Inflammation in venous disease

International Angiology

Volumn 27, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 361-369

  Zamboni, P ^a   Lanzara, S ^a   Mascoli, F ^a   Caggiati, A ^b   Liboni, A ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FERRARA   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Inflammation; Iron overload; Multiple sclerosis; Varicose ulcer; Veins

Indexed keywords

FREE RADICAL; HEMOSIDERIN; METALLOPROTEINASE; TISSUE INHIBITOR OF METALLOPROTEINASE;

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; DOWN REGULATION; EXTRAVASATION; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENETIC VARIABILITY; HEART HEMODYNAMICS; HEART VENTRICLE PRESSURE; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; IRON OVERLOAD; LEG ULCER; MACROPHAGE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; REVIEW; VEIN DISEASE; VENOUS REFLUX;

GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; IRON OVERLOAD; VASCULAR DISEASES; VEINS; VENOUS PRESSURE;

EID: 56749120093     PISSN: 03929590     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (85)

1. Eklof B, Rutherford R, Bergan JJ, Carpentier PH, Gloviczki P, Kistner RL et al. American venous forum international ad hoc committee for revision of CEAP classification. Revision of the CEAP classification for chronic venous disorders: consensus statement. J Vasc Surg 2004;40:1248-52.
2. Wenk J, Foitzik A, Achterberg V, Sabiwalsky A, Dissemond J, Meewes C et al. Selective pick-up of increased iron by deferoxamine-coupled cellulose abrogates the iron driven induction of matrix degrading metalloproteinase 1 and lipid peroxidation in human dermal fibroblasts in vitro: a new dressing concept. J Invest Dermatol 2001; 116:833-9.
3. Goldman MP, Weiss RA, Bergan JJ. Diagnosis and treatment of varicose veins. A review. Dermatology 1994;31:393-413.
4. Cesarone MR, Belcaro G, Nicolaides AN, Geroulakos G, Griffin M, Incandela L et al. Real epidemiology of varicose veins and chronic venous diseases: the San Valentino Vascular Screening Project. Angiology 2002;53:119-30.
5. Nicolaides AN, the International Consensus Group. The investigation of chronic venous insufficiency. A consensus statement. Circulation 2000;102:126-63.
6. Nelzen O, Bergqvist D, Lindhagen A. The prevalence of chronic lower limb ulceration has been underestimated: results of a validated population questionnaire. Br J Surg 1993;83:255-8.
7. Erberth-Willershausen W, Marshall M. Prevalence, risk factors and complications of peripheral venous diseases in the Munich population. Hautartz 1984;35:68-77.
8. Ruckley CV, Evans CJ, Allan PL, Lee AJ, Fowkes FG. Chronic venous insufficiency: clinical and duplex correlation. The Edinburgh Vein Study of venous disorders in the general population. J Vasc Surg 2002;36:520-5.
9. Heit JA, Rooke TW, Silverstein MD, Mohr DN, Lohse CM, Petterson TM et al. Trends in the incidence of venous stasis syndrome and venous ulcer: a 25 years population based study. J Vasc Surg 2004;33:1022-7.
10. Callam MJ, Ruckley CV, Harper DR, Dale JJ. Chronic ulceration of the leg: extent of the problem and provision of care. BMJ 1985;290:1855-6.
11. Zamboni P, Portaluppi F, Marcellino MG, Manfredini R, Pisano L, Liboni A. Ultrasonographic assessment of ambulatory venous pressure in superficial venous incompetence. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:796-802.
12. Hosoi Y, Zukowski A, Kakkos SK, Nicolaides AN. Ambulatory venous pressure measurements: new parameters derived from a mathematic hemodynamic model. J Vasc Surg 2002;36:137-42.
13. Eiffel RK, Ashour HY, Lees TA. Comparison of new continuous measurements of ambulatory venous pressure (AVP) with conventional tiptoe exercise ambulatory AVP in relation to CEAP clinical classification of chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg 2006;44:794-802.
14. Fukoka M, Sugimoto T, Okita Y. Prospective evaluation of chronic venous insufficiency based on foot venous pressure measurements and air plethysmography findings. J Vasc Surg 2003;38:804-11.
15. Tachibana M, Hiroe T, Kanaoka Y, Ohgi S. Quantitative air plethysmographic venous function and ambulatory venous pressure in patients with primary varicose vein. Int Angiol 2004;23:213-7.
16. Asbeutah AM, Riha AZ, Cameron JD, McGrath BP. Reproducibility of duplex ultrasonography and air plethysmography used for the evaluation of chronic venous insufficiency. J Ultrasound Med 2005;24:475-82.
17. Labropoulos N, Landon P, Jay T. The impact of duplex scanning in phlebology. Dermatol Surg 2002;28:1-5.
18. Coleridge-Smith P, Labropoulos N, Partsch H, Myers K, Nicolaides A, Cavezzi A. Duplex ultrasound investigation of veins in chronic venous disease of the lower limbs - UIP consensus document. Basic principles. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006;31:83-92.
19. Navarro TP, Delis KT, Ribeiro AP. Clinical and hemodynamic significance of the greater saphenous vein diameter in chronic venous insufficiency. Arch Surg 2002;137:1233-7.
20. Bochmann RP, Seibel W, Haase E, Hietschold V, Rodel H, Deussen A. External compression increases forearm perfusion. J Appl Physiol 2005;99:2337-44.
21. Browse NL, Burnand KG. The cause of venous ulceration. Lancet 1982;2:243-5.
22. Joshi A, Sloan P. Role of "fibrin" cuffs in chronic non-specific oral ulceration. Wound Repair Regen 2004;12:18-23.
23. Zamboni P, Scapoli G, Lanzara V, Izzo M, Fortini P, Legnaro A et al. Serum iron and MMP-9 variations in limbs affected by chronic venous disease an venous leg ulcers. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:644-9.
24. Zamboni P, Izzo M, Tognazzo S, Carandina S, De Palma M, Catozzi L et al. The overlapping of local iron overload and HFE mutation in venous leg ulcers pathogenesis. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;40:1869-73.
25. Zamboni P, Tognazzo S, Izzo M, Pancaldi F, Scapoli GL, Liboni A et al. Hemochromatosis C282Y gene mutation increases the risk of venous leg ulceration. J Vasc Surg 2005;42:309-14.
26. Ackerman Z, Seidenbaum M, Loewenthal E, Rubinow A. Overload of iron in the skin of patients with varicose ulcers. Possible contributing role of iron accumulation in progression of the disease. Arch Dermatol 1988;124:1376-8.
27. Zamboni P, Izzo M, Fogato L, Carandina S, Lanzara V. Urine haemosiderin: a novel marker to assess the severity of chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg 2003;37:132-6.
28. Herouy Y, Mellios P, Banderir E, Dichmann S, Nockowski P, Schopf E et al. Inflammation in stasis dermatitis upregulates MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-13 expression. J Dermatol Sci 2001;25:198-205.
29. Coleridge Smith PD, Thomas P, Scurr JH, Dormandy JA. Causes of venous ulceration: a new hypothesis. Br Med J 1988;296:1726-7.
30. Takase S, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein G. Expression of adhesion molecules and cytokines on saphenous veins in chronic venous insufficiency. Ann Vasc Surg 2000;14:427-35.
31. Junger M, Friedrich B, Hahn J, Klyscz T, Muller CA, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Dysregulated L-selectin expression on lymphocytes in patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2001;25:21-30.
32. Rosner K, Ross C, Karlmark T, Skovgaard JL. Role of LFA-1/ICAM-1, CLA/ E-selectin and VLA-4/VCAM-1 pathways in recruiting leukocytes to the various regions of the chronic leg ulcer. Acta Derm Venereol 2001;81:334-9.
33. Coleridge-Smith PD. Deleterious effects of white cells in the course of skin damage in CVI. Int Angiol 2002;21:S26-32.
34. Smith PC. The causes of skin damage and leg ulceration in chronic venous disease. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2006;5:160-8.
35. Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW, Smith PD, Nicolaides AN, Boisseau MR, Eklof B. Chronic venous disease. N Engl J Med 2006;355:488-98.
36. Takase S, Pascarella L, Lerond L, Bergan JJ, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Venous hypertension, inflammation and valve remodeling. Eur J Vasc Enovasc Surg 2004;28:484-93.
37. Wilkinson LS, Bunker C, Edwards JC, Scurr JH, Smith PD. Leukocytes: their role in the etiopathogenesis of skin damage in venous disease. J Vasc Surg 1993;17:669-75.
38. Smith PD. Update on chronic venous insufficiency induced inflammatory processes. Angiology 2001;52:S35-42.
39. Pascarella L, Schonbein GW, Bergan JJ. Microcirculation and venous ulcers: a review. Ann Vasc Surg 2005;19:921-7.
40. Nicolaides AN. Chronic venous disease and leukocyte-endothelium interaction: from symptoms to ulceration. Angiology 2005;56:S11-9.
41. Regis G, Bosticardo M, Conti L, De Angelis S, Boselli D, Tomaino B et al. Iron regulates T-lymphocyte sensitivity to the INF-gamma/STAT1 signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo. Blood 2005;105:3214-21.
42. Brusko TM, Wasserfall CH, Agarwal A, Kapturczak MH, Atkinson MA. An integral role for heme oxygenase-1 and carbon monoxide in maintaining peripheral tolerance by CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells. J Immunol 2005;174:5181-6.
43. Yeoh-Ellerton S, Stacey MC. Iron and 8-isoprostane levels in acute and chronic wounds. J Invest Dermatol 2003;121:918-25.
44. Sullivan JL. Is stored iron safe? J Lab Clin Med 2044;144:280-4.
45. Gurjar MV, Deleon J, Sharma RV, Bhalla RC. Role of reactive oxygen species in IL-1 stimulated sustained ERK activation and MMP-9 induction. Am J Phys 2001;281:H2568-H2574.
46. Herouy Y, May AE, Pornschelegel G, Stetter CH, Grenz H, Preissner KT et al. Lipodermatosclerosis is characterized by elevated expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinases: implication for venous ulcers formation. J Invest Dermatol 1988;111:822-7.
47. Wenner A, Leu HJ, Spycher MA, Brunner U. Ultrastructural changes of capillaries in chronic venous insufficiency. Exp Cell Biol 1980;48:1-14.
48. Balla J, Vercellotti GM, Jeney V, Yachie A, Varga Z, Eaton JW et al. Heme, heme oxigenase and ferritin in vascular endothelial cell injury. Mol Nutr Food Res 2005;49:1030-43.
49. Reif DW. Ferritin as a source of iron for oxidative damage. Free Radic Biol Med 1992;12:417-27.
50. Ozaki M, Kawabata T, Awai M. Iron release from haemosiderin and production of iron-catalysed hydroxyl radicals in vitro. Biochem J 1988;250:589-95.
51. Rogers AA, Burnatt S, Lindholm C, Bjellerup M, Christensen OB, Zederfeldt B et al. Expression of tissue-type and urokinase type activator activities in chronic venous leg ulcers. Vasa 1999;28:101-5.
52. Raffetto JD, Vasquez R, Goodwin DG, Menzojan JO. Mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates cell proliferation in venous ulcer fibroblasts. Vasc Endovasc Surg 2006;1:59-66.
53. Higley HL, Kasander GA, Gerhardt CO, Falanga V. Extravasation of macromolecules and possible trapping of transforming growth factor-beta, in venous ulceration. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:79-85.
54. Nemeth E, Tuttle MS, Powelson J, Vaughn MB, Donovan A, Ward DM et al. Hepcidin regulates cellular iron efflux by binding to ferroportin and inducing its internalisation. Science 2004;306:2090-3.
55. McCune CA, Ravine D, Worwood M, Jackson HA, Evans HM, Hutton D. Screening foe hereditary haemochromatosis within families and beyond. Lancet 2003;362:897-8.
56. Beutler E, Felitti VJ, Koziol JA, Ho NJ, Gelbart T. Penetrance of C282Y hereditary haemochromatosis mutation in USA. Lancet 2002;359:211-8.
57. Lanzara S, Catozzi L, De Palma M, Federici F, Palazzo A, Tacconi G et al. Mechanism of disease: the inflammatory chain in chronic venous disorders and genetic screening for prevention of venous leg ulcers. Acta Phlebol 2006;7:39-44.
58. Drakesmith H, Schimanski LM, Ormerod E, Merryweather-Clarke AT, Viprakasit V, Edwards JP et al. Resistance to hepcidin is conferred by haemochromatosis-associated mutations of ferroportin. Blood 2005;106:1092-7.
59. Drakesmith H, Sweetland E, Schimanski L, Edwards J, Cowley D, Ashraf M et al. The hemochromatosis protein HFE inhibits iron export from macrophages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:15602-7.
60. Moura E, Noordermeer MA, Verhoeven N, Verheul AFM, Marx JJM. Iron release from human monocytes after erythrophagocytosis in vitro: an investigation in normal subjects and hereditary hemochromatosis patients. Blood 1998;92:2511-9.
61. Milman N, Pedersen P. Evidence that the Cys282Tyr mutation of the HFE gene originated from a population in Southern Scandinavia and spread with the Vikings. Clin Genet 2003;64:36-47.
62. Zamboni P. The big idea: iron-dependent inflammation in venous disease and proposed parallels in multiple sclerosis. J R Soc Med 2006;99:1-5.
63. Sullivan JL. Iron and the sex difference in heart disease risk. Lancet 1981;1:1293-4.
64. Zacharski LR, Chow BK, Howes PS, Shamayeva G, Baron JA, Dalman RL et al. Reduction of iron stores and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with peripheral arterial disease. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2007;297:603-9.
65. Rossi E, McQuillan BM, Hung J, Thompson PL, Kuek C, Beilby JP. Serum ferritin and C282Y mutation of the hemochromatosis gene as predictors of asymptomatic carotid atherosclerosis in a community population. Stroke 2000;31:3015-20.
66. Sipe JC, Lee P, Beutler E. Brain iron metabolism and neurodegenerative disorders. Dev Neurosci 2002;24:188-96.
67. Dekker MC, Giesbergen PC, Njajou OT, wan Swieten JC, Hofman A, Breteler MM et al. Mutation in the hemochromatosis gana (HFE), Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism. Neurosci Lett 2003;348:117-9.
68. Sampietro M, Caputo L, Casatta A, Maregalli M, Pellagatti A, Tagliabue J et al. The hemochromatosis gene affects the age of onset of sporadic Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2001;22:563-8.
69. Combarros O, Garcia-Roman M, Fontalba A, Fernandez-Luna JL, Llorca J, Infante J et al. Interaction of the H63D mutation in the hemochromatosis gene with the apolipoprotein E epsilon 4 allele modulates age at onset of Alzheimer's disease. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2003;15:151-4.
70. Lehmann DJ, Worwood M, Ellis R, Wimhurst VL, Merryweather-Clarke AT, Warden DR et al. Iron genes, iron load and risk of Alzheimer's disease. J Med Genet 2006;43:e52.
71. Li J, Zhu Y, Singal DP. HFE gene mutations in patients with rheumathoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2000;27:2074-7.
72. Marx JJ. Iron and infection: competition between host and microbes for a precious element. Bres Pract Res Clin Haematol 2002;15:411-26.
73. Weinberg ED. Iron and infection. Microbiol Rev 1978;42:45-66.
74. Hua NW, Stoohs RA, Facchini FS. Low iron status and enhanced insulin sensitivity in lacto-ovo vegetarians. Br J Nutr 2001;86:515-9.
75. Lee DH, Folsom AR, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary iron intake and type 2 diabetes incidence in postmenopausal women: the Iowa Women's Health Study Diabetologia 2004;47:185-94.
76. Tuomainen TP, Nyyssonen K, Salonen R, Tervahauta A, Korpela H, Lakka T et al. Body iron stores are associated with serum insulin and blood glucose concentrations. Population study in 1,013 eastern Finnish men. Diabetes Care 1997;20:426-8.
77. Stevens RG, Graubard BI, Micozzi MS, Neriishi K, Blumberg BS. Moderate elevation of iron level and increased risk of cancer occurrence and death. Int J Canc 2003;145:190-4.
78. Shaheen NJ, Silverman LM, Keku T, Lawrence LB, Roholfs EM, Martin CF et al. Associations between hemochromatosis (HFE) gene mutation carrier status and the risk of colon cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003;95:154-9.
79. Kallianpur AR, Hall LD, Yadav M, Christman BW, Dittus RS, Haines JL et al. Increased prevalence of the HFE C282Y hemochromatosis allele in women with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2004;13:205-2.
80. Toyokuni S. Iron and carcinogenesis: from Fenton reaction to target genes. Redox Rep 2002;7:189-97.
81. Hu FB. The iron-heart hypothesis. Search for the iron-clad evidence. JAMA 2007;297:639-41.
82. Tan IL, van Schijndel RA, Pouwels PJ, van Walderveen MA, Reichenbach JR, Manoliu RA et al. MR venography of multiple sclerosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1039-42.
83. Schelling F. Damaging venous reflux into the skull or spine: relevance to multiple sclerosis. Med Hypotheses 1986;21:141-8.
84. Adams CW. Perivascular iron deposition and other vascular damage in multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988;51:260-5.
85. Zamboni P, Menegatti E, Bartolomei I, Galeotti G, Malagoni AM, Tacconi G et al. Intracranial venous haemodynamics in multiple sclerosis. Curr Neurovasc Res 2007;4:252-8.