Evolution of an intrusion-centered hydrothermal system: far southeast-Lepanto porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits, Philippines

Economic Geology

Volumn 93, Issue 4, 1998, Pages 373-404

  Hedenquist, Jeffrey W ^a   Arribas Jr , Antonio ^a,c   Reynolds, T James ^b  

^a GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF JAPAN   (Japan)

^b FLUID INC   (United States)

^c Placer Dome Exploration   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EPITHERMAL ORE; ORE DEPOSIT; PORPHYRY;

PHILIPPINES;

EID: 0031663855     PISSN: 03610128     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2113/gsecongeo.93.4.373     Document Type: Article

References (157)

1. Albinson, T.F., 1988, Geologic reconstruction of paleosurfaces in the Sombrerete, Colorada, and Fresnillo districts, Zacatecas State, Mexico: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 83, p. 1647-1667.
2. Aoki, M., and Eldridge, S., 1994, Chemical and isotopic heterogeneity in alunite-group minerals indicates a fluctuating and evolving chemical environment in the Lepanto-Far Southeast porphyry-epithermal system, northern Philippines [abs.]: Resource Geology, v. 44, p. 268.
3. Arribas, A., Jr., 1995, Characteristics of high-sulfidation epithermal deposits, and their relation to magmatic fluid: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 419-454.
4. Arribas, A., Jr., Hedenquist, J.W., Itaya, T., Okada, T., Concepción, R.A., and Garcia, J.S., Jr., 1995a, Contemporaneous formation of adjacent porphyry and epithermal Cu-Au deposits over 300 ka in northern Luzon, Philippines: Geology, v. 23, p. 337-340.
5. Arribas, A., Jr., Cunningham, C.G., Rytuba, J.J., Rye, R.O., Kelly, W.C., Podwysocki, M.H., McKee, E.H., and Tosdal, R.M., 1995b, Geology, geochronology, fluid inclusions, and isotope geochemistry of the Rodalquilar gold-alunite deposit, Spain: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 90, p. 795-822.
6. Asami, N., and Britten, R.M., 1980, The porphyry copper deposits at the Frieda River prospect, Papua New Guinea: Mining Geology Special Issue 8, p. 117-130.
7. Barton, P.B., Jr., and Skinner, B.J., 1979, Sulfide mineral stabilities, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd ed.: New York, J. Wiley and Sons, p. 278-403.
8. Beane, R.E., 1982, Hydrothermal alteration in silicate rocks, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in geology of the porphyry copper deposits of southwestern North America: Tucson, University of Arizona Press, p. 117-137.
9. Beane, R.E., and Bodnar, R.J., 1995, Hydrothermal fluids and hydrothermal alteration in porphyry copper deposits: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 20, p. 83-93.
10. Beane, R.E., and Titley, S.R., 1981, Porphyry copper deposits. Part II. Hydrothermal alteration and mineralization: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 75TH ANNIVERSARY VOLUME, p. 235-263.
11. Bening, L.G., and Seward, T.M., 1996, Hydrosulfide complexing of Au(I) in hydrothermal solutions from 150-400°C and 500-1500 bar: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 1849-1871.
12. Bodnar, R.J., 1995, Fluid-inclusion evidence for a magmatic source of metals in porphyry copper deposits: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 139-152.
13. _ 1996, Fluid inclusion evidence for the source of metals in porphyry deposits and epithermal precious metal systems [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 28, p. A-402.
14. Bodnar, R.J., and Beane, R.E., 1980, Temporal and spatial variations in hydrothermal fluid characteristics during vein filling in preore cover overlying deeply buried porphyry copper-type mineralization at Red Mountain, Arizona: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 75, p. 876-893.
15. Bodnar, R.J., and Sterner, S.M., 1987, Synthetic fluid inclusions, in Ulmer, G.C., and Barnes, H.L., eds., Hydrothermal experimental techniques: New York, Wiley-Interscience, p. 423-457.
16. 2O-NaCl to 1000°C and 1500 bars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 49, p. 1861-1873.
17. Bodnar, R.J., Reynolds, T.J., and Kuehn, C.A., 1985b, Fluid inclusion systematics in epithermal systems: Reviews in Economic Geology, v. 2, p. 73-97.
18. Bottinga, Y., and Javoy, M., 1973, Comments on oxygen isotope geothermometry: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 20, p. 250-265.
19. _ 1975, Oxygen isotope partitioning among minerals in igneous and metamorphic rocks: Reviews in Geophysics and Space Physics, v. 13, p. 401-418.
20. Bowman, J.R., Parry, W.T., Kropp, W.P., and Kruer, S.A., 1987, Chemical and isotopic evolution of hydrothermal solutions at Bingham, Utah: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 395-428.
21. Burnham, C.W., 1979, Magmas and hydrothermal fluids, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd ed.: New York, J. Wiley and Sons, p. 71-136.
22. Candela, P.A., and Piccoli, P.M., 1995, Model ore-metal partitioning from melts into vapor and vapor/brine mixtures: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 101-127.
23. Candela, P.A., Piccoli, P.M., and Williams, T.J., 1996, Preliminary study of gold partitioning in a sulfur-free, high oxygen fugacity melt/volatile phase system [abs.]: Geological Society of America Abstracts with Program, v. 28, p. A-402.
24. Carey, S., and Sigurdsson, H., 1985, The May 18, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens 2. Modelling of dynamics of the Plinian phase: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 90, p. 2948-2958.
25. Cas, R.A.F., and Wright, J.V., 1987, Volcanic successions modern and ancient: London, Unwin Hyman, 528 p.
26. Cathles, L.M., II, 1977, An analysis of the cooling of intrusions by groundwater convection which includes boiling: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 72, p. 804-826.
27. Claveria, R.J.R., and Hedenquist, J.W., 1994, Paragenesis of Au and related minerals in the Lepanto Cu-Au deposit [abs.]: Resource Geology, v. 44, p. 267.
28. Cline, J.S., 1995, Genesis of porphyry copper deposits: The behavior of water, chloride, and copper in crystallizing melts: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 20, p. 69-82.
29. Cline, J.S., and Bodnar, R.J., 1991, Can economic porphyry copper mineralization be generated by a typical calc-alkaline melt?: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 96, p. 8113-8126.
30. Cline, J.S., and Vanko, D.A., 1995, Magmatically generated saline brines related to molybdenum at Questa, New Mexico: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 153-174.
31. Concepción, R.A., and Cinco, J.C., Jr., 1989, Geology of the Lepanto-Far Southeast gold-rich copper deposit [abs]: International Geological Congress, Washington, D.C., Proceedings, v. 1, p. 319-320, and preprint, 46 p.
32. Deen, J.A., Rye, R.O., Munoz, J.L., and Drexler, J.W., 1994, The magmatic hydrothermal system at Julcani, Peru: Evidence from fluid inclusions and hydrogen and oxygen isotopes: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 1924-1938.
33. Dilles, J.H., and Proffett, J.M, 1995, Metallogenesis of the Yerington batholith, Nevada: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 20, p. 306-315.
34. Dilles, J.H., Solomon, G.C., Taylor, H.P., Jr., and Einaudi, M.T., 1992, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope characteristics of hydrothermal alteration at the Ann-Mason porphyry copper deposit, Yerington, Nevada: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 44-63.
35. Dobson, P.F., Epstein, S., and Stolper, E.M., 1989, Hydrogen isotope fractionation between coexisting vapor and silicate glasses and melts at low pressure: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 2723-2730.
36. Fournier, R.O., 1987, Conceptual models of brine evolution in magmatic-hydrothermal systems: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, p. 1487-1506.
37. _ 1991, Transition from hydrostatic to greater than hydrostatic fluid pressure in presently active hydrothermal systems in crystalline rocks: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, p. 955-958.
38. Frezzotti, M.L., 1992, Magmatic immiscibility and fluid phase evolution in the Mount Genis leucogranite (southeastern Sardinia, Italy): Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 21-33.
39. Frezzotti, M.L., Ghezzo, C., and, Stefanini, B., 1992, The Calabona intrusive complex (Sardinia, Italy): Evidence from a porphyry copper system: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 425-436.
40. Garcia, J.S., Jr., 1991, Geology and mineralization characteristics of the Mankayan mineral district, Philippines: Japan Geological Survey Report 277, p. 21-30.
41. Gerlach, T.M., and Taylor, B.E., 1990, Carbon isotope constraints on degassing of carbon dioxide from Kilauea Volcano: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 2051-2058.
42. Gerlach, T.M., Westrich, H.R., Casadevall, T.J., and Finnegan, D.L., 1994, Vapor saturation and accumulation in magmas of the 1989-1990 eruption of Redoubt volcano, Alaska: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 62, p. 317-337.
43. Gerlach, T.M., Westrich, H.R., and Symonds, R.B., 1996, Pre-eruption vapor saturation in magma of the climactic Mount Pinatubo eruption: Source of the giant statospheric sulfur dioxide cloud, in Newhall, C.G., and Punongbayan, R.S., eds., The 1991-1992 eruptions of Mount Pinatubo, Philippines: Seattle, University of Washington Press, p. 415-433.
44. Giggenbach, W.F., 1984, Mass transfer in hydrothermal alteration systems: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 48, p. 2693-2711.
45. _ 1992a, Magma degassing and mineral deposition in hydrothermal systems along convergent plate boundaries: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1927-1944.
46. _ 1992b, Isotopic shifts in waters from geothermal and volcanic systems along convergent plate boundaries and their origin: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 113, p. 495-510.
47. _ 1996, Chemical composition of volcanic gases, in Scarpa, R., and Tilling, R.I., eds., Monitoring and mitigation of volcanic hazards: Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, p. 221-256.
48. _ 1997, The origin and evolution of fluids in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 3rd ed.: New York, Wiley Interscience, p. 737-796.
49. Gilg, H.A., and Sheppard, S.M.F., 1996, Hydrogen isotope fractionation between kaolinite and water revisited: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 529-533.
50. Goldstein, R.H., and Reynolds, T.J., 1994, Systematics of fluid inclusions in diagenetic minerals: Society for Sedimentary Geology Short Course 31, 199 p.
51. Gonzalez, A.G., 1956, Geology of the Lepanto copper mine, Mankayan, Mountain province: Philippines Bureau of Mines Special Projects Series 16, p. 17-50.
52. _ 1959, Geology and genesis of the Lepanto copper deposit, Mankayan, Mountain province, Philippines: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford, CA, Stanford University, 102 p.
53. _ 1967, Copper-gold mineralization in the Mankayan-Suyoc district, Mountain province [abs.]: Geological Society of the Philippines Geological Convention, 2nd, Manila, Proceedings, v. 2, p. 260.
54. Gustafson, L.B., and Hunt, J.P., 1975, The porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 70, p. 857-912.
55. Heald, P., Foley, N.K., and Hayba, D.O., 1987, Comparative anatomy of volcanic-hosted epithermal deposits: Acid sulfate and adularia-sericite types: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1-26.
56. Hedenquist, J.W., 1991, Boiling and dilution in the shallow portion of the Waiotopu geothermal system, New Zealand: Geochimica et Cosmochimia Acta, v. 55, p. 2753-2765.
57. _ 1995, The ascent of magmatic fluid: Discharge versus mineralization: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 263-289.
58. Hedenquist, J.W., and Garcia, J.S., Jr., 1990, Sulfur isotope systematics in the Lepanto mining district, northern Luzon, Philippines [abs.]: Mining Geology, v. 40, p. 67.
59. 2 on freezing point measurements of fluid inclusions: Evidence from active geothermal systems and implications for epithermal ore deposition: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 1379-1406.
60. Hedenquist, J.W., and Lowenstern, J.B., 1994, The role of magmas in the formation of hydrothermal ore deposits: Nature, v. 370, v. 519-527.
61. Hedenquist, J.W., Matsuhisa, Y., Izawa, E., White, N.C., Giggenbach, W.F., and Aoki, M., 1994a, Geology, geochemistry, and origin of high-sulfidation Cu-Au mineralization in the Nansatsu district, Japan: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 1-30.
62. Hedenquist, J.W., Aoki, M., and Shinohara, H., 1994b, Flux of volatiles and ore-forming metals from the magmatic-hydrothermal system of Satsuma Iwojima volcano: Geology, v. 22, p. 585-588.
63. Heinrich, C.A., Ryan, C.G., Mernagh, T.P., and Eadington, P.J., 1992, Segregation of ore metals between magmatic brine and vapor - a fluid inclusion study using PIXE microanalysis: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1566-1583.
64. 2O: American Journal of Science, v. 257, p. 241-270.
65. Hemley, J.J., and Hunt, J.P., 1992, Hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the light of studies in rock-buffered systems: II. Some general geologic applications: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 23-43.
66. Hemley, J.J., Hostetler, P.B., Gude, A.J., and Mountjoy, W.T., 1969, Some stability relations of alunite: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 64, p. 599-612.
67. 2O and some general implications for alteration-mineralization processes: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 75, p. 210-228.
68. Hemley, J.J., Cygan, G.L., Fein, J.B., Robinson, G.R., and D'Angelo, W.M., 1992, Hydrothermal ore-forming processes in the light of studies in rock-buffered systems: I. Iron-copper-zinc-lead sulfide solubility relations: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 1-22.
69. Henley, R.W., and McNabb, A., 1978, Magmatic vapor plumes and groundwater interaction in porphyry copper emplacement: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 73, p. 1-20.
70. Henley, R.W., and Plum, H., 1985, Chemistry of geothermal fluids discharged from exploration wells at Mokai, New Zealand: Zeitschriff der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaff, v. 136, p. 235-251.
71. Holland, H.D., 1972, Granites, solutions and base metal deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 67, p. 281-301.
72. Horita, J., Cole, D.R., and Weslowski, D.J., 1995, The activity-composition relationship of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in aqueous salt solutions: III. Vapor-liquid water equilibration of NaCl solutions to 350°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 1139-1151.
73. Imai, A., Concepción, R.A., Cinco, J.C., Jr., and Garcia, J.S., Jr., 1994, Magmatic hydrothermal system of the Lepanto-Far Southeast (FSE) porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Mankayan, Philippines: Mineral paragenesis, fluid inclusions, and sulfur isotope systematics [abs.]: Resource Geology, v. 44, p. 266-267.
74. Itaya, T., Arribas, A., Jr., and Okada, T., 1996, Argon release systematics of hypogene and supergene alunite based on progressive heating experiments from 100 to 1000°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 60, p. 4525-4535.
75. Jannas, R.R., 1995, El Indio district, Chile: Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, 421 p.
76. Johnson, M.C., Anderson, A.T., Jr., and Rutherford, M.J., 1994, Pre-eruptive volatile contents of magmas: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 30, p. 281-330.
77. 3+ ratios of hydrothermal biotite: Perth, University of Western Australia, Geology Department Publication 30, p. 244-259.
78. Losada-Calderón, A.J., and McPhail, D.C., 1996, Porphyry and high-sulfidation epithermal mineralization in the Nevados del Famitina mining district, Argentina: Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 5, p. 91-117.
79. Lowell, J.D., and Guilbert, J.M., 1970, Lateral and vertical alteration-mineralization zoning in porphyry copper ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 65, p. 373-408.
80. Lowenstern, J.B., 1994a, Dissolved volatile concentrations in an ore-forming magma: Geology, v. 22, p. 893-896.
81. _ 1994b, Chlorine, fluid immiscibility, and degassing in peralkaline magmas from Pantelleria, Italy: American Mineralogist, v. 79, p. 353-369.
82. _ 1995, Applications of silicate-melt inclusions to the study of magmatic volatiles: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 71-99.
83. McMillan, P.F., and Holloway, J.R., 1987, Water solubility in aluminosilicate melts: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 97, p. 320-332.
84. McPhie, J., Doyle, M., and Allen, R., 1993, Volcanic textures: A guide to the interpretation of textures in volcanic rocks: Hobart, University of Tasmania, Center for Ore Deposit and Exploration Studies, 196 p.
85. Mancano, D.P., and Campbell, A.R., 1995, Microthermometry of enargite-hosted fluid inclusions from the Lepanto, Philippines, high-sulfidation Cu-Au deposit: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 59, p. 3909-3916.
86. Marumo, K., 1989, Genesis of kaolin minerals and pyrophyllite in Kuroko deposits of Japan: Implications for the origin of the hydrothermal fluids from mineralogical and stable isotope data: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 53, p. 2915-2924.
87. Marumo, K., Nagasawa, K., and Kuroda, Y., 1980, Mineralogy and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of clay minerals in the Ohnuma geothermal area, northeastern Japan: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 47, p. 255-262.
88. Matsuhisa, Y., Goldsmith, J.R., and Clayton, R. N., 1979, Oxygen isotopic fractionation in the system quartz-albite-anorthite-water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 43, p. 1131-1140.
89. Matsuhisa, Y., Morishita, Y., Faure, K., and Elsenheimer, D.W., 1996, Stable isotope analysis of minerals by the laser microprobe method: Gekkan Chikyu (Monthly Earth) Special Issue 16, p. 130-136 (in Japanese).
90. Meeker, K.A., Chuan, R.L., Kyle, P.R., and Palais, J.M., 1991, Emission of elemental gold particles from Mount Erebus, Ross Island, Antarctica: Geophysical Research Letters, v. 18, p. 1405-1408.
91. Meinert, L.D., Hefton, K.K., Mayes, D., and Tasiran, I., 1997, Geology, zonation, and fluid evolution of the Big Gossan Cu-Au skarn deposit, Ertsberg district, Irian Java: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 92, p. 509-534.
92. Meyer, C., and Hemley, J.J., 1967, Wall rock alteration, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits: New York, Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, p. 166-232.
93. Nabelek, P.I., O'Neil, J.R., and Papike, J.J., 1983, Vapor phase exsolution as a controlling factor in hydrogen isotope variation in granitic rocks: The Notch Peak granitic stock, Utah: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 66, p. 137-150.
94. Newman, S., Epstein, S., and Stolper, E.M., 1988, Water, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen isotopes in glasses from the ca. 1350 A.D. eruption of the Mono craters, California: Constraints on degassing phenomena and initial volatile content: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 35, p. 75-96.
95. Norton, D.L., 1982, Fluid and heat transport phenomena typical of copper-bearing pluton environments, in Titley, S.R., ed., Advances in geology of porphyry copper deposits of southwestern North America: Tuscon, University of Arizona Press, p. 59-72.
96. Ohmoto, H., and Rye, R.O., 1979, Isotopes of sulfur and carbon, in Barnes, H.L., ed., Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits, 2nd ed.: New York, Wiley Interscience, v. 2, p. 509-567.
97. Piccoli, P.M., and Candela, P.A., 1994, Apatite in felsic rocks: A model for the estimation of initial halogen concentrations in the Bishop tuff (Long Valley) and Tuolumne intrusive suite (Sierra Nevada batholith) magmas: American Journal of Science, v. 294, p. 92-135.
98. Pitzer, K.S., and Pabalan, R.T., 1986, Thermodynamics of NaCl in steam: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 50, p. 1445-1454.
99. Reynolds, T.J., and Beane, R.E., 1985, Evolution of hydrothermal fluid characteristics at the Santa Rita, New Mexico, porphyry copper deposit: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 80, p. 1328-1347.
100. Reyes, A.G., 1990, Petrology of Philippine geothermal systems and the application of alteration mineralogy to their assessment: Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, v. 43, p. 279-309.
101. Reyes, A.G., and Giggenbach, W.F., 1992, Petrology and fluid chemistry of magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the Philippines, in Kharaka, Y.K., and Maest, A.S., eds., Water-rock interaction: Rotterdam, Balkema, p. 1341-1344.
102. Reyes, A.G., Giggenbach, W.F., Saleras, J.R.M., Salonga, N.D., and Vergara, M.C., 1993, Petrology and geochemistry of Alto Peak, a vapor-cored hydrothermal system, Leyte province, Philippines: Geothermics, v. 22, p. 479-519.
103. Roberts, S., 1975, Early hydrothermal alteration and mineralization in the Butte district, Montana: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University, 173 p.
104. Roedder, E., 1971, Fluid inclusion studies on the porphyry-type ore deposits at Bingham, Utah, Butte, Montana, and Climax, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 66, p. 98-120.
105. _ 1984, Fluid inclusions: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 12, 644 p.
106. _ 1992, Fluid inclusion evidence for immiscibility in magmatic differentiation: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 56, p. 5-20.
107. Rye, R.O., Bethke, P.M., and Wasserman, M.D., 1992, The stable isotope geochemistry of acid sulfate alteration: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 225-262.
108. 16O determinations in sulphates: Earth and Planetary Sciences, v. 11, p. 369-373.
109. Sasaki, A., Arikawa, Y., and Folinsbee, R.E., 1979, Kiba reagent method of sulfur extraction applied to isotope work: Japan Geological Survey Bulletin, v. 30, p. 241-245.
110. Savin, S.M., and Lee, M., 1988, Isotopic studies of phyllosilicates: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 19, p. 189-219.
111. Sawkins, F.J., 1980, Single-stage versus two-stage ore deposition in subduction-related volcano-plutonic arc: Quadrennial IAGOD Symposium, 5th, Park City, Utah, Proceedings, p. 143-154.
112. Schoen, R., White, D.E., and Hemley, J.J., 1974, Argillization by descending acid at Steamboat Springs, Nevada: Clays and Clay Minerals, v. 22, p. 1-22.
113. Sharp, Z.D., 1990, A laser-based microanalytical method for in situ determination of oxygen isotope ratio of silicates and oxides: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 54, p. 1353-1357.
114. Sheppard, S.M.F., and Gilg, H.A., 1996, Stable isotope geochemistry of clay minerals: Clay Minerals, v. 31, p. 1-24.
115. Sheppard, S.M.F., and Gustafson, L.B., 1976, Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in the porphyry copper deposit at El Salvador, Chile: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 71, p. 1549-1559.
116. Sheppard, S.M.F., and Taylor, H.P., Jr., 1974, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope evidence for the origins of water in the Boulder batholith and the Butte ore deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 69, p. 926-946.
117. Sheppard, S.M.F., Nielsen, R.L., and Taylor, H.P., Jr., 1969, Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios of clay minerals from porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 64, p. 755-777.
118. _ 1971, Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in minerals from porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 66, p. 515-542.
119. Shinohara, H., 1994, Exsolution of immiscible vapor and liquid phases from a crystallizing silicate melt: Implications for chlorine and metal transport: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 5215-5221.
120. 2O at 600°C and 400 to 2000 bars: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 4857-4866.
121. Shinohara, H., and Hedenquist, J.W., 1997, Constraints on magma degassing beneath the Far Southeast porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Philippines: Journal of Petrology, v. 38, p. 1741-1752..
122. Shinohara, H., and Kazahaya, K., 1995, Degassing processes related to magma-chamber crystallization: Mineralogical Association of Canada Short Course Series, v. 23, p. 47-70.
123. Shinohara, H., Kazahaya, K., and Lowenstern, J.B., 1995, Volatile transport in a convecting magma column: Implications for porphyry Mo mineralization: Geology, v. 23, p. 1091-1094.
124. Sillitoe, R.H., 1973, The tops and bottoms of porphyry copper deposits: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 68, p. 799-815.
125. _ 1983, Enargite-bearing massive sulfide deposits high in porphyry copper systems: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 78, p. 348-352.
126. _ 1991, Gold metallogeny of Chile - an introduction: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 86, p. 1187-1205.
127. _ 1993a, Gold-rich porphyry copper deposits: Geological model and exploration implications: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, p. 465-478.
128. _ 1993b, Epithermal models: Genetic types, geometrical controls and shallow features: Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 40, p. 403-417.
129. _ 1994, Erosion and collapse of volcanoes: Causes of telescoping in intrusion-centered ore deposits: Geology, v. 22, p. 945-948.
130. _ 1995a, Exploration and discovery of base-and precious-metal deposits in the circum-Pacific region during the last 25 years: Resource Geology Special Issue 19, 119 p.
131. _ 1995b, Exploration of porphyry copper lithocaps: Australasian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Publication Series 9/95, p. 527-532.
132. Sillitoe, R.H., and Angeles, C.A., Jr., 1985, Geological characteristics and evolution of a gold-rich porphyry copper deposit at Guinaoang, Luzon, Philippines, in Asian Mining '85: London, Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, p. 15-26.
133. Sillitoe, R.H., and Gappe, I.M., Jr., 1984, Philippine porphyry copper deposits: Geologic setting and characteristics: Bangkok, United Nations ESCAP, CCOP Technical Publication 14, 89 p.
134. 2O-NaCl at elevated temperatures and pressures: American Journal of Science, v. 260, p. 115-141.
135. Steven, T.A., and Ratté, J.C., 1960, Geology of ore deposits of the Summitville district, San Juan Mountains, Colorado: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 343, 70 p.
136. Stix, J., and Layne, G.D., 1996, Gas saturation and evolution of volatile and light lithophile elements in the Bandeher magma chamber between two caldera-forming eruptions: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 101, p. 25,181-25,196.
137. Stoffregen, R.E., 1987, Genesis of acid-sulfate alteration and Au-Cu-Ag mineralization at Summitville, Colorado: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1575-1591.
138. 16O and D-H fractionation factors between alunite and water at 250-45O°C: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 58, p. 903-916.
139. Suzuoki, T., and Epstein, S., 1976, Hydrogen isotope fractionation between OH-bearing minerals and water: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 40, p. 1229-1240.
140. Sverjensky, D.A., Hemley, J.J., and D'Angelo, W.M., 1991, Thermodynamic assessement of hydrothermal alkaki feldspar-mica-aluminosilicate equilbria: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 55, p. 989-1004.
141. Taylor, B.E., 1986, Magmatic volatiles: Isotopic variation of C, H, and S: Reviews in Mineralogy, v. 16, p. 185-226.
142. _ 1988, Degassing of rhyolitic magmas: Hydrogen isotope evidence and implications for magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits: Canadian Institute of Mining and Mineralogy Special Volume 39, p. 33-49.
143. _ 1991, Degassing of Obsidian dome rhyolite, Inyo volcanic chain, California: Geochemical Society Special Publication 3, p. 339-353.
144. 2O from rhyolite magma during eruption and shallow intrusion, and the isotopic composition of magmatic water in hydrothermal systems: Japan Geological Survey Report 279, p. 190-194.
145. Taylor, B.E., Eichelberger, J.C., and Westrich, H.R., 1983, Hydrogen isotopic evidence of rhyolitic magma degassing during shallow intrusion and eruption: Nature, v. 306, p. 541-545.
146. Tejada, M.L., 1989, Characteristics and paragenesis of luzonite in the Lepanto copper-gold deposit, Mankayan, Benguet, Philippines: Unpublished M.Sc. dissertation, Quezon City, University of Philippines, 89 p.
147. Tilling, R.I., 1977, Interaction of meteoric waters with magmas of the Boulder batholith, Montana: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 72, p. 859-864.
148. Trudu, A.G., and Bloom, M.S., 1988, A genetic model for the origin of hypogene gold in porphyry copper systems: The Tirad porphyry copper-gold deposit (Guinaoang, NW Luzon, Philippines): Geological Society of Australia Abstract Series 22, p. 211-216.
149. Urabe, T., 1987, The effect of pressure on the partitioning ratios of lead and zinc between vapor and rhyolite melts: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 82, p. 1049-1052.
150. 2 released during volcanic eruptions: Evidence from Mount St. Helens: Science, v. 265, p. 497-499.
151. Wasserman, M.D., Rye, R.O., Bethke, P.M., and Arribas, A., Jr., 1992, Methods for separation and total stable isotope analysis of alunite: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 92-9, 20 p.
152. Webster, J.D., 1997, Exsolution of magmatic volatile phases from Cl-enriched mineralizing granitic magmas and implications for ore metal transport: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 61, p. 1017-1029.
153. White, N.C., and Hedenquist, J.W., 1995, Epithermal gold deposits: Styles, characteristics, and exploration: Society of Economic Geologists Newsletter 23, p. 1, 9-13.
154. Williams, S.A., and Forrester, J.D., 1995, Characteristics of porphyry copper deposits: Arizona Geological Society Digest, v. 20, p. 21-34.
155. Williams, T.J., Candela, P.A., and Piccoli, P.M., 1995, The partitioning of copper between silicate melts and two-phase aqueous fluids: An experimental investigation at 1 kbar, 800°C and 0.5 kbar, 850°C: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 121, p. 388-399.
156. Yang, K., and Bodnar, R.J., 1994, Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in the "bottoms" of porphyry copper systems: Evidence from silicate melt and aqueous fluid inclusions in granitoid intrusions in the Gyeongsang basin, South Korea: International Geology Review, v. 36, p. 608-628.
157. Zaluski, G., Nesbitt, B.E., and Muehlenbachs, K., 1994, Hydrothermal alteration and stable isotope systematics of the Babine porphyry Cu deposits, British Columbia: Implications for fluid evolution of porphyry systems: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 89, p. 1518-1541.