Impact of stress and mast cells on brain metastases

Journal of Neuroimmunology

Volumn 205, Issue 1-2, 2008, Pages 1-7

  Theoharides, Theoharis C ^a,b   Rozniecki, Jacek J ^c   Sahagian, Gary ^d   Jocobson, Stanley ^d   Kempuraj, Duraisamy ^a   Conti, Pio ^e   Kalogeromitros, Dimitris ^b  

^a TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b NATIONAL AND KAPODISTRIAN UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS   (Greece)

^c MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF LODZ   (Poland)

^d TUFTS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^e Medical School   (Italy)

Author keywords

Blood brain barrier; Breast cancer; Inflammation; Mast cells; Metastases; Stress

Indexed keywords

BRADYKININ; CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR; ENDORPHIN; ENDOTHELIN; HISTAMINE; INTERLEUKIN 8; NEUROTENSIN; NITRIC OXIDE; PROSTAGLANDIN D2; SUBSTANCE P; TRYPTASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR; UROCORTIN; VASCULOTROPIN; VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL POLYPEPTIDE;

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN METASTASIS; BREAST ADENOCARCINOMA; BREAST CARCINOGENESIS; BREAST CARCINOMA; CANCER GROWTH; HISTAMINE RELEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; LUNG CARCINOMA; MAST CELL; MEDIATOR RELEASE; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN SECRETION; REVIEW; STRESS;

ANIMALS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; HUMANS; INFLAMMATION; INFLAMMATION MEDIATORS; MAST CELLS; STRESS, PSYCHOLOGICAL;

EID: 56649088139     PISSN: 01655728     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2008.09.014     Document Type: Review

References (169)

1. Adamkiewicz V.W., Pekovic D.D., and Mascres C. Allergies of the dental pulp. Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. 46 (1978) 843-853
2. Affara N.I., and Coussens L.M. IKKalpha at the crossroads of inflammation and metastasis. Cell 129 (2007) 25-26
3. Ali H., Leung K.B.P., Pearce F.L., Hayes N.A., and Foreman J.C. Comparison of the histamine-releasing action of substance P on mast cells and basophils from different species and tissues. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 79 (1986) 413-418
4. Almholt K., and Johnsen M. Stromal cell involvement in cancer. Cancer Res. 162 (2003) 31-42
5. Andersson A.-C., Henningsson S., Lundell L., Rosengren E., and Sundler F. Diamines and polyamines in DMBA-induced breast carcinoma containing mast cells resistant to compound 48/80. Agents Actions 6/5 (1976) 577-583
6. Antoni M.H., Lutgendorf S.K., Cole S.W., Dhabhar F.S., Sephton S.E., McDonald P.G., Stefanek M., and Sood A.K. The influence of bio-behavioural factors on tumour biology: pathways and mechanisms. Nat. Rev., Cancer 6 (2006) 240-248
7. Arenberg D.A., Kunkel S.L., Polverini P.J., Glass M., Burdick M.D., and Strieter R.M. Inhibition of interleukin-8 reduces tumorigenesis of human non-small cell lung cancer in SCID mice. J. Clin. Invest. 97 (1996) 2792-2802
8. Bailey C., Negus R., Morris A., Ziprin P., Goldin R., Allaveno P., Peck D., and Darzi A. Chemokine expression is associated with the accumulation of tumour associated macrophages (TAMs) and progression in human colorectal cancer. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 24 (2007) 121-130
9. Battaglia S., Mauad T., van Schadewijik A.M., Vignola A.M., Rabe K.F., Bellia V., Sterk P.J., and Hiemstra P.S. Differential distribution of inflammatory cells in large and small airways in smokers. J. Clin. Pathol. 60 (2006) 907-911
10. Ben-Eliyahu S., Yirmiya R., Liebeskind J.C., Taylor A.N., and Gale R.P. Stress increases metastatic spread of a mammary tumor in rats: evidence for mediation by the immune system. Brain Behav. Immun. 5 (1991) 193-205
11. Benoist C., and Mathis D. Mast cells in autoimmune disease. Nature 420 (2002) 875-878
12. Bienenstock J., Tomioka M., Matsuda H., Stead R.H., Quinonez G., Simon G.T., Coughlin M.D., and Denburg J.A. The role of mast cells in inflammatory processes: evidence for nerve mast cell interactions. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 82 (1987) 238-243
13. Bischoff S.C., Sellge G., Lorentz A., Sebald W., Raab R., and Manns M.P. IL-4 enhances proliferation and mediator release in mature human mast cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 8080-8085
14. Blank U., and Rivera J. The ins and outs of IgE-dependent mast-cell exocytosis. Trends Immunol. 25 (2004) 266-273
15. Boesiger J., Tsai M., Maurer M., Yamaguchi M., Brown L.F., Claffey K.P., Dvorak H.F., and Galli S.J. Mast cells can secrete vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial cell growth factor and exhibit enhanced release after immunoglobulin E-dependent upregulation of Fce receptor I expression. J. Exp. Med. 188 (1998) 1135-1145
16. Boffett P., Ye W., Boman G., and Nyrén. Lung cancer risk in a population-based cohort of patients hospitalized for asthma in Sweden. Eur. Respir. J. 19 (2002) 127-133
17. Boogerd W. Central nervous system metastasis in breast cancer. Radiother. Oncol. 40 (1996) 5-22
18. Bradding P., Okayama Y., Howarth P.H., Church M.K., and Holgate S.T. Heterogeneity of human mast cells based on cytokine content. J. Immunol. 155 (1995) 297-307
19. Bradding P., Walls A.F., and Holgate S.T. The role of the mast cells in the pathophysiology of asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 117 (2006) 1277-1284
20. Brew R., Erikson J.S., West D.C., Kinsella A.R., Slavin J., and Christmas S.E. Interlukin-8 as an autocrine growth factor for human colon carcinoma cells in vitro. Cytokine 12 (2000) 78-85
21. Brown D.W., Young K.E., Anda R.F., and Giles W.H. Asthma and risk of death from lung cancer: NHANES II mortality study. J. Asthma 42 (2005) 597-600
22. Bucala R., and Donnelly S.C. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor: a probable link between inflammation and cancer. Immunity 26 (2007) 281-285
23. Cao J., Papadopoulou N., Kempuraj D., Boucher W.S., Sugimoto K., Cetrulo C.L., and Theoharides T.C. Human mast cells express corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) receptors and CRH leads to selective secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 7665-7675
24. Carraway R., Cochrane D.E., Lansman J.B., Leeman S.E., Paterson B.M., and Welch H.J. Neurotensin stimulates exocytotic histamine secretion from rat mast cells and elevates plasma histamine levels. J. Physiol. 323 (1982) 403-414
25. Chrousos G.P. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune-mediated inflammation. N. Engl. J. Med. 332 (1995) 1351-1362
26. Conti P., Pang X., Boucher W., Letourneau R., Reale M., Barbacane R.C., Thibault J., and Theoharides T.C. Impact of Rantes and MCP-1 chemokines on in vivo basophilic mast cell recruitment in rat skin injection model and their role in modifying the protein and mRNA levels for histidine decarboxylase. Blood 89 (1997) 4120-4127
27. Cuello A.C., Del F.M., and Paxinos G. The central and peripheral ends of the substance P-containing sensory neurones in the rat trigeminal system. Brain Res. 152 (1978) 499-500
28. Dabbous M.K., Walker R., Haney L., Carter L.M., Nicolson G.L., and Woolley D.E. Mast cells and matrix degradation at sites of tumor invasion in rat mammary adenocarinoma. Br. J. Cancer 54 (1986) 459-465
29. Dabbous M.K., Haney L., Nicolson G.L., Eckley D., and Woolley D.E. Mast cell modulation of tumour cell proliferation in rat mammary adenocarcinoma 13762NF. Br. J. Cancer 63 (1991) 873-878
30. de Boer A.G., and Breimer D.D. Cytokines and blood-brain barrier permeability. Prog. Brain Res. 115 (1998) 425-451
31. De Marzo A.M., Platz E.A., Sitcliffe S., Xu J., Gronberg H., Drake C.G., Nakai Y., Isaacs W.B., and Nelson W.G. Inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis. Nat. Rev., Cancer 7 (2007) 256-269
32. De Simone R., Alleva E., Tirassa P., and Aloe L. Nerve growth factor released into the bloodstream following intraspecific fighting induces mast cell degranulation in adult male mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 4 (1990) 74-81
33. De Vreis H.E., Kuiper J., de Boer A.G., Van Berkel T.J.C., and Breimer D.D. The blood-brain barrier in neuroinflammatory diseases. Pharmacol. Rev. 49 (1997) 143-155
34. della Rovere F., Granata A., Familiari D., D'Arrigo G., Mondello B., and Basile G. Mast cells in invasive ductal breast cancer: different behavior in high and minimum hormone-receptive cancers. Anticancer Res. 27 (2007) 2465-2471
35. Dethelfsen S.M., Matsumura N., and Zetter B.R. Mast cell accumulation at sites of murine tumor implantation: implications for angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Invasion Metastasis 14 (1994) 395-408
36. Dhabhar F.S., and McEwen B.S. Enhancing versus suppressive effects of stress hormones on skin immune function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 96 (1999) 1059-1064
37. Elenkov I.J., Webster E.L., Torpy D.J., and Chrousos G.P. Stress, corticotropin-releasing hormone, glucocorticoids, and the immune/inflammatory response: acute and chronic effects. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 876 (1999) 1-11
38. Esposito P., Gheorghe D., Kandere K., Pang X., Conally R., Jacobson S., and Theoharides T.C. Acute stress increases permeability of the blood-brain-barrier through activation of brain mast cells. Brain Res. 888 (2001) 117-127
39. Esposito P., Chandler N., Kandere-Grzybowska K., Basu S., Jacobson S., Connolly R., Tutor D., and Theoharides T.C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and brain mast cells regulate blood-brain-barrier permeability induced by acute stress. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 303 (2002) 1061-1066
40. Esposito P., Basu S., Letourneau R., Jacobson S., and Theoharides T.C. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) can directly affect brain microvessel endothelial cells. Brain Res. 968 (2003) 192-198
41. Gagari E., Tsai M., Lantz C.S., Fox L.G., and Galli S.J. Differential release of mast cell interleukin-6 via c-kit. Blood 89 (1997) 2654-2663
42. Gallacher D.V. Substance P is a functional neurotransmitter in the rat parotid gland. J. Physiol. 342 (1983) 483-498
43. Galli S.J., Nakae S., and Tsai M. Mast cells in the development of adaptive immune responses. Nat. Immunol. 6 (2005) 135-142
44. Gazelius B., Brodin E., Olgart L., and Panopoulos P. Evidence that substance P is a mediator of antidromic vasodilatation using somatostatin as a release inhibitor. Acta Physiol. Scand. 113 (1981) 155-159
45. Gelbard H.A., and Epstein L.G. HIV-1 encephalopathy in children. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 7 (1995) 655-662
46. Goldstraw M.A., Fitzpatrick J.M., and Kirby R.S. What is the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer?. BJU Int. 99 (2007) 966-968
47. Gonzalez-Perez A., Fernandez-Vidaurre C., Rueda A., Rivero E., and Rodriguez G. Cancer incidence in a general population of asthma patients. Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 15 (2006) 131-138
48. Gray F., Adle-Biassette H., Brion F., Ereau T., le Maner I., Levy V., and Corcket G. Neuronal apoptosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Neurovirology 6 (2000) S38-S43
49. 206. Mol. Biol. Cell 9 (1998) 875-884
50. Gupta P.B., Mani S., Yang J., Hartwell K., and Weinberg R.A. The evolving portrait of cancer metastasis. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 70 (2005) 297
51. Hasegawa H., Ushio Y., Hayakawa T., Yamada K., and Mogami H. Changes of the blood-brain barrier in experimental metastatic brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 59 (1983) 304-310
52. Huang B., Lei Z., Zhang G.M., Li D., Song C., Li B., Liu Y., Yuan Y., Unkeless J., Xiong H., and Feng Z.H. SCF-mediated mast cell infiltration and activation exacerbate the inflammation and immunosuppression in tumor microenvironment. Blood 112 (2008) 1269-1279
53. Ibaraki T., Muramatsu M., Takai S., Jin D., Maruyama H., Orino T., Katsumata T., and Miyazaki M. The relationship of tryptase and chymase positive mast cells to angiogenesis in stage 1 non-small cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg. 28 (2005) 621
54. Imada A., Shijubo N., Kojima H., and Abe S. Mast cells correlate with angiogenesis and poor outcome in stage I lung adenocarcinoma. Eur. Respir. J. 15 (2000) 1087-1093
55. Janiszewski J., Bienenstock J., and Blennerhassett M.G. Picomolar doses of substance P trigger electrical responses in mast cells without degranulation. Am. J. Physiol. 267 (1994) C138-C145
56. Jutel M., Watanabe T., Klunker S., Akdis M., Thomet O.A.R., Malolepszy J., Zak-Nejmark T., Koga R., Kobayashi T., Blaser K., and Akdis C.A. Histamine regulates T-cell and antibody responses by differential expression of H1 and H2 receptors. Nature 413 (2001) 420-425
57. Kanbe N., Kurosawa M., Nagata H., Saitoh H., and Miyachi Y. Cord blood-derived human cultured mast cells produce transforming growth factor beta 1. Clin. Exp. Allergy 29 (1999) 105-113
58. Kandere-Grzybowska K., Letourneau R., Kempuraj D., Donelan J., Poplawski S., Boucher W., Athanassiou A., and Theoharides T.C. IL-1 induces vesicular secretion of IL-6 without degranulation from human mast cells. J. Immunol. 171 (2003) 4830-4836
59. Kashiwase Y., Morioka J., Inamura H., Yoshizawa Y., Usui R., and Kurosawa M. Quantitative analysis of mast cells in benign and malignant breast lesions. Immunohistochemical study on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 134 (2004) 199-205
60. Kastin A.J., Pan W., Maness L.M., and Banks W.A. Peptides crossing the blood-brain barrier: some unusual observations. Brain Res. 848 (1999) 96-100
61. Kempuraj D., Papadopoulou N.G., Lytinas M., Huang M., Kandere-Grzybowska K., Madhappan B., Boucher W., Christodoulou S., Athanassiou A., and Theoharides T.C. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and its structurally related urocortin are synthesized and secreted by human mast cells. Endocrinology 145 (2004) 43-48
62. Kermode A.G., Thompson A.J., Tofts P., MacManus D.G., Kendall B.E., Kingsley D.P.E., Moseley I.F., Rudge P., and McDonald W.I. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier precedes symptoms and other MRI signs of new lesions in multiple sclerosis. Brain 113 (1990) 1477-1489
63. Khansari D.N., Murgo A.J., and Faith R.E. Effects of stress on the immune system. Immunol. Today 11 (1990) 170-175
64. Kido S., Kitadai Y., Hattori N., Haruma K., Kodo T., Ohta M., Tanaka S., Yoshihara M., Sumii K., Ohmoto Y., and Chayama K. Interleukin-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor-prognostic factors in gastric carcinomas?. Eur. J. Cancer 37 (2001) 1482-1487
65. Kort W.J. The effect of chronic stress on the immune response. Adv. Neuroimmunol. 4 (1994) 1-11
66. Krishnaswamy G., Ajitawi O., and Chi D.S. The human mast cells. Methods Mol. Biol. 315 (2007) 13-34
67. Kruk J., and Aboul-Enein H.Y. Psychological stress and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study. Cancer Detect. Prev. 28 (2004) 399-408
68. Kwon E.E., and Prineas J.W. Blood-brain barrier abnormalities in longstanding multiple sclerosis lesions. An immunohistochemical study. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53 (1994) 625-636
69. Lamb D., and Lumsden A. Intra-epithelial mast cells in human airway epithelium: evidence for smoking-induced changes in their frequency. Thorax 37 (1982) 334-342
70. Lassman A.B., and DeAngelis L.M. Brain metastases. Neurol. Clin. 21 (2003) 1-23
71. Lawrence T. Inflammation and cancer: a failure of resolution?. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 28 (2007) 162-165
72. Leek R.D., and Harris A.L. Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer. J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia 7 (2002) 177-189
73. Lehrer S., Diamond E.J., Mamkine B., Stone N.N., and Stock R.G. Serum interlukin-8 is elevated in men with prostate cancer and bone metastases. Technol. Cancer Res. Treat. 3 (2007) 411
74. Lehtosalo J.I., Uusitalo H., Laakso J., Palkama A., and Harkonen M. Biochemical and immunohistochemical determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine located in mast cells in the trigeminal ganglion of the rat and guinea pig. Histochemistry 80 (1984) 219-223
75. Liu Y., Yamada H., and Ochi J. Immunocytochemical studies on endothelin in mast cells and macrophages in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Histochem. Cell Biol. 109 (1998) 301-307
76. Long D.M. Capillary ultrastructure in human metastatic brain tumors. J. Neurosurg. 51 (1979) 53-58
77. Lu L.F., Lind E.F., Gondek D.C., Bennett K.A., Gleeson M.W., Pino-Lagos K., Scott Z.A., Couyle A.J., Reed J.L., Van Snick J., Strom T.B., Zheng X.X., and Noelle R.J. Mast cells are essential intermediaries in regulatory T-cell tolerance. Nature 442 (2006) 1002
78. Lytinas M., Kempuraj D., Huang M., Boucher W., Esposito P., and Theoharides T.C. Acute stress results in skin corticotropin-releasing hormone secretion, mast cell activation and vascular permeability, an effect mimicked by intradermal corticotropin-releasing hormone and inhibited by histamine-1 receptor antagonists. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 130 (2003) 224-231
79. Maffini M.V., Soto A.M., Calabro J.M., Ucol A.A., and Sonnenschein C. The stroma as a crucial target in rat mammary gland carcinogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 117 (2004) 1495-1502
80. Maffini M.V., Soto A.M., Sonnenschein C., Papadopoulos N., and Theoharides T.C. Lack of c-kit receptor promotes mammary tumors in N-nitrosomethylurea-treated Ws/Ws rats. Cancer Cell Int. 8 (2008) 5
81. Mantovani A., Sozzani S., Locati M., Allavena P., and Sica A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol. 23 (2002) 549-555
82. Matsuki Y., Tanimoto A., Hamada T., and Sasaguri Y. Histidine decarboxylase expression as a new sensitive and specific marker for small cell lung carcinoma. Mod. Path. 16 (2003) 72-78
83. Matsushima H., Yamada N., Matsue H., and Shimada S. The effects of endothelin-1 on degranulation, cytokine, and growth factor production by skin-derived mast cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 34 (2004) 1910-1919
84. McClellan K., and Scott L.J. Tramadol/paracetamol. Drugs 63 (2003) 1079-1086
85. McFarland H.F. Complexities in the treatment of autoimmune disease. Science 274 (1996) 2037-2038
86. Mekori Y.A., and Metcalfe D.D. Mast cells in innate immunity. Immunol. Rev. 173 (2000) 131-140
87. Menter D.G., Herrmann J.L., and Nicolson G.L. The role of trophic factors and autocrine/paracrine growth factors in brain metastasis. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 13 (1995) 67-88
88. Miki C., Inoue Y., Araki T., Uchida K., and Kusunoki M. Cytokines and cancer development. J. Surg. Oncol. 95 (2007) 10-11
89. Molin D., Edstrom A., Glimelius I., Glimelius B., Nilsson G., Sundstrom C., and Enblad G. Mast cell infiltration correlates with poor prognosis in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol. 119 (2002) 122-124
90. Moor A.C.E., de Vries H.E., de Boer A.G., and Breimer D.D. The blood-brain barrier and multiple sclerosis. Biochem. Pharmacol. 47 (1994) 1717-1724
91. Murphy P.M. Chemokines and the molecular basis of cancer metastasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 345 (2001) 833-835
92. Naesse E.P., Schreurs O., Helgeland K., Schenck K., and Steinsvoll S. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in gingival mast cells in persons with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Periodontal Res. 38 (2003) 575-582
93. Nagata M., Shijubo N., Waalls A.F., Ichimiya S., Abe S., and Sato N. Chymase positive mast cells in small sized adenocarcinoma of the lung. Virchows Arch. 443 (2003) 565-573
94. Nielsen N.R., and Gronbaek M. Stress and breast cancer: a systematic update on the current knowledge. Nat. Clin. Pract. Oncol. 3 (2006) 612-620
95. Nienartowicz A., Sobanice-Lotowska M.E., Jarocka-Cyrta E., and Lemancewicz D. Mast cells in neoangiogenesis. Med. Sci. Monit. 12 (2006) RA53-RA56
96. Nishizuka I., Ishikawa T., Hamaguchi Y., Kamiyama M., Ichikawa Y., Kadota K., Miki R., Tomaru Y., Tominaga N., Mizuno Y., Goto H., Yano R., Nitanda H., Togo S., Okazaki Y., Hayashizaki Y., and Shimada H. Analysis of gene expression involved in brain metastasis from breast cancer using cDNA microarray. Breast Cancer 9 (2002) 26-32
97. Orimo A., and Weinberg R.A. Stromal fibroblasts in cancer. Cell Cycle 5 (2006) 1597-1601
98. Ornstein D.L., and Frederickson K. Images in clinical medicine. Meningeal carcinomatosis in breast cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000) 1093
99. Ozdemir O. Mast cells and the tumor-associated neoangiogenesis. Med. Sci. Monit. 12 (2006) LE9-LE11
100. Palesh O., Butler L.D., Koopman C., Giese-Davis J., Carlson R., and Spiegel D. Stress history and breast cancer recurrence. J. Psychosom. Res. 63 (2007) 233-239
101. Parmiani G. Tumor-infiltrating T cells-friend or foe of neoplastic cells?. N. Engl. J. Med. 353 (2005) 2640-2641
102. Pedotti R., De Voss J.J., Steinman L., and Galli S.J. Involvement of both 'allergic' and 'autoimmune' mechanisms in EAE, MS and other autoimmune diseases. Trends Immunol. 24 (2003) 479-484
103. Pedotti R., DeVoss J.J., Youssef S., Mitchell D., Wedemeyer J., Madanat R., Garren H., Fontoura P., Tsai M., Galli S.J., Sobel R.A., and Steinman L. Multiple elements of the allergic arm of the immune response modulate autoimmune demyelination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 100 (2003) 1867-1872
104. Perry S., and Marotta R.F. AIDS dementia: a review of the literature. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord. 1 (1987) 221-235
105. Petty M.A., and Lo E.H. Junctional complexes of the blood-brain barrier: permeability changes in neuroinflammation. Prog. Neurobiol. 68 (2002) 311-323
106. Pollard J.W. Tumour-educated macrophages promote tumour progression and metastasis. Nat. Rev., Cancer 4 (2004) 71-78
107. Poole T.J., and Zetter B.R. Stimulation of rat peritoneal mast cell migration by tumor-derived peptides. Cancer Res. 43 (1983) 5857-5861
108. Popivanova B.K., Kitamura K., Wu Y., Kondo T., Kagaya T., Kaneko S., Oshima M., Fujii C., and Mukaida N. Blocking TNF-alpha in mice reduces colorectal carcinogenesis associated with chronic colitis. J Clin Invest 118 (2008) 560-570
109. Powell Jr. J.A., and Mousa S.A. Neutrophil-activating protein-2-and interleukin-8-mediated angiogenesis. J. Cell Biochem. 102 (2007) 412-420
110. Raine C.S. Multiple sclerosis: immune system molecule expression in the central nervous system. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 53 (1994) 328-337
111. Redegeld F.A., and Nijkamp F.P. Immunoglobulin free light chains and mast cells: pivotal role in T-cell-mediated immune reactions?. Trends Immunol. 24 (2003) 181-185
112. Reubi J.C., Waser B., Vale W., and Rivier J. Expression of CRF1 and CRF2 receptors in human cancers. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 88 (2003) 3312-3320
113. Rinner I., Schauenstein K., Mangge H., Porta S., and Kvetnansky R. Opposite effects of mild and severe stress on in vitro activation of rat peripheral blood lymphocytes. Brain Behav. Immun. 6 (1992) 130-140
114. Robbie-Ryan M., Tanzola M.B., Secor V.H., and Brown M.A. Cutting edge: both activating and inhibitory Fc receptors expressed on mast cells regulate experimental allergic encephalomyelitis disease severity. J. Immunol. 170 (2003) 1630-1634
115. Rodewald H.R., Dessing M., Dvorak A.M., and Galli S.J. Identification of a committed precursor for the mast cell lineage. Science 271 (1996) 818-822
116. Rodriquez M. Multiple sclerosis: insights into molecular pathogenesis and therapy. Mayo Clin. Proc. 72 (1997) 663-664
117. Rousset S., Emre Y., Join-Lambert O., Hurtaud C., Ricquier D., and Cassard-Doulcier A.M. The uncoupling protein 2 modulates the cytokine balance in innate immunity. Cytokine 35 (2006) 135-142
118. Roussidis A.F., Theoharis A.D., Tzanakakis G.N., and Karamanos N.K. The importance of c-kit and PDGF receptors as potential targets for molecular therapy in breast cancer. Curr. Med. Chem. 14 (2007) 735-743
119. Rozniecki J.J., Dimitriadou V., Lambracht-Hall M., Pang X., and Theoharides T.C. Morphological and functional demonstration of rat dura mast cell-neuron interactions in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res. 849 (1999) 1-15
120. Rozniecki, J.J., Sahagian, G., Jacobson, S., Kempuraj, D., Theoharides, T.C., submitted for publication. Acute restraint stress induces brain metastases of luciferase-tagged breast cancer cells in mice.
121. Salven P., Hattori K., Heissig B., and Rafii S. Interleukin-1alpha promotes angiogenesis in vivo via VEGFR-2 pathway by inducing inflammatory cell VEGF synthesis and secretion. FASEB 16 (2002) 1471-1473
122. Samet J.M., Humble C.G., and Pathak D.R. Personal and family history of respiratory disease and lung cancer risk. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134 (1986) 466-470
123. Santillan A.A., Camargo Jr. C.A., and Colditz G.A. A meta-analysis of asthma and risk of lung cancer (United States). Cancer Causes Control 14 (2003) 327-334
124. Saul A.N., Oberyszyn T.M., Daugherty C., Kusewitt D., Jones S., Jewell S., Malarkey W.B., Lehman A., Lemeshow S., and Dhabhar F.S. Chronic stress and susceptibility to skin cancer. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 97 (2005) 1760-1767
125. Schouten L.J., Rutten J., Huveneers H.A., and Twijnstra A. Incidence of brain metastases in a cohort of patients with carcinoma of the breast, colon, kidney, and lung and melanoma. Cancer 94 (2002) 2698-2705
126. Sheridan J.F. Norman Cousins Memorial Lecture 1997. Stress-induced modulation of anti-viral immunity. Brain Behav. Immun. 12 (1998) 1-6
127. Silzle T., Kreutz M., Dobler M.A., Brockhoff G., Knuechel R., and Kunz-Schughart L.A. Tumor-associated fibroblasts recruit blood monocytes into tumor tissue. Eur. J. Immunol. 33 (2003) 1311-1320
128. Singh L.K., Boucher W., Pang X., Letourneau R., Seretakis D., Green M., and Theoharides T.C. Potent mast cell degranulation and vascular permeability triggered by urocortin through activation of CRH receptors. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 288 (1999) 1349-1356
129. Singh L.K., Pang X., Alexacos N., Letourneau R., and Theoharides T.C. Acute immobilization stress triggers skin mast cell degranulation via corticotropin-releasing hormone, neurotensin and substance P: a link to neurogenic skin disorders. Brain Behav. Immun. 13 (1999) 225-239
130. Slominski A., Zbytek B., Pisarchik A., Slominski R.M., Zmijewski M.A., and Wortsman J. CRH functions as a growth factor/cytokine in the skin. J. Cell. Physiol. 206 (2006) 780-791
131. Smith K.J., and McDonald W.I. The pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis: the mechanisms underlying the production of symptoms and the natural history of the disease. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B Biol. Sci. 1390 (1999) 1649-1673
132. Souaze F., Dupouy S., Viardot-Foucault V., Bruyneel E., Attoub S., Gespach C., Gompel A., and Forgez P. Expression of neurotensin and NT1 receptor in human breast cancer: a potential role in tumor progression. Cancer Res. 66 (2006) 6243-6249
133. Spinella F., Rosano L., Castro V., Decandia S., Nicotra M.R., Natali P.G., and Bagnato A. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 promote invasive behavior via hypoxia-induc factor-1 alpha in human melanoma cells. Cacner Res. 15 (2007) 1725-1734
134. v mice exhibit a decreased rate of tumor angiogenesis. Int. J. Cancer 42 (1988) 48-52
135. Stover D.G., Bierie B., and Moses H.L. A delicate balance: TGF-beta and the tumor microenvironment. J. Cell. Biochem. 101 (2007) 851-861
136. Strum J.M., Lewko W.M., and Kidwell W.R. Structural alterations within N-nitrosomethylurea-induced mammary tumors after in vivo treatment with cis-hydroxyproline. Lab. Invest. 45 (1981) 347-354
137. Su F., Ouyang N., Zhu P., Ouyang N., Jia W., Gong C., Ma X., Xu H., and Song E. Psychological stress induces chemoresistance in breast cancer by upregulating mdr1. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 329 (2005) 888-897
138. Sundstrom J.B., Ellis J.E., Hair G.A., Kirshenbaum A.S., Metcalfe D.D., Yi H., Cardona A.C., Lindsay M.K., and Ansari A.A. Human tissue mast cells are an inducible reservoir of persistent HIV infection. Blood 109 (2007) 5293-5300
139. Syndulko K., Tourtellotte W.W., Conrad A.J., Izuierdo G., Multiple Sclerosis Study Group, and Alpha Interferon Study Group. Trans-blood-brain-barrier albumin leakage and comparisons of intrathecal IgG synthesis calculations in multiple sclerosis patients. J. Neuroimmunol. 46 (1993) 185-192
140. Tainsh K.R., and Pearce F.L. Mast cell heterogeneity: evidence that mast cells isolated from various connective tissue locations in the rat display markedly graded phenotypes. Int. Arch. Allergy Immunol. 98 (1992) 26-34
141. Takanami I., Takeuchi K., and Naruke M. Mast cell density is associated with angiogenesis and poor prognosis in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. Cancer 88 (2000) 2686-2692
142. Tal M., and Liberman R. Local injection of nerve growth factor (NGF) triggers degranulation of mast cells in rat paw. Neurosci. Lett. 221 (1997) 129-132
143. Tao K., Fang M., Alroy J., and Sahagian G. Imagable 4T1 model for the study of late stage breast cancer. BMC Cancer 8 (2008) 228
144. Thaker P.H., Lutgendorf S.K., and Sood A.K. The neuroendocrine impact of chronic stress on cancer. Cell Cycle 6 (2007) 430-433
145. Theodoropoulos G., Papaconstantinou I., Felekourase E., Nikiteas N., Karakitsos P., Papoussopoulous D., Lazaris A.C.H., Patsouris E., Bramis J., and Gazouli M. Relationship between common polymorphism in genes related to inflammatory response and colorectal cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 12 (2006) 5037-5043
146. Theoharides T.C. Mast cells: the immune gate to the brain. Life Sci. 46 (1990) 607-617
147. Theoharides T.C. Mast cells and pancreatic cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 358 (2008) 1860-1861
148. Theoharides T.C., and Cochrane D.E. Critical role of mast cells in inflammatory diseases and the effect of acute stress. J. Neuroimmunol. 146 (2004) 1-12
149. Theoharides T.C., and Conti P. Mast cells: the JEKYLL and HYDE of tumor growth. Trends Immunol. 25 (2004) 235-241
150. Theoharides T.C., and Kalogeromitros D. The critical role of mast cell in allergy and inflammation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1088 (2006) 78-99
151. Theoharides T.C., and Konstantinidou A. Corticotropin-releasing hormone and the blood-brain-barrier. Front. Biosci. 12 (2007) 1615-1628
152. Theoharides T.C., Spanos C.P., Pang X., Alferes L., Ligris K., Letourneau R., Rozniecki J.J., Webster E., and Chrousos G. Stress-induced intracranial mast cell degranulation. A corticotropin-releasing hormone-mediated effect. Endocrinology 136 (1995) 5745-5750
153. Theoharides T.C., Singh L.K., Boucher W., Pang X., Letourneau R., Webster E., and Chrousos G. Corticotropin-releasing hormone induces skin mast cell degranulation and increased vascular permeability, a possible explanation for its pro-inflammatory effects. Endocrinology 139 (1998) 403-413
154. Theoharides T.C., Donelan J.M., Papadopoulou N., Cao J., Kempuraj D., and Conti P. Mast cells as targets of corticotropin-releasing factor and related peptides. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25 (2004) 563-568
155. Theoharides T.C., Kempuraj D., Tagen M., Conti P., and Kalogeromitros D. Differential release of mast cell mediators and the pathogenesis of inflammation. Immunol. Rev. 217 (2007) 65-78
156. Tsutsui S., Yasuda K., Suzuki K., Takeuchi H., Nishizaki T., Higashi H., and Era S. A loss of c-kit expression is associated with an advanced stage and poor prognosis in breast cancer. Br. J. Cancer 94 (2006) 1874-1878
157. Vesterinen E., Pukkala E., Timonen T., and Aromaa A. Cancer incidence among 78,000 asthmatic patients. Int. J. Epidemiol. 22 (2007) 976-982
158. Vliagoftis H., Boucher W.S., Mak L.L., and Theoharides T.C. Inhibition of mast cell secretion by oxidation products of natural polyamines. Biochem. Pharmacol. 43 (1992) 2237-2245
159. Vural P., Erzengin D., Canbaz M., and Selcuki D. Nitric oxide and endothelin-1,2 in actinic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma: changes in nitric oxide/endothelin ratio. Int. J. Dermatol. 40 (2001) 704-708
160. Wahl M., Unterberg A., Beathmann A., and Schilling L. Mediators of blood-brain barrier dysfunction and formation of vasogenic brain edema. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 8 (1988) 621-634
161. Walls A.F., Roberts J.A., Godfrey R.C., and Holgate S.T. Histochemical heterogeneity of human mast cells: disease-related differences in mast cell subsets recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage. Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 92 (2007) 233-241
162. Wang H.R.D., Low M., Stegmaier C., Brenner H., and Diepgen T.L. Atopic diseases, immunoglobulin E and risk of cancer of the prostate, breast, lung and colorectum. Int. J. Cancer 119 (2006) 695-701
163. Weber G.F., and Ashkar S. Molecular mechanisms of tumor dissemination in primary and metastatic brain cancers. Brain Res. Bull. 53 (2000) 421-424
164. Wedemeyer J., and Galli S.J. Decreased susceptibility of mast cell-deficient kit(W)Kit(W-v) mice to the development of 1,2-dimethyldrazine-induced intestinal tumors. Lab. Invest. 85 (2005) 388-396
165. Wu A.H., Fontham E.T., Reynolds P., Greenberg R.S., Buffler P., Liff J., Boyd P., Henerson B.E., and Correa P. Previous lung diseases and risk of lung cancer among lifetime nonsmoking women in the United States. Am. J. Epidemiol. 141 (1995) 1023-1032
166. Wu W., Murata J., Hayashi K., Yamaura T., Mitani N., and Saiki I. Social isolation stress impairs the resistance of mice to experimental liver metastasis of murin colon 26-L5 carcinoma cells. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24 (2001) 772-776
167. Yang Y., Park H., Yang Y., Kim T.S., Bang S.I., and Cho D. Enhancement of cell migration by corticotropin-releasing hormone through ERK1/2 pathway in murine melanoma cell line, B16F10. Exp. Dermatol. 16 (2006) 22-27
168. Yoshida M., Yoshida H., Kitaichi K., Hiramatsu K., Kimura T., Ito Y., Kume H., Yamaki K., Suzuki R., Shibata E., Hasegawa T., and Takagi K. Adrenomedullin and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide induce histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Regul. Pept. 101 (2001) 163-168
169. Zudaire E., Martinez A., Garayoa M., Pio R., Kaur G., Woolhiser M.R., Metcalfe D.D., Hook W.A., Siraganian R.P., Guise T.A., Chirgwin J.M.,