The integration of genetic propensities into social-control models of delinquency and violence among male youths

American Sociological Review

Volumn 73, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 543-568

  Guo, Guang ^a   Roettger, Michael E ^a   Cai, Tianji ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

GENETICS; MALE; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; VIOLENCE; YOUNG POPULATION;

EID: 57749135376     PISSN: 00031224     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/000312240807300402     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Akers, Ronald L. 1985. Deviant Behavior: A Social Learning Approach. 3rd ed. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
2. Akers, Ronald L. 1991. "Self-Control as a General Theory of Crime." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 7:201-11.
3. Allison, D. B., M. Heo, N. Kaplan, and E. R. Martin. 1999. "Sibling-Based Tests of Linkage and Association for Quantitative Traits." American Journal of Human Genetics 64:1754-64.
4. Bannon, Michael J. and Christopher J. Whitty. 1995. "Neurokinin Receptor Gene-Expression in Substantia-Nigra: Localization, Regulation, and Potential Physiological Significance." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 73:866-70.
5. Barr, Christina S., Timothy K. Newman, Stephen Lindell, Courtney Shannon, Maribeth Champoux, Klaus Peter Lesch, Stephen J. Suomi, David Goldman, and J. Dee Higley. 2004a. "Interaction between Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation and Rearing Condition in Alcohol Preference and Consumption in Female Primates." Archives of General Psychiatry 61:1146-52.
6. Barr, Christina S., Timothy K. Newman, Courtney Shannon, Clarissa Parker, Rachel L. Dvoskin, Michelle L. Becker, Melanie Schwandt, Maribeth Champoux, Klaus Peter Lesch, David Goldman, Stephen J. Suomi, and J. Dee Higley. 2004b. "Rearing Condition and rh5-httlpr Interact to Influence Limbic-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Response to Stress in Infant Macaques." Biological Psychiatry 55:733-38.
7. Bauman, Karl E. and Susan T. Ennett. 1996. "On the Importance of Peer Influence for Adolescent Drug Use: Commonly Neglected Considerations." Addiction 91:185-98.
8. Baylin, Stephen B., Manel Esteller, Michael R. Rountree, Kurtis E. Bachman, Kornel Schuebel, and James G. Herman. 2001. "Aberrant Patterns of DNA Methylation, Chromatin Formation and Gene Expression in Cancer." Human Molecular Genetics 10:687-92.
9. Beccaria, Casera. [1764] 2004. "Of Crimes and Punishments." Kila, MT: Kessinger Publishing. Bennett, A. J., K. P. Lesch, A. Heils, J. C. Long, J. G. Lorenz, S. E. Shoaf, M. Champoux, S. J. Suomi, M. V. Linnoila, and J. D. Higley. 2002. "Early Experience and Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation Interact to Influence Primate CNS Function." Molecular Psychiatry 7:118-22.
10. Bentham, Jeremy. [1789] 1970. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. London, UK: The Athlone Press.
11. Boesch, Christophe and Hedwige Boesch-Achermann. 2000. The Chimpanzees of the Tai Forest: Behavioral Ecology and Evolution. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
12. Bonacich, Philip. 1987. "Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures." American Journal of Sociology 92:1170-82.
13. Bonczar, Thomas P. 2003. "Prevalence of Imprisonment in the U.S. Population, 1974-2001." Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics.
14. Borowsky, Iris W., Majorie Ireland, and Michael D. Resnick. 2001. "Adolescent Suicide Attempts: Risks and Protectors." Pediatrics 107:485-93.
15. Botstein, David and Neal Risch. 2003. "Discovering Genotypes Underlying Human Phenotypes: Past Successes for Mendelian Disease, Future Approaches for Complex Disease." Nature Genetics 33:228-37.
16. Brunner, H. G., M. Nelen, X. O. Breakefield, H. H. Ropers, and B. A. Vanoost. 1993. "Abnormal-Behavior Associated with a Point Mutation in the Structural Gene for Monoamine Oxidase-A." Science 262:578-80.
17. Bunzow, James R., Herbert H. M. Vantol, David K. Grandy, Paul Albert, John Salon, MacDonald Christie, Curtis A. Machida, Kim A. Neve, and Oliver Civelli. 1988. "Cloning and Expression of a Rat D2 Dopamine Receptor cDNA." Nature 336:783-87.
18. Cases, O., I. Seif, J. Grimsby, P. Gaspar, K. Chen, S. Pournin, U. Muller, M. Aguet, C. Babinet, J. C. Shih, and E. Demaeyer. 1995. "Aggressive-Behavior and Altered Amounts of Brain-Serotonin and Norepinephrine in Mice Lacking MAOA." Science 268:1763-66.
19. Caspi, Avshalom, Joseph McClay, Terrie E. Moffitt, Jonathon Mill, Judy Martin, Ian W. Craig, Alan Taylor, and Richie Poulton. 2002. "Role of Genotype in the Cycle of Violence in Maltreated Children." Science 297:851-54.
20. Caspi, Avshalom, Terrie E. Moffit, Phil A. Silva, Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, Robert F. Krueger, and Pamela S. Schmutte. 1994. "Are Some People Crime-Prone?: Replications of the Personality-Crime Relationship across Countries, Genders, Races, and Methods." Criminology 32:163-95.
21. Cervoni, Nadia, Nancy Detich, Sang-Beom Seo, Debabrata Chakravarti, and Moshe Szyf. 2002. "The Oncoprotein set/taf-1 beta, an Inhibitor of Histone Acetyltransferase, Inhibits Active Demethylation of DNA, Integrating DNA Methylation and Transcriptional Silencing." Journal of Biological Chemistry 277:25026-31.
22. Cervoni, Nadia and Moshe Szyf. 2001. "Demethylase Activity Is Directed by Histone Acetylation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 276:40778-87.
23. Chantala, Kim, William D. Kalsbeek, and Eugenio Andraca. 2004. "Non-response in Wave III of the Add Health Study." In Report on Bias in Wave III sampling in National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health. Retrieved May 28, 2007 (http://www.cpc.unc.edu/projects/addhealth/pubs/guides).
24. Christiansen, Karl O. 1977. "A Preliminary Study of Criminality among Twins." Pp. 89-108 in Biosocial Bases of Criminal Behavior, edited by S. A. Mednick and K. O. Christiansen. New York: Gardner.
25. Comings, David E. and James P. MacMurray. 2000. "Molecular Heterosis: A Review." Molecular Genetics and Metabolism 71:19-31.
26. Cook, Edwin H., Mark A. Stein, Matthew D. Krasowski, Nancy J. Cox, Deborah M. Olkon, John E. Kieffer, and Bennett L. Leventhal. 1995. "Association of Attention Deficit Disorder and the Dopamine Transporter Gene." American Journal of Human Genetics 56:993-98.
27. Cornish, K. M., T. Manly, R. Savage, J. Swanson, D. Morisano, N. Butler, C. Grant, G. Cross, L. Bentley, and C. P. Hollis. 2005. "Association of the Dopamine Transporter (DAT1) 10/10-Repeat Genotype with ADHD Symptoms and Response Inhibition in a General Population Sample." Molecular Psychiatry 10:686-98.
28. Corsaro, William A. and Donna Eder. 1990. "Children's Peer Cultures." Annual Review of Sociology 16:197-220.
29. Cusick, Philip A. 1973. Inside High School. New York: Holt, Rinehardt, & Winston.
30. Daly, G., Z. Hawi, M. Fitzgerald, and M. Gill. 1999. "Mapping Susceptibility Loci in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Preferential Transmission of Parental Alleles at DAT1, DBH and DRD5 to Affected Children." Molecular Psychiatry 4:192-96.
31. de Almeida, Rosa M. M., Pier F. Ferrari, Stefan Parmigiani, and Klausen A. Miczek. 2005. "Escalated Aggressive Behavior: Dopamine, Serotonin and Gaba." European Journal of Pharmacology 526:51-64.
32. de Waal, Frans. 2005. Our Inner Ape. New York: Riverhead Books.
33. Doucettestamm, Lynn A., Derron J. Blakely, Jingxiang Tian, Sue Mockus, and Jen-i Mao. 1995. "Population Genetic-Study of the Human Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1)." Genetic Epidemiology 12:303-08
34. Durkheim, Emile. 1897. Le Suicide. Paris: Alcan.
35. Eisenberg, Marla E., Rachel E. Olson, Dianne Neumark-Sztainer, Mary Story, and Linda H. Bearinger. 2004. "Correlations between Family Meals and Psychosocial Well-Being among Adolescents." Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 158:792-96.
36. Francis, Darlene, Josie Diorio, Dong Liu, and Michael J. Meaney. 1999. "Nongenomic Transmission across Generations of Maternal Behavior and Stress Responses in the Rat." Science 286:1155-58.
37. Gill, M., G. Daly, S. Heron, Z. Hawi, and M. Fitzgerald. 1997. "Confirmation of Association between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and a Dopamine Transporter Polymorphism." Molecular Psychiatry 2:311-13.
38. Gillman, Matthew W., Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman, A. Lindsay Frazier, Helaine R. H. Rockett, Carlos A. Camargo, Alison E. Field, Catherine S. Berkey, and Graham A. Colditz. 2000. "Family Dinner and Diet Quality among Older Children and Adolescents." Archives of Family Medicine 9:235-40.
39. Giros, Bruno, Mohamed Jaber, Sara R. Jones, R. Mark Wightman, and Marc G. Caron. 1996. "Hyperlocomotion and Indifference to Cocaine and Amphetamine in Mice Lacking the Dopamine Transporter." Nature 379:606-12.
40. Gottesman, Irving I., Gregory Carey, and Daniel R. Hanson. 1983. "Pearls and Perils in Epigentic Psychopathology." Pp. 287-300 in Childhood Psychopathology and Development, edited by S. B. Guzze, E. J. Earls, and J. E. Barrett. New York: Raven Press.
41. Gottfredson, Michael R. and Travis Hirschi. 1990. A General Theory of Crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
42. Guo, Guang, Xiao-ming Ou, Michael E. Roettger, and Jean C. Shih. 2008. "The VNTR 2-Repeat in MAOA and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescence and Young Adulthood: Associations and MAOA Promoter Activity." European Journal of Human Genetics.
43. Guo, Guang, Michael E. Roettger, and Jean C. Shih. 2007. "Contributions of the DAT1 and DRD2 Genes to Serious and Violent Delinquency among Adolescents and Young Adults." Human Genetics 121:125-36.
44. Guo, Guang and Elizabeth Stearns. 2002. "The Social Influences on the Realization of Genetic Potential for Intellectual Development." Social Forces 80:881-910.
45. Hagan, John and Holly Foster. 2003. "S/he's a Rebel: Toward a Sequential Stress Theory of Delinquency and Gendered Pathways to Disadvantage in Emerging Adulthood." Social Forces 82:53-66.
46. Hannon, Lance. 2003. "Poverty, Delinquency, and Educational Attainment: Cumulative Disadvantage or Disadvantage Saturation?" Sociological Inquiry 73:575-94.
47. Harris, Kathleen M., Greg J. Duncan, and Johanne Boisjoly. 2002. "Evaluating the Role of 'Nothing to Lose' Attitudes on Risky Behavior in Adolescence." Social Forces 80:1005-39.
48. Harris, Kathleen M., Francesca Florey, Joyce Tabor, Peter S. Bearman, Jo Jones, and J. Richard Udry. 2003. "The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health: Research Design." Vol. 2005. Retrieved May 28, 2007 (http://www.Cpc.Unc.Edu/projects/addhealth/design).
49. Haynie, Dana L. 2001. "Delinquent Peers Revisited: Does Network Structure Matter?" American Journal of Sociology 106:1013-57.
50. Haynie, Dana L. 2003. "Contexts of Risk? Explaining the Link between Girls' Pubertal Development and their Delinquency Involvement." Social Forces 82:355-97.
51. Heinz, Andreas, David Goldman, Douglas W. Jones, Roberta Palmour, Dan Hommer, Julia G. Gorey, Kan S. Lee, Markku Linnoila, and Daniel R. Weinberger. 2000. "Genotype Influences in Vivo Dopamine Transporter Availability in Human Striatum." Neuropsychopharmacology 22:133-39.
52. Hindelang, Michael J. 1981. "Variations in Sex-Race-Age-Specific Incidence Rates of Offending." American Sociological Review 46:461-74.
53. Hindelang, Michael J. 2001. Measuring Delinquency. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
54. Hindelang, Michael J., Travis Hirschi, and Joseph G. Weis. 1979. "Correlates of Delinquency: Illusion of Discrepancy between Self-Report and Official Measures." American Sociological Review 44:995-1014.
55. Hirschi, Travis. 1969. Causes of Delinquency. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.
56. Hood, Roger and Richard Sparks. 1970. Key Issues in Criminology. Wallop, NH: BAS.
57. Hunter, David J. 2005. "Gene-Environment Interactions in Human Diseases." Nature Reviews Genetics 6:287-98.
58. Jacobsen, Leslie K., Julie K. Staley, Sami Zoghbi, John P. Seibyl, Thomas R. Kosten, Robert B. Innis, and Joel Gelernter. 2000. "Prediction of Dopamine Transporter Binding Availability by Genotype: A Preliminary Report." American Journal of Psychiatry 157:1700-03.
59. Khoury, Mulin J., M. J. Adams, and W. Dana Flanders. 1988. "An Epidemiologic Approach to Ecogenetics." American Journal of Human Genetics 42:89-95.
60. Kingon, Yvonne S. and Ann L. O'Sullivan. 2001. "The Family as a Protective Asset in Adolescent Development." Journal of Holistic Nursing 19:102-21.
61. Kornhauser, Ruth. 1978. Social Sources of Delinquency. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
62. Laruelle, M., J. Gelernter, and R. B. Innis. 1998. "D-2 Receptors Binding Potential Is Not Affected by Taq1 Polymorphism at the D-2 Receptor Gene." Molecular Psychiatry 3:261-65.
63. Lubin, Bernard, Reed M. Larsen, and Joseph D. Matarazzo. 1984. "Patterns of Psychological Test Usage in the United States: 1935-1982." American Psychologist 39:451-54.
64. Malone, Stephen M., Jeanette Taylor, Naomi R. Marmorstein, Matt McGue, and William G. Iacono. 2004. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Antisocial Behavior and Alcohol Dependence from Adolescence to Early Adulthood." Development and Psychopathology 16:943-66.
65. Marchini, Jonathon, Lon R. Cardon, Michael S. Phillips, and Peter Donnelly. 2004. "The Effects of Human Population Structure on Large Genetic Association Studies." Nature Genetics 36:512-17
66. Matsueda, Ross L. 1982. "Testing Control-Theory and Differential Association: A Causal-Modeling Approach." American Sociological Review 47:489-504.
67. Matsueda, Ross L. and Kathleen Anderson. 1998. "The Dynamics of Delinquent Peers and Delinquent Behavior." Criminology 36:269-308.
68. Matsueda, Ross L. and Karen Heimer. 1987. "Race, Family-Structure, and Delinquency: A Test of Differential Association and Social-Control Theories." American Sociological Review 52:826-40.
69. Meaney, Michael J., Moshe Szyf, and Jonathon R. Seckl. 2007. "Epigenetic Mechanisms of Perinatal Programming of Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Function and Health." Trends in Molecular Medicine 13:269-77.
70. Miczek, Klaus A. and Eric W. Fish. 2005. "Dopamine, Glutamate, and Aggression." Pp. 237-63 in Dopamine and Glutamate in Psychiatric Disorders, edited by J. Schmidt and M. E. A. Reith. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
71. Miczek, Klaus A., Eric W. Fish, Joseph F. de Bold, and Rosa M. M. de Almeida. 2002. "Social and Neural Determinants of Aggressive Behavior: Pharmacotherapeutic Targets at Serotonin, Dopamine and Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Systems." Psychopharmacology 163:434-58.
72. Moffitt, Terrie E. 1993. "Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial-Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy." Psychological Review 100:674-701.
73. Murphy, Fred J., M. M. Shirly, and Helen L. Witmer. 1946. "The Incidence of Hidden Delinquency." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 16:686-96.
74. Nagin, Daniel S. and Kenneth C. Land. 1993. "Age, Criminal Careers, and Population Heterogeneity: Specification and Estimation of a Nonparametric, Mixed Poisson Model." Criminology 31:327-62.
75. Nagin, Daniel S., Linda Pagani, Richard E. Tremblay, and Frank Vitaro. 2003. "Life Course Turning Points: The Effect of Grade Retention on Physical Aggression." Development and Psychopathology 15:343-61.
76. Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne, Peter J. Hannan, Mary Story, Jillian Croll, and Cheryl Perry. 2003. "Family Meal Patterns: Associations with Sociodemographic Characteristics and Improved Dietary Intake among Adolescents." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 103:317-22.
77. Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne, Mary Story, Diann Ackard, James Moe, and Cheryl Perry. 2000. "The 'Family Meal': Views of Adolescents." Journal of Nutrition Education 32:329-34.
78. Neumark-Sztainer, Dianne, Melanie Wall, Mary Story, and Jayne A. Fulkerson. 2004. "Are Family Meal Patterns Associated with Disordered Eating Behaviors among Adolescents?" Journal of Adolescent Health 35:350-59.
79. Pagani, Linda, Richard E. Tremblay, Frank Vitaro, Bernard Boulerice, and Pierre McDuff. 2001. "Effects of Grade Retention on Academic Performance and Behavioral Development." Development and Psychopathology 13:297-315.
80. Pohjalainen, T., J. O. Rinne, K. Nagren, P. Lehikoinen, K. Anttila, E. K. G. Syvalahti, and J. Hietala. 1998. "The A1 Allele of the Human D-2 Dopamine Receptor Gene Predicts Low D-2 Receptor Availability in Healthy Volunteers." Molecular Psychiatry 3:256-60.
81. Resnick, M. D., P. S. Bearman, R. W. Blum, K. E. Bauman, K. M. Harris, J. Jones, J. Tabor, T. Beuhring, R. E. Sieving, M. Shew, M. Ireland, L. H. Bearinger, and J. R. Udry. 1997. "Protecting Adolescents from Harm: Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health." Journal of the American Medical Association 278:823-32.
82. Rice, J. A. and L. F. Brown. 1967. "Validity of Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test in a Sample of Low IQ Children." American Journal of Mental Deficiency 71:602-15.
83. Risch, Neil J. 2000. "Searching for Genetic Determinants in the New Millennium." Nature 405:847-56.
84. Robison, Sophia Moses. 1936. Can Delinquency Be Measured? New York: Columbia University Press.
85. Rodgers, Joseph L., Maury Buster, and David C. Rowe. 2001. "Genetic and Environmental Influences on Delinquency: DF Analysis of NLSY Kinship Data." Journal of Quantitative Criminology 17:145-68.
86. Rothstein, Mark A. 2005. "Science and Society: Applications of Behavioural Genetics: Outpacing the Science?" Nature Reviews Genetics 6:793-98.
87. Rowe, David C. and D. Wayne Osgood. 1984. "Heredity and Sociological Theories of Delinquency: A Reconsideration." American Sociological Review 49:526-40.
88. Sabol, Sue Z., Stella Hu, and Dean Hamer. 1998. "A Functional Polymorphism in the Monoamine Oxidase A Gene Promoter." Human Genetics 103:273-79.
89. Sabol, Sue Z., Mark L. Nelson, Craig Fisher, Lorraine Gunzerath, Cindy L. Brody, Stella Hu, Leo A. Sirota, Stephen E. Marcus, Benjamin D. Greenberg, Frank R. Lucas, Jonathan Benjamin, Dennis L. Murphy, and Dean H. Hamer. 1999. "A Genetic Association for Cigarette Smoking Behavior." Health Psychology 18:7-13.
90. Sampson, Robert J. and John H. Laub. 1993. Crime in the Making: Pathways and Turning Points through Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
91. Searle, Shayle R. 1971. Linear Models. New York: Wiley and Sons.
92. Searle, Shayle R., George Casella, and Charles E. McCulloch. 1992. Variance Components. New York: Wiley & Sons.
93. Shih, J. C. and R. F. Thompson. 1999. "Monoamine Oxidase in Neuropsychiatry and Behavior." American Journal of Human Genetics 65:593-98.
94. Stattin, Hakan and Margaret Kerr. 2000. "Parental Monitoring: A Reinterpretation." Child Development 71:1072-85.
95. Sutherland, Edwin H. 1947. Principles of Criminology. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: J. B. Lippincott.
96. Tepper, Robin L. 1999. "Parental Regulation and Adolescent Time-Use Decisions: Findings from the NLSY97." Pp. 77-103 in Social Awakening: Adolescent Behavior as Adulthood Approaches, edited by R. Michael. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
97. Thornberry, Terence P. and Marvin D. Krohn. 2000. "The Self-Report Method for Measuring Delinquency and Crime." Pp. 33-83 in Criminal Justice 2000, Vol. 4. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
98. Tourangeau, Roger and Tom W. Smith. 1996. "Asking Sensitive Questions: The Impact of Data Collection Mode, Question Format, and Question Context." Public Opinion Quarterly 60:275-304.
99. Tsankova, Nadia, William Renthal, Arvind Kumar, and Eric J. Nestler. 2007. "Epigenetic Regulation in Psychiatric Disorders." Nature Reviews Neuroscience 8:355-67.
100. Turkheimer, Eric, Andreana Haley, Mary Waldron, Brian D'Onofrio, and Irving I. Gottesman. 2003. "Socioeconomic Status Modifies Heritability of IQ in Young Children." Psychological Science 14:623-28.
101. Vandenbergh, David J., Antonio M. Persico, Anita L. Hawkins, Constance A. Griffin, Xiang Li, Ethylin W. Jabs, and George R. Uhl. 1992. "Human Dopamine Transporter Gene (DAT1) Maps to Chromosome-5p15.3 and Displays a VNTR." Genomics 14:1104-06.
102. Videon, Tami M. and Carolyn K. Manning. 2003. "Influences on Adolescent Eating Patterns: The Importance of Family Meals." Journal of Adolescent Health 32:365-73.
103. Waldman, I. D., D. C. Rowe, A. Abramowitz, S. T. Kozel, J. H. Mohr, S. L. Sherman, H. H. Cleveland, M. L. Sanders, J. H. C. Card, and C. Stever. 1998. "Association and Linkage of the Dopamine Transporter Gene and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children: Heterogeneity Owing to Diagnostic Subtype and Severity." American Journal of Human Genetics 63:1767-76.
104. Weaver, I. C. G., N. Cervoni, F. A. Champagne, A. C. D'Alessio, S. Sharma, J. R. Seckl, S. Dymov, M. Szyf, and M. J. Meaney. 2004. "Epigenetic Programming by Maternal Behavior." Nature Neuroscience 7:847-54.
105. Weiss, Lauren A., Lin Pan, Mark Abney, and Carole Ober. 2006. "The Sex-Specific Genetic Architecture of Quantitative Traits in Humans." Nature Genetics 38:218-22.
106. Wilson, Edward O. 1975. Sociobiology: The New Synthesis. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
107. Wilson, Michael L. and Richard W. Wrangham. 2003. "Intergroup Relations in Chimpanzees." Annual Review of Anthropology 32:363-92.
108. Wolin, Steven J. and Linda A. Bennett. 1984. "Family Rituals." Family Process 23:401-20.
109. Wrangham, Richard and Dale Peterson. 1996. Demonic Males: Apes and the Origins of Human Violence. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company.
110. Wright, Debra L., William S. Aquilino, and Andrew J. Supple. 1998. "A Comparison of Computer-Assisted and Paper-and-Pencil Self-Administered Questionnaires in a Survey on Smoking, Alcohol, and Drug Use." Public Opinion Quarterly 62:331-53.
111. Zhu, Quin S., Kevin Chen, and Jean C. Shih. 1994. "Bidirectional Promoter of Human Monoamine-Oxidase-A (MAO-A) Controlled by Transcription Factor SP1." Journal of Neuroscience 14:7393-7403.
112. Zhu, Quin S., Joseph Grimsby, Kevin Chen, and Jean C. Shih. 1992. "Promoter Organization and Activity of Human Monoamine-Oxidase (MAO) A and B Genes." Journal of Neuroscience 12:4437-46.