The causes of skin damage and leg ulceration in chronic venous disease

International Journal of Lower Extremity Wounds

Volumn 5, Issue 3, 2006, Pages 160-168

  Smith, Philip Coleridge ^a,b  

^a ROYAL FREE AND UNIVERSITY COLLEGE MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United Kingdom)

^b Thames Valley Nuffield Hospital   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Leucocyte margination; Microcirculation; Pathogenesis; Venous ulcer

Indexed keywords

ANGIOGENIC FACTOR; CD11B ANTIGEN; ENDOTHELIAL LEUKOCYTE ADHESION MOLECULE 1; FIBRIN; FIBRINOGEN; INTERCELLULAR ADHESION MOLECULE 1; LACTOFERRIN; PADGEM PROTEIN; VASCULAR CELL ADHESION MOLECULE 1;

CELL ACTIVATION; CELL INTERACTION; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURFACE; CHRONIC DISEASE; ENDOTHELIUM INJURY; ENZYME BLOOD LEVEL; FIBROBLAST; HISTOLOGY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOXIA; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; INFLAMMATORY CELL; LEG ULCER; LEUKOCYTE; LEUKOCYTE ACTIVATION; LIPODERMATOSCLEROSIS; MACROPHAGE; MICROCIRCULATION; MOLECULAR MECHANICS; MONOCYTE; NEUTROPHIL GRANULE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN BINDING; REVIEW; SKIN DEFECT; SKIN FIBROSIS; SKIN ULCER; VEIN DISEASE; VENOUS PRESSURE;

CHRONIC DISEASE; HUMANS; LEG ULCER; MICROCIRCULATION; SKIN; VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY; WOUND HEALING;

EID: 33747067953     PISSN: 15347346     EISSN: 15526941     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1534734606292429     Document Type: Review

References (44)

1. Moffatt CJ, Franks PJ, Doherty DC, Martin R, Blewett R, Ross F. Prevalence of leg ulceration in a London population. QJM 2004;97:431-7.
2. Evans CJ, Fowkes FG, Ruckley CV, Lee AJ. Prevalence of varicose veins and chronic venous insufficiency in men and women in the general population: Edinburgh Vein Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 1999;53:149-53.
3. Callam MJ, Ruckley CV, Harper DR, Dale JJ. Chronic ulceration of the leg: extent of the problem and provision of care. BMJ 1985;290:1855-6.
4. Baker SR, Stacey MC, Singh G, Hoskin SE, et al. Aetiology of chronic leg ulcers. Eur J Vasc Surg 1992;6:245-51.
5. Nelzén O, Bergqvist D, Lindhagen A, Hallböök T. Chronic leg ulcers: an underestimated problem in primary health care among elderly patients. J Epidemiol Community Health 1991;45:184-7.
6. Nicolaides AN, Zukowski A, Lewis R, Kyprianou P, Malouf GM. Venous pressure measurements in venous problems. In: Bergan JJ, Yao JST, editors. Surgery of the veins. Orlando (FL): Grune and Stratton; 1985. p. 111-18.
7. Dodd H, Cockett FB. The pathology and surgery of the veins of the lower limb. Edinburgh (UK): Churchill Livingstone; 1976.
8. Hoare MC, Nicolaides AN, Miles CR, Shull K, Jury RP, Needham T, et al. The role of primary varicose veins in venous ulceration. Surgery 1982;92:450-3.
9. Browse NL, Burnand KG. The cause of venous ulceration. Lancet 1982;ii:243-5.
10. Browse NL, Gray L, Jarrett PEM, Morland M. Blood and vein-wall fibrinolytic activity in health and vascular disease. Br Med J 1977;i:478-81.
11. Cheatle TR, McMullin GM, Farrah J, Coleridge Smith PD, Scurr JH. Three tests of microcirculatory function in the evaluation of treatment for chronic venous insufficiency. Phlebology 1990;5:165-72.
12. Thomas PRS, Nash GB, Dormandy JA. White cell accumulation in the dependent legs of patients with venous hypertension: a possible mechanism for trophic changes in the skin. Br Med J 1988;296:1693-5.
13. Braide M, Amundson B, Chien S, Bagge U. Quantitative studies of leucocytes on the vascular resistance in a skeletal muscle preparation. Microvasc Res 1984;27:331-52.
14. Engler RL, Dahlgren MD, Peterson MA, Dobbs A, Schmid-Schoenbein GW. Accumulation of polymorphonuclear leucocytes during three hour myocardial ischemia. Am J Physiol 1986;251:H93-100.
15. Romson JL, Hook BG, Kunkel SL, Abrams GD, Schork MA, Lucchesi BR. Reduction of the extent of ischemic myocardial injury by neutrophil depletion in the dog. Circulation 1983;67:1016-23.
16. Wilson JW. Leucocyte sequestration and morphologic augmentation in the pulmonary network following haemorrhagic shock and related forms of stress. Adv Microcirc 1972;4:197-232.
17. Linas SL, Shanley PF, Whittenburg D, Berger E, Repine JE. Neutrophils accentuate ischemia-reperfusion injury in isolated perfused rat kidneys. Am J Physiol 1988;255:F728-35.
18. Yamakawa T, Suguyama I, Niimi H. Behaviour of white blood cells in microcirculation of the cat brain cortex during hemorrhagic shock. Intravital microscopic study. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp 1984;3:554.
19. Braide M, Blixt A, Bagge U. Leukocyte effects on the vascular resistance and glomerular filtration of the isolated rat kidney at normal and low flow rates. Circulatory Shock 1986;20:71-80.
20. Weissman G, Smolen JE, Korchak HM. Release of inflammatory mediators from stimulated neutrophils. N Engl J Med 1980;303:27-34.
21. Babior BM. Oxidants from phagocytes: agents of defense and destruction. Blood 1984;64:959-66.
22. Coleridge Smith PD, Thomas P, Scurr JH, Dormandy JA. Causes of venous ulceration: a new hypothesis. Br Med J 1988;296:1726-7.
23. Shields DA, Andaz S, Abeysinghe RD, Porter JB, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Neutrophil activation in experimental ambulatory venous hypertension. Phlebology 1994;9:119-24.
24. Shields D, Andaz SK, Timothy-Antoine CA, Scurr JH, Porter JB. CD11b/CD18 as a marker of neutrophil adhesion in experimental ambulatory venous hypertension. Phlebology 1995;(Suppl. 1):108-9.
25. Saharay M, Shields DA, Porter JB, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Leukocyte activity in the microcirculation of the leg in patients with chronic venous disease. J Vasc Surg 1997;26:265-73.
26. Shields DA, Andaz S, Sarin S, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Neutrophil activation in experimental venous hypertension. Phlebologie 1993;46:687-9.
27. Shields DA, Andaz S, Abeysinghe RD, Porter JB, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Plasma lactoferrin as a marker of white cell degranulation in venous disease. Phlebology 1994;9:55-8.
28. Shields DA, Andaz SK, Sarin S, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Plasma elastase in venous disease. Br J Surg 1994;81:1496-9.
29. Shields D, Saharay M, Timothy-Antoine CA, Porter JB, Scurr JH. Neutrophil CD11b expression in patients with venous disease. Phlebology 1995;(Suppl. 1):108-9.
30. Scott HJ, McMullin GM, Coleridge Smith PD, Scurr JH. A histological study into white blood cells and their association with lipodermatosclerosis and ulceration. Br J Surg 1990;78:210-1.
31. Wilkinson LS, Bunker C, Edwards JC, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Leukocytes: their role in the etiopathogenesis of skin damage in venous disease. J Vasc Surg 1993;17:669-75.
32. Burnand KG, Whimster I, Naidoo A, Browse NL. Pericapillary fibrin in the ulcer-bearing skin of the leg: the cause of lipodermatosclerosis and venous ulceration. Br Med J 1982;285:1071-2.
33. Haselbach P, Vollenweider U, Moneta G, Bollinger A. Microangiopathy in severe chronic venous insufficiency evaluated by fluorescence video-microscopy. Phlebology 1986;1:159-69.
34. Howlader MH, Coleridge Smith PD. Microangiopathy in chronic venous insufficiency: quantitative assessment by capillary microscopy. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2003;26:325-31.
35. Veraart JC, Verhaegh ME, Neumann HA, Hulsmans RF, Arends JW. Adhesion molecule expression in venous leg ulcers. Vasa 1993;22:213-8.
36. Herrick SE, Sloan P, McGurk M, Freak L, McCollum CN, Ferguson MW. Sequential changes in histologic pattern and extracellular matrix deposition during the healing of chronic venous ulcers. Am J Pathol 1992;141:1085-95.
37. Scott HJ, McMullin GM, Coleridge Smith PD, Scurr JH. A histological study into white blood cells and their association with lipodermatosclerosis and ulceration. Br J Surg 1990;78:210-1.
38. Falanga V, Kruskal J, Franks JJ. Fibrin- and fibrinogen-related antigens in patients with venous disease and venous ulceration. Arch Dermatol 1991;127:75-8.
39. Saharay M, Shields DA, Georgiannos SN, Porter JB, Scurr JH, Coleridge Smith PD. Endothelial activation in patients with chronic venous disease. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1998;15:342-9.
40. Pardoe HD. The expression of angiogenic growth factors in the skin of patients with chronic venous disease of the lower limb. MSc thesis, University College London, September 1996, P1-61.
41. Pappas PJ, You R, Rameshwar P, Gorti R, DeFouw DO, Phillips CK, et al. Dermal tissue fibrosis in patients with chronic venous insufficiency is associated with increased transforming growth factor-beta1 gene expression and protein production. J Vasc Surg 1999;30:1129-45.
42. Degiorgio-Miller AM, Treharne LJ, McAnulty RJ, Coleridge Smith PD, Laurent GJ, Herrick SE. Procollagen type I gene expression and cell proliferation are increased lipodermatosclerosis. Br J Dermatol 2005;152:242-9.
43. Higley HR, Ksander GA, Gerhardt CO, Falanga V. Extravasation of macromolecules and possible trapping of transforming growth factor-beta in venous ulceration. Br J Dermatol 1995;132:79-85.
44. Falanga V, Eaglstein WH. The "trap" hypothesis of venous ulceration. Lancet 1993;341:1006-8.