Exercise, vascular wall and cardiovascular diseases: An update (part 1)

Sports Medicine

Volumn 38, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 1009-1024

  Leung, Fung Ping ^a,c   Yung, Lai Ming ^a   Laher, Ismail ^b   Yao, Xiaoqiang ^a   Chen, Zhen Yu ^a   Huang, Yu ^a,c  

^a CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c and Hong Kong Branch of CAS Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics   (Hong Kong)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOXIDANT; C REACTIVE PROTEIN; CALCIUM CHANNEL L TYPE; CALCIUM ION; CATALASE; COPPER ZINC SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; ENDOTHELIAL NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE; GLYCOPROTEIN GP22PHOX; GLYCOPROTEIN GP67PHOX; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 60; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70; HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 72; INTERLEUKIN 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 18; INTERLEUKIN 6; MANGANESE SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; POTASSIUM CHANNEL; PROTEIN KINASE B; PROTEIN KINASE C; REDUCED NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE PHOSPHATE OXIDASE; TOLL LIKE RECEPTOR 4; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

AEROBIC METABOLISM; AGING; ANGIOGENESIS; ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY; APOPTOSIS; ARTERIOLE; ARTERY DISEASE; BLOOD FLOW; BLOOD PRESSURE; BLOOD VESSEL WALL; CALCIUM CELL LEVEL; CALCIUM CURRENT; CALCIUM TRANSPORT; CAPILLARY; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CELL GROWTH; CELL PROLIFERATION; DIABETES MELLITUS; DOWN REGULATION; ENDOTHELIAL DYSFUNCTION; ENZYME ACTIVATION; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME PHOSPHORYLATION; EXERCISE; GENE CONTROL; HEART FAILURE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INFLAMMATION; ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE TRAINING; NONHUMAN; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PLACENTA DEVELOPMENT; PREECLAMPSIA; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; REVIEW; SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM; VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE;

EID: 56749174410     PISSN: 01121642     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2165/00007256-200838120-00005     Document Type: Review

References (134)

1. Ekelund LG, Haskell WL, Johnson JL, et al. Physical fitness as a predictor of cardiovascular mortality in asymptomatic North American men. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1379-84
2. Paffenbarger RS, Hyde RT, Wing AL, et al. The association of changes in physical-activity level and other lifestyle characteristics with mortality among men. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 538-45
3. Blair SN, Kohl HW III, Barlow CE, et al. Changes in physical fitness and all-cause mortality: a prospective study of healthy and unhealthy men. JAMA 1995; 273: 1093-8
4. Leon AS, Cornett J, Jacobs DR, et al. Leisure-time physical activity levels and risk of coronary heart disease and death: the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Study. JAMA 1987; 258: 2388-95
5. Powell KE, Thompson PD, Caspersien CJ, et al. Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease. Annu Rev Public Health 1987; 8: 253-87
6. Mittleman MA, Maclure M, Tofler GH, et al. Triggering of acute myocardial infarction by heavy physical exertion: protection against triggering by regular exertion. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1677-83
7. Willich SN, Lewis M, Lowel H, et al. Physical exertion as a trigger of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1684-90
8. Balady GJ, Fletcher BJ, Froelicher ES, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation programs: a statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation 1994; 90: 1602-10
9. Pate RR, Pratt M, Blair SN, et al. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. JAMA 1995; 273: 402-7
10. Henrion D. Pressure and flow-dependent tone in resistance arteries. Role of myogenic tone. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 2005; 98: 913-21
11. Hambrecht R, Adams V, Erbs S, et al. Regular physical activity improves endothelial function in patients with coronary artery disease by increasing phosphorylation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Circulation 2003; 107: 3152-8
12. Wasserman SM, Mehraban F, Komuves LG, et al. Gene expression profile of human endothelial cells exposed to sustained fluid shear stress. Physiol Genomics 2002; 12: 13-23
13. Rush JW, Turk JR, Laughlin MH. Exercise training regulates SOD-1 and oxidative stress in porcine aortic endothelium. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2003; 284: H1378-87
14. Jen CJ, Chan HP, Chen HI. Chronic exercise improves endothelial calcium signaling and vasodilatation in hypercholesterolemic rabbit femoral artery. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 1219-24
15. Jen CJ, Liu YF, Chen HI. Short-term exercise training improves vascular function in hypercholesterolemic rabbit femoral artery. Chin J Physiol 2005; 48: 79-85
16. Jen CJ, Chan HP, Chen HI. Acute exercise enhances vasorelaxation by modulating endothelial calcium signaling in rat aortas. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2002; 282: H977-82
17. Laughlin MH, Pollock JS, Amann JF, et al. Training induces nonuniform increases in eNOS content along the coronary arterial tree. J Appl Physiol 2001; 90: 501-10
18. Woodman CR, Muller JM, Laughlin MH, et al. Induction of nitric oxide synthase mRNA in coronary resistance arteries isolated from exercise-trained pigs. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: H2575-9
19. Sessa WC, Pritchard K, Seyedi N, et al. Chronic exercise in dogs increases coronary vascular nitric oxide production and endothelial cell nitric oxide synthase gene expression. Circ Res 1994; 74: 349-53
20. Heaps CL, Mattox ML, Kelly KA, et al. Exercise training increases basal tone in arterioles distal to chronic coronary occlusion. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 290: H1128-35
21. McAllister RM, Delp MD, Thayer KA, et al. Muscle blood flow during exercise in sedentary and trained hypothyroid rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: H1949-54
22. Laughlin MH, Woodman CR, Schrage WG, et al. Interval sprint training enhances endothelial function and eNOS content in some arteries that perfuse white gastrocnemius muscle. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 233-44
23. McAllister RM, Jasperse JL, Laughlin MH. Nonuniform effects of endurance exercise training on vasodilation in rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 753-61
24. Bowles DK. Adaptation of ion channels in the microcirculation to exercise training. Microcirculation 2000; 7: 25-40
25. Bowles DK, Woodman CR, Laughlin MH. Coronary smooth muscle and endothelial adaptations to exercise training. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2000; 28: 57-62
26. Laughlin MH, Korthuis RJ, Duncker DJ, et al. Chapter 16: control of blood flow to cardiac and skeletal muscle during exercise. In: Powelland LB, Shepherd JT, editors. Handbook of physiology, section 120. Exercise: regulation and integration of multiple systems. New York: American Physiological Society and Oxford University Press, 1996
27. Haskell WL, Sims C, Myll J, et al. Coronary artery size and dilating capacity in ultradistance runners. Circulation 1993; 87: 1076-82
28. Bowles DK, Laughlin MH, Sturek M. Exercise training alters the Ca2+ and contractile responses of coronary arteries to endothelin. J Appl Physiol 1995; 78: 1079-87
29. Laher I, Zhang JH. Protein kinase C and cerebral vasospasm. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2001; 21: 887-906
30. Nishizawa S, Laher I. Signaling mechanisms in cerebral vasospasm. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2005; 15: 24-34
31. Marasciulo FL, Montagnani M, Potenza MA. Endothelin-1: the yin and yang on vascular function. Curr Med Chem 2006; 13: 1655-65
32. Symons JD, Rendig SV, Stebbins CL, et al. Microvascular and myocardial contractile responses to ischemia: influence of exercise training. J Appl Physiol 2000; 88: 433-42
33. Bowles DK, Laughlin MH, Sturek M. Exercise training increases K+-channel contribution to regulation of coronary arterial tone. J Appl Physiol 1998; 84: 1225-33
34. Mokelke EA, Hu O, Song M, et al. Altered functional coupling of coronary K+ channels in diabetic dyslipidemic pigs is prevented by exercise. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 1179-93
35. Witczakm CA, Sturek M. Exercise prevents diabetes-induced impairment in superficial buffer barrier in porcine coronary smooth muscle. J Appl Physiol 2004; 96: 1069-79
36. Bowles DK. Gender influences coronary L-type Ca2+ current and adaptation to exercise training in miniature swine. J Appl Physiol 2001; 91: 2503-10
37. Korzick DH, Muller-Delp JM, Dougherty P, et al. Exaggerated coronary vasoreactivity to endothelin-1 in aged rats: role of protein kinase C. Cardiovasc Res 2005; 66: 384-92
38. Karolkiewicz J, Szczêsniak L, Deskur-Smielecka E, et al. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense system in healthy, elderly men: relationship to physical activity. Aging Male 2003; 6: 100-5
39. Inoue N, Ramasamy S, Fukai T, et al. Shear stress modulates expression of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in human aortic endothelial cells. Circ Res 1996; 79: 32-7
40. Hollander J, Fiebig R, Gore M, et al. Superoxide dismutase gene expression in skeletal muscle: fiber-specific adaptation to endurance training. Am J Physiol 1999; 277: R856-62
41. De Keulenaer GW, Chappell DC, Ishizaka N, et al. Oscillatory and steady laminar shear stress differentially affect human endothelial redox state: role of a superoxide-producing NADH oxidase. Circ Res 1998; 82: 1094-101
42. Reddy Avula CP, Fernandes G. Modulation of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in salivary gland and other tissues in mice by moderate treadmill exercise. Aging 1999; 11: 246-52
43. Karanth J, Jeevaratnam K. Oxidative stress and antioxidant status in rat blood, liver and muscle: effect of dietary lipid, carnitine and exercise. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2005; 75: 333-9
44. Silacci P, Desgeorges A, Mazzolai L, et al. Flow pulsatility is a critical determinant of oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Hypertension 2001; 38: 1162-6
45. Park JY, Ferrell RE, Park JJ, et al. NADPH oxidase p22phox gene variants are associated with systemic oxidative stress biomarker responses to exercise training. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 1905-11
46. Locke M, Tanguay RM, Klabunde RE, et al. Enhanced postischemic myocardial recovery following exercise induction of HSP 72. Am J Physiol 1995; 269: H320-5
47. Murlasits Z, Cutlip RG, Geronilla KB, et al. Resistance training increases heat shock protein levels in skeletal muscle of young and old rats. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41: 398-406
48. Puntschart A, Vogt M, Widmer HR, et al. Hsp70 expression in human skeletal muscle after exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 1996; 157: 411-7
49. Fehrenbach E, Passek F, Niess AM, et al. HSP expression in human leukocytes is modulated by endurance exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 2: 592-600
50. Locke M, Noble EG, Tanguay RM, et al. Activation of heat-shock transcription factor in rat heart after heat shock and exercise. Am J Physiol 1995; 268: C1387-94
51. Hagg U, Johansson ME, Gronros J, et al. Gene expression profile and aortic vessel distensibility in voluntarily exercised spontaneously hypertensive rats: potential role of heat shock proteins. Physiol Genomics 2005; 22: 319-26
52. Ascensao A, Magalhaes J, Soares J, et al. Endurance training attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiac oxidative damage in mice. Int J Cardiol 2005; 100: 451-60
53. Moran M, Delgado J, Gonzalez B, et al. Responses of rat myocardial antioxidant defences and heat shock protein HSP72 induced by 12 and 24-week treadmill training. Acta Physiol Scand 2004; 180: 157-66
54. Paroo Z, Dipchand ES, Noble EG. Estrogen attenuates postexercise HSP70 expression in skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2002; 282: C245-51
55. Paroo Z, Haist JV, Karmazyn M, et al. Exercise improves postischemic cardiac function in males but not females: consequences of a novel sex-specific heat shock protein 70 response. Circ Res 2002; 90: 911-7
56. Marini M, Lapalombella R, Margonato V, et al. Mild exercise training, cardioprotection and stress genes profile. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007; 99: 503-10
57. Libby P. What have we learned about the biology of atherosclerosis? The role of inflammation. Am J Cardiol 2001; 88: 3J-6J
58. Sloan RP, Shapiro PA, Demeersman RE, et al. Aerobic exercise attenuates inducible TNF production in humans. J Appl Physiol 2007; 103: 1007-11
59. Rauramaa R, Halonen P, Väisänen SB, et al. Effects of aerobic physical exercise on inflammation and atherosclerosis in men. The DNASCO study: a six-year randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2004; 140: 1007-14
60. Ford ES. Does exercise reduce inflammation? Physical activity and C-reactive protein among U.S. adults. Epidemiology 2002; 13: 561-8
61. King DE, Carek P, Mainous AG 3rd, et al. Inflammatory markers and exercise: differences related to exercise type. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003; 35: 575-81
62. Kasapis C, Thompson PD. The effects of physical activity on serum C-reactive protein and inflammatory markers: a systematic review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45: 1563-9
63. Hamer M. The relative influences of fitness and fatness on inflammatory factors. Prev Med 2007; 44: 3-11
64. Hamer M. The anti-hypertensive effects of exercise: integrating acute and chronic mechanisms. Sports Med 2006; 36: 109-16
65. Petersen AM, Pedersen BK. The anti-inflammatory effect of exercise. J Appl Physiol 2005; 98: 1154-62
66. Festa A, D'Agostino Jr R, Howard G, et al. Chronic subclinical inflammation as part of the insulin resistance syndrome: the insulin resistance atherosclerosis study (IRAS). Circulation 2000; 102: 42-7
67. Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H, Ostrowski K, et al. Cytokines in aging and exercise. Int J Sports Med 2002; 1: S4-9
68. Libby P. Inflammation and cardiovascular disease mechanisms. Am J Clin Nutr 2006; 83: 456S-60S
69. Plaisance EP, Grandjean PW. Physical activity and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. Sports Med 2006; 36: 443-58
70. Plaisance EP, Taylor JK, Alhassan S, et al. Cardiovascular fitness and vascular inflammatory markers after acute aerobic exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2007; 17: 152-62
71. Geffken DF, Cushman M, Burke GL, et al. Association between physical activity and markers of inflammation in a healthy elderly population. Am J Epidemiol 2001; 153: 242-50
72. Mattusch F, Dufaux B, Heine O, et al. Reduction of the plasma concentration of C-reactive protein following nine months of endurance training. Int J Sports Med 2000; 21: 21-4
73. Rohde LE, Hennekens CH, Ridker PM. Survey of Creactive protein and cardiovascular risk factors in apparently healthy men. Am J Cardiol 1999; 4: 1018-22
74. Dufaux B, Order U, Geyer H, et al. C-reactive protein serum concentrations in well-trained athletes. Int J Sports Med 1984; 5: 102-6
75. Kohut ML, McCann DA, Russell DW, et al. Aerobic exercise, but not flexibility/resistance exercise, reduces serum IL-18, CRP, and IL-6 independent of beta-blockers, BMI, and psychosocial factors in older adults. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20: 201-9
76. McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, et al. TLR4 is lower in resistance-trained older women and related to inflammatory cytokines. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36: 1876-83
77. McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Campbell WW, et al. Physical activity status, but not age, influences inflammatory biomarkers and toll-like receptor 4. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2006; 61: 388-93
78. Bloor CM, Leon AS. Interaction of age and exercise on the heart and its blood supply. Lab Invest 1970; 22: 160-5
79. Tomanek RJ. Effects of age and exercise on the extent of the myocardial capillary bed. Anat Rec 1970; 167: 55-62
80. Neufeld G, Cohen T, Gengrinovitch S, et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptors. FASEB J 1999; 13: 9-22
81. Yancopoulos GD, Davis S, Gale NW, et al. Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 2000; 14; 407: 242-8
82. Dimmeler S, Hermann C, Zeiher AM. Apoptosis of endothelial cells. Contribution to the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis? Eur Cytokine Netw 1998; 9: 697-8
83. Fulton D, Gratton JP, McCabe TJ, et al. Regulation of endothelium-derived nitric oxide production by the protein kinase Akt. Nature 1999; 399: 597-601
84. Ziche M, Morbidelli L, Choudhuri R, et al. Nitric oxide synthase lies downstream from vascular endothelial growth factor-induced but not basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis. J Clin Invest 1997; 99: 2625-34
85. Morbidelli L, Chang CH, Douglas JG, et al. Nitric oxide mediates mitogenic effect of VEGF on coronary venular endothelium. Am J Physiol 1996; 270: H411-5
86. Saltin B, Gollnick PD. Skeletal muscle adaptability: significance for metabolism and performance. In: Peachey LD, editor. Handbook of physiology: skeletal muscle. Baltimore, (MD): American Physiological Society, 1983: 555-631.
87. Iemitsu M, Maeda S, Jesmin S, et al. Exercise training improves aging-induced downregulation of VEGF angiogenic signaling cascade in hearts. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291: H1290-8
88. Sandri M, Adams V, Gielen S, et al. Effects of exercise and ischemia on mobilization and functional activation of blood-derived progenitor cells in patients with ischemic syndromes: results of 3 randomized studies. Circulation 2005; 111: 3391-9
89. Thompson PD, Lim V. Physical activity in the prevention of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 2003; 5: 279-85
90. Blair SN, Horton E, Leon AS, et al. Physical activity, nutrition, and chronic disease. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996; 28: 335-49
91. Richter B, Niessner A, Penka M, et al. Endurance training reduces circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine and myeloperoxidase levels in persons at risk of coronary events. Thromb Haemost 2005; 94: 1306-11
92. Rehman J, Li J, Parvathaneni L, et al. Exercise acutely increases circulating endothelial progenitor cells and monocyte-/macrophage-derived angiogenic cells. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 43: 2314-8
93. Steiner S, Niessner A, Ziegler S, et al. Endurance training increases the number of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with cardiovascular risk and coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2005; 181: 305-10
94. Laufs U, Urhausen A, Werner N, et al. Running exercise of different duration and intensity: effect on endothelial progenitor cells in healthy subjects. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2005; 12: 407-14
95. Wenzel D, Schmidt A, Reimann K, et al. Endostatin, the proteolytic fragment of collagen XVIII, induces vasorelaxation. Circ Res 2006; 98: 1203-11
96. Marneros AG, Olsen BR. Physiological role of collagen XVIII and endostatin. FASEB J 2005; 19: 716-28
97. Felbor U, Dreier L, Bryant RA, et al. Secreted cathepsinL generates endostatin from collagen XVIII. EMBO J 2000; 19: 1187-94
98. Gu JW, Gadonski G, Wang J, et al. Exercise increases endostatin in circulation of healthy volunteers. BMC Physiol 2004; 4: 2
99. Brixius K, Schoenberger S, Ladage D, et al. Long-term endurance exercise decreases antiangiogenic endostatin signalling in overweight men aged 50-60 years. Br J Sports Med 2008; 42: 126-9
100. Sane DC, Anton L, Brosnihan KB. Angiogenic growth factors and hypertension. Angiogenesis 2004; 7: 193-201
101. Ziada AM, Hassan MO, Tahlilkar KI, et al. Long-term exercise training and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition differentially enhance myocardial capillarization in the spontaneously hypertensive rat. J Hypertens 2005; 23: 1233-40
102. Gustafsson T, Bodin K, Sylvén C, et al. Increased expression of VEGF following exercise training in patients with heart failure. Eur J Clin Invest 2001; 31: 362-6
103. Kivelä R, Silvennoinen M, Touvra AM, et al. Effects of experimental type 1 diabetes and exercise training on angiogenic gene expression and capillarization in skeletal muscle. FASEB J 2006; 20: 1570-2
104. Brown MD. Exercise and coronary vascular remodelling in the healthy heart. Exp Physiol 2003; 88: 645-58
105. Stevenson JAF, Feleki V, Rechnitzer V, et al. Effect of exercise on coronary tree size in the rat. Circ Res 1964; 25: 265-70
106. Leon AS, Bloor CM. Effects of exercise and its cessation on the heart and its blood supply. J Appl Physiol 1968; 24: 485-90
107. Kramsch DM, Aspen AJ, Abramowitz BM, et al. Reduction of coronary atherosclerosis by moderate conditioning exercise in monkeys on an atherogenic diet. N Engl J Med 1981; 305: 1483-9
108. Morris JN, Crawford MD. Coronary heart disease and physical activity of work: evidence of a national necropsy survey. BMJ 1958; 5111: 1485-96
109. Wyatt HL, Mitchell J. Influences of physical conditioning and deconditioning on coronary vasculature of dogs. J Appl Physiol 1978; 45: 619-25
110. Belardinelli R, Georgiou D, Ginzton L, et al. Effects of moderate exercise training on thallium uptake and contractile response to low-dose dobutamine of dysfunctional myocardium in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. Circulation 1998; 97: 553-61
111. Sim DN, Neill WA. Investigation of the physiological basis for increased exercise threshold for angina pectoris after physical conditioning. J Clin Invest 1974; 54: 763-70
112. Girolami B, Bernardi E, Prins MH, et al. Treatment of intermittent claudication with physical training, smoking cessation, pentoxifylline, or nafronyl: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1999; 159: 337-45
113. Remijnse-Tamerius HC, Duprez D, De Buyzere M, et al. Why is training effective in the treatment of patients with intermittent claudication? Int Angiol 1999; 18: 103-12
114. Shaffer RG, Greene S, Arshi A, et al. Effect of acute exercise on endothelial progenitor cells in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Vasc Med 2006; 11: 219-26
115. Andreozzi GM, Leone A, Laudani R, et al. Acute impairment of the endothelial function by maximal treadmill exercise in patients with intermittent claudication, and its improvement after supervised physical training. Int Angiol 2007; 26: 12-7
116. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Hypertension in pregnancy. ACOG Tech Bull 1996; 219: 1-8
117. National High Blood Pressure Education Program working group report on high blood pressure in pregnancy. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health, Jul 2000. NIH publication No. 00-3029
118. Sorensen TK, Williams MA, Lee IM, et al. Recreational physical activity during pregnancy and risk of pre-eclampsia. Hypertension 2003; 41: 1273-80
119. Kaaja R, Tikkanen MJ, Viinikka L, et al. Serum lipoproteins, insulin, and urinary prostanoid metabolites in normal and hypertensive pregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1995; 85: 353-6
120. Walsh SW, Wang Y. Deficient glutathione peroxidase activity in preeclampsia is associated with increased placental production of thromboxane and lipid peroxides. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993; 169: 1456-61
121. Williams MA, Farrand A, Mittendorf R, et al. Maternal second trimester serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha-soluble receptor p55 (sTNFp55) and subsequent risk of preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 323-9
122. Rajkovic A, Mahomed K, Malinow MR, et al. Plasma homocyst(e)ine concentrations in eclamptic and pre-eclamptic African women postpartum. Obstet Gynecol 1999; 94: 355-60
123. Xia Y, Ramin SM, Kellems RE. Potential roles of angiotensin receptor-activating autoantibody in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Hypertension 2007; 50: 269-75
124. Heenan AP, Wolfe LA, Davies GA, et al. Effects of human pregnancy on fluid regulation responses to short-term exercise. J Appl Physiol 2003; 95: 2321-7
125. Eneroth-Grimfors E, Bevegård S, Nilsson BA, et al. Effect of exercise on catecholamines and plasma renin activity in pregnant women. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1988; 67: 519-23
126. Borekci B, Aksoy H, Al RA, et al. Maternal serum interleukin-10, interleukin-2 and interleukin-6 in preeclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2007; 58: 56-64
127. Kassab S, Miller MT, Hester R, et al. Systemic hemodynamics and regional blood flow during chronic nitric oxide synthesis inhibition in pregnant rats. Hypertension 1998; 31: 315-20
128. Khalil RA, Crews JK, Novak J, et al. Enhanced vascular reactivity during inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in pregnant rats. Hypertension 1998; 31: 1065-9
129. Agatisa PK, Ness RB, Roberts JM, et al. Impairment of endothelial function in women with a history of pre-eclampsia: an indicator of cardiovascular risk. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 286: H1389-93
130. Marcoux S, Brisson J, Fabia J. The effect of leisure time physical activity on the risk of pre-eclampsia and gestational hypertension. J Epidemiol Community Health 1989; 43:147-52
131. Meher S, Duley L. Exercise or other physical activity for preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; (2): CD005942
132. Rudra CB, Williams MA, Lee IM, et al. Perceived exertion during prepregnancy physical activity and preeclampsia risk. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2005; 37: 1836-41
133. McManus BM, Waller BF, Graboys TB, et al. Current problems in cardiology: exercise and sudden death. Part I. Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1981 Dec: 1-89
134. McManus BM, Waller BF, Graboys TB, et al. Current problems in cardiology: exercise and sudden death. Part II. Chicago (IL): Year Book Medical Publishers, 1982 Jan: 1-67