation at kbar, 800 °C and 0.5 kbar, 850 °C. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 121 (1995) 388-399
127. Williams T.J., Candela P.A., and Piccoli P.M. Hydrogen-alkali exchange between silicate melts and two-phase aqueous mixtures; an experimental investigation. Contrib. Mineral. Petrol. 128 (1997) 114-126
128. Williams-Jones A.E., and Heinrich C.A. Vapor transport and the formation of magmatic hydrothermal ore deposits. Econ. Geol. 100 (2005) 1287-1312
129. Wood S.A. The aqueous geochemistry of the platinum-group elements with applications to ore deposits. In: Cabri L.J. (Ed). The Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy and Mineral Beneficiation of Platinum-Group Elements (2002), Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum, Montreal, Canada 211-249
130. Xiong Y., and Wood S.A. Experimental quantification of hydrothermal solubility of platinum-group elements with special reference to porphyry environments. Miner. Petrol. 68 1-3 (2000) 1-28
131. Zajacz Z., and Halter W. LA-ICP-MS analyses of silicate melt inclusions in co precipitated minerals: quantification, data analysis and mineral/melt partitioning. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 (2007) 1021-1040
132. Zajacz Z., Halter W.E., Pettke T., and Guillong T. Determination of fluid/melt partition coefficients by LA-ICP-MS analysis of co-existing fluid and silicate melt inclusions: controls on element partitioning. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 72 8 (2008) 2169-2197
133. Zezin D.Y., Migdisov A.A., and Williams-Jones A.E. The solubility of gold in hydrogen sulfide gas: an experimental study. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 71 12 (2007) 3070-3081