Models of experimental spinal cord injury: Translational relevance and impact

Drug Discovery Today: Disease Models

Volumn 5, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 5-11

  Robins, Sherri L ^a,b,c   Fehlings, Michael G ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY HEALTH NETWORK   (Canada)

^c The Krembil Neuroscience Center   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; CHEMICAL INJURY; CLINICAL RESEARCH; CONTUSION; DISEASE MODEL; EVOKED MUSCLE RESPONSE; EVOKED SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSE; EXPERIMENTAL MODEL; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN VERSUS ANIMAL COMPARISON; IN VITRO STUDY; IN VIVO STUDY; NONHUMAN; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; SPINAL CORD COMPRESSION; SPINAL CORD INJURY; SPINAL CORD ISCHEMIA; SPINAL CORD TRANSSECTION; WEIGHT BEARING;

EID: 57349120620     PISSN: 17406757     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmod.2008.07.001     Document Type: Review

References (56)

1. Ackery A., et al. A global perspective on spinal cord injury epidemiology. J. Neurotrauma 21 (2004) 1355-1370
2. Reilly P. The impact of neurotrauma on society: an international perspective. Prog. Brain. Res. 161 (2007) 3-9
3. Anderson K.D. Targeting recovery: priorities of the spinal cord-injured population. J. Neurotrauma 21 (2004) 1371-1383
4. Riis V., and Verrier M.C. Outpatient spinal cord injury rehabilitation: managing costs and funding in a changing health care environment. Disabil. Rehabil. 29 (2007) 1525-1534
5. Tator C.H., and Fehlings M.G. Review of the secondary injury theory of acute spinal cord trauma with emphasis on vascular mechanisms. J. Neurosurg. 75 (1991) 15-26
6. Tymianski M., and Tator C.H. Normal and abnormal calcium homeostasis in neurons: a basis for the pathophysiology of traumatic and ischemic central nervous system injury. Neurosurgery 38 (1996) 1176-1195
7. Casha S., et al. Oligodendroglial apoptosis occurs along degenerating axons and is associated with FAS and p75 expression following spinal cord injury in the rat. Neuroscience 103 (2001) 203-218
8. Akdemir H., et al. Histopathology of experimental spinal cord trauma. Comparison of treatment with TRH, naloxone, and dexamethasone. Res. Exp. Med. (Berl.) 192 (1992) 177-183
9. Fehlings M.G., et al. The effect of nimodipine and dextran on axonal function and blood flow following experimental spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurg. 71 (1989) 403-416
10. Liu X.Z., et al. Neuronal and glial apoptosis after traumatic spinal cord injury. J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 5395-5406
11. Shuman S.L., et al. Apoptosis of microglia and oligodendrocytes after spinal cord contusion in rats. J. Neurosci. Res. 50 (1997) 798-808
12. Emery E., et al. Apoptosis after traumatic human spinal cord injury. J. Neurosurg. 89 (1998) 911-920
13. Li G.L., et al. Apoptosis and expression of Bcl-2 after compression trauma to rat spinal cord. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55 (1996) 280-289
14. Wyllie A.H., et al. Cell death: the significance of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Cytol. 68 (1980) 251-306
15. Crowe M.J., et al. Apoptosis and delayed degeneration after spinal cord injury in rats and monkeys. Nat. Med. 3 (1997) 73-76
16. Schumacher P.A., et al. Increased calpain I-mediated proteolysis, and preferential loss of dephosphorylated NF200, following traumatic spinal cord injury. Neuroscience 91 (1999) 733-744
17. Fehlings M.G., and Tator C.H. The relationships among the severity of spinal cord injury, residual neurological function, axon counts, and counts of retrogradely labeled neurons after experimental spinal cord injury. Exp. Neurol. 132 (1995) 220-228
18. Banik N.L., et al. Increased calpain content and progressive degradation of neurofilament protein in spinal cord injury. Brain Res. 752 (1997) 301-306
19. Tator M.G.F.a.C.H. A review of models of acute experimental spinal cord injury. In: Illis L.S. (Ed). Spinal Cord Dysfunction: Assessment (1988), Oxford University Press 3-33
20. Krassioukov A.V., et al. An in vitro model of neurotrauma in organotypic spinal cord cultures from adult mice. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 10 (2002) 60-68
21. Allen A.R. Surgery of experimental lesion of spinal cord equivalent to crush injury of fracture dislocation of spinal column. J. Am. Med. Assoc. 57 (1911) 878-880
22. Gruner J.A. A monitored contusion model of spinal cord injury in the rat. J. Neurotrauma 9 (1992) 123-126 discussion 126-128
23. Constantini S., and Young W. The effects of methylprednisolone and the ganglioside GM1 on acute spinal cord injury in rats. J. Neurosurg. 80 (1994) 97-111
24. Anderson T.E. A controlled pneumatic technique for experimental spinal cord contusion. J. Neurosci. Methods 6 (1982) 327-333
25. Basso D.M., et al. Graded histological and locomotor outcomes after spinal cord contusion using the NYU weight-drop device versus transection. Exp. Neurol. 139 (1996) 244-256
26. Gensel J.C., et al. Behavioral and histological characterization of unilateral cervical spinal cord contusion injury in rats. J. Neurotrauma 23 (2006) 36-54
27. Magnuson D.S., et al. Functional consequences of lumbar spinal cord contusion injuries in the adult rat. J. Neurotrauma 22 (2005) 529-543
28. Scheff S.W., et al. Experimental modeling of spinal cord injury: characterization of a force-defined injury device. J. Neurotrauma 20 (2003) 179-193
29. Rabchevsky A.G., et al. Creatine diet supplement for spinal cord injury: influences on functional recovery and tissue sparing in rats. J. Neurotrauma 20 (2003) 659-669
30. Onifer S.M., et al. Rat models of traumatic spinal cord injury to assess motor recovery. Ilar J. 48 (2007) 385-395
31. Kwon B.K., et al. Animal models used in spinal cord regeneration research. Spine 27 (2002) 1504-1510
32. Rivlin A.S., and Tator C.H. Effect of duration of acute spinal cord compression in a new acute cord injury model in the rat. Surg. Neurol. 10 (1978) 38-43
33. Joshi M., and Fehlings M.G. Development and characterization of a novel, graded model of clip compressive spinal cord injury in the mouse: Part 2. Quantitative neuroanatomical assessment and analysis of the relationships between axonal tracts, residual tissue, and locomotor recovery. J. Neurotrauma 19 (2002) 191-203
34. Joshi M., and Fehlings M.G. Development and characterization of a novel, graded model of clip compressive spinal cord injury in the mouse: Part 1. Clip design, behavioral outcomes, and histopathology. J. Neurotrauma 19 (2002) 175-190
35. Guha A., et al. Decompression of the spinal cord improves recovery after acute experimental spinal cord compression injury. Paraplegia 25 (1987) 324-339
36. Dolan E.J., et al. The value of decompression for acute experimental spinal cord compression injury. J. Neurosurg. 53 (1980) 749-755
37. Bunge R.P., et al. Observations on the pathology of human spinal cord injury. A review and classification of 22 new cases with details from a case of chronic cord compression with extensive focal demyelination. Adv. Neurol. 59 (1993) 75-89
38. Sakurai M., et al. Delayed selective motor neuron death and fas antigen induction after spinal cord ischemia in rabbits. Brain Res. 797 (1998) 23-28
39. Svensson L.G., et al. Experience with 1509 patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aortic operations. J. Vasc. Surg. 17 (1993) 357-368 discussion 368-370
40. Lu K., et al. Injury severity and cell death mechanisms: effects of concomitant hypovolemic hypotension on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Exp. Neurol. 185 (2004) 120-132
41. Cizkova D., et al. Functional recovery in rats with ischemic paraplegia after spinal grafting of human spinal stem cells. Neuroscience 147 (2007) 546-560
42. Benton R.L., et al. Intraspinal application of endothelin results in focal ischemic injury of spinal gray matter and restricts the differentiation of engrafted neural stem cells. Neurochem. Res. 30 (2005) 809-823
43. Hughes P.M., et al. Focal lesions in the rat central nervous system induced by endothelin-1. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 62 (2003) 1276-1286
44. Darian-Smith C. Primary afferent terminal sprouting after a cervical dorsal rootlet section in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 470 (2004) 134-150
45. Darian-Smith C. Monkey models of recovery of voluntary hand movement after spinal cord and dorsal root injury. Ilar J. 48 (2007) 396-410
46. Vierck Jr. C.J. Impaired detection of repetitive stimulation following interruption of the dorsal spinal column in primates. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 15 (1998) 157-163
47. Vierck Jr. C.J., and Cooper B.Y. Cutaneous texture discrimination following transection of the dorsal spinal column in monkeys. Somatosens. Mot. Res. 15 (1998) 309-315
48. Galea M.P., and Darian-Smith I. Manual dexterity and corticospinal connectivity following unilateral section of the cervical spinal cord in the macaque monkey. J. Comp. Neurol. 381 (1997) 307-319
49. Yong, T. et al. (2008) Effect of intrathecal papaverine on blood flow and secondary injury in injured cord. Spinal Cord, epub ahead of print on 15 April 2008
50. Nesathurai S., et al. Model of traumatic spinal cord injury in Macaca fascicularis: similarity of experimental lesions created by epidural catheter to human spinal cord injury. J. Med. Primatol. 35 (2006) 401-404
51. Lammertse D., et al. Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: clinical trial design. Spinal Cord 45 (2007) 232-242
52. Tuszynski M.H., et al. Guidelines for the conduct of clinical trials for spinal cord injury as developed by the ICCP panel: clinical trial inclusion/exclusion criteria and ethics. Spinal Cord 45 (2007) 222-231
53. Courtine G., et al. Can experiments in nonhuman primates expedite the translation of treatments for spinal cord injury in humans?. Nat. Med. 13 (2007) 561-566
54. Tuszynski M.H., et al. Spontaneous and augmented growth of axons in the primate spinal cord: effects of local injury and nerve growth factor-secreting cell grafts. J. Comp. Neurol. 449 (2002) 88-101
55. Lemon R.N., et al. Direct and indirect pathways for corticospinal control of upper limb motoneurons in the primate. Prog. Brain Res. 143 (2004) 263-279
56. Fehlings M.G., and Perrin R.G. The role and timing of early decompression for cervical spinal cord injury: update with a review of recent clinical evidence. Injury 36 Suppl. 2 (2005) B13-B26