A cross-cultural and historical survey of tobacco use among various ethnic groups

Journal of Ethnicity in Substance Abuse

Volumn 6, Issue 3-4, 2008, Pages 9-80

  Stolberg, Victor B ^a  

^a Essex County College   (United States)

Author keywords

Cigarettes; Cross cultural; History; Media; Prevention; Smoking; Tobacco; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; CEREMONIAL BEHAVIOR; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CULTURAL CHARACTERISTICS; CULTURAL DIVERSITY; ETHNIC GROUPS; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HISTORY, 18TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 19TH CENTURY; HISTORY, 20TH CENTURY; HUMANS; SMOKING; TOBACCO; UNITED STATES;

CIGARETTE SMOKING; ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE; ETHNIC AND RACIAL GROUPS; ETHNIC GROUP; HEALTH HAZARD; HUMAN; PHARMACOGENETICS; PREVALENCE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; RECREATIONAL THERAPY; REVIEW; TOBACCO DEPENDENCE;

EID: 56149127164     PISSN: 15332640     EISSN: 15332659     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1300/J233v06n03_02     Document Type: Article

References (456)

1. Abrams, D. B., 2006. Applying transdisciplinary research strategies to understanding and eliminating health disparities. Health Education and Behavior, 33(4):515–531.
2. Acevedo-Garcia, D., Pan, J., Jun, H.-J., Osypuk, T., and Emmons, K. M., 2005. The effect of immigrant generation on smoking. Social Science & Medicine, 61(6):1223
3. Adams, J. T., 1938. Building the British empire:To the end of the first empire, London:Charles Scribner's Sons, Ltd.
4. Addington, J., 1998. Group treatment for smoking cessation among persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatric Services, 49(7):925–928.
5. Adler, I., 1912. Primary malignant growths of the lungs and bronchi:A pathological and clinical study, London:Longmans, Green.
6. Aftab, M., Kolben, D., and Lurie, P., 1999. International cigarette labeling practices. Tobacco Control, 8:368–372.
7. Amos, A., and Haglund, M., 2000. From social taboo to “torch of freedom”:The marketing of cigarettes to women. Tobacco Control, 9:3–8.
8. Anderson, L. W., 1916. The Red Cross. American Journal of Nursing, 16(5):426–432.
9. Anon. 1851a. Article 10. New York Daily Times, Oct. 4:2
10. Anon. 1851b. Destructive fire at Clarksville, Tenn. New York Daily Times, Dec. 20:2
11. Anon. 1852a. Article 7. New York Daily Times,:3 (May 26, 1852)
12. Anon. 1852a. All about tobacco, To the Editor of the New York Daily Times. New York Daily Times,:2 (Oct. 20, 1852)
13. Anon. 1866. The sources of our national income. The New York Times,:4 (Dec. 7, 1866)
14. Anon. 1873. About cigars; The trade in this cityimported and Havana. The New York Times,:4 (Dec. 20, 1873)
15. Anon. 1874. The use of tobacco; increase in the consumption of narcotics stimulants. The pernicious practice spreading among American women-Snuff-dipping in the United States. The New York Times,:2 (Sep. 14, 1874)
16. Anon. 1876. Effects of tobacco on a rat. The New York Times,:8 (Oct. 7, 1876)
17. Anon. 1877. Cigarette smoking. The New York Times,:6 (May 27, 1877)
18. Anon. 1879a. Women and smoking. The New York Times,:2 (Sep. 1, 1879)
19. Anon. 1879b. The Honradez cigarettes; Havana's biggest tobacco factory. The smokers of Cuba and how they smokemaking the cigarettes-Women smokers in Havana-Small boys and donkeys-One fact about Havana cigars. The New York Times,:2 (Feb. 24, 1879)
20. Anon. 1881a. The fragrant cigarette; one of the newest American industries. Where cigarettes came from, where and how they are made, and what they are made of domestic and foreign brands. The New York Times,:11 (Apr. 10, 1881)
21. Anon. 1881b. “Vanity, All is Vanity”:A lecture on tobacco and its effects, Edited by:Cranmer, J. J., Hannibal, MO:Gospel Monitor.
22. Anon. 1883. Cigarettes and snuff. The New York Times,:6 (Feb. 8, 1883)
23. Anon. 1884. The sawdust incendiary. The New York Times,:3 (Dec. 22, 1884)
24. Anon. 1885a. Theories about tobacco. The New York Times,:2 (Nov. 14, 1885)
25. Anon. 1885b. Killed by a fellow-patient; A compassionate lunatic puts another “out of misery”. The New York Times,:2 (Mar. 19, 1885)
26. Anon. 1886. Tobacco and color blindness. The New York Times,:5 (Oct. 3, 1886)
27. Anon. 1887. The deadly cigarette. The New York Times,:11 (May 8, 1887)
28. Anon. 1888. Health matters. Science, 12(301):223
29. Anon. 1894. A white life for two; Mrs. Gage tells the W.C.T.U. Convention this should be the motto. The New York Times,:9 (Oct. 14, 1894)
30. Anon. 1895. Against the cigarette habit; schoolboys discuss a constitution for their Confederated League-To be voted upon this week. The New York Times,:3 (Jan. 20, 1895)
31. Anon. 1901. Anti-Cigarette League; International convention opens in Buffalo-Acting Mayor's speech of welcome. The New York Times,:5 (Jul. 12, 1901)
32. Anon. 1907. Wisconsin's anti-tobacco bill. The New York Times,:2 (Apr. 20, 1907)
33. Anon. 1910. Form Anti-Smokers' League; new organization hopes to do much to prevent the use of tobacco. The New York Times,:18 (May 10, 1910)
34. Anon. 1912a. Cigarettes start a suffragist row; “Votes for Women” smokes sold at the Victoria gives heavy blow to cause. The New York Times,:6 (Sep. 17, 1912)
35. Anon. 1912b. Zionist riot over smoking; violation of Dowle's anti-tobacco law causes a violent crash. The New York Times,:7 (Apr. 23, 1912)
36. Anon. 1913. Won't stop park smoking; but in deference to Dr. Pease, Stover puts aside seats for non-smokers. The New York Times,:6 (Jul. 19, 1913)
37. Anon. 1914a. Cures women of smoking; Clinic established in Chicago by Anti-Cigarette League. The New York Times,:1 (Mar. 14, 1914)
38. Anon. 1914b. Anti-Cigarette baseball club. The New York Times,:5 (Jul. 25, 1914)
39. Anon. 1919. Plan amendment to outlaw tobacco; W.C.T.U. and prohibition workers getting ready for a country-wide campaign. But keeping it a secret fear it would hinder laws for prohibition enforcement, says report offered in Congress. The New York Times,:5 (Aug. 3, 1919)
40. Anon. 1920. Miss Gaston seeks presidency on an anti-tobacco platform. The New York Times,:5 (Jul. 25, 1920)
41. Anon. 1921a. Anti-tobacco talk. The New York Times, xxi:21 (Feb. 13, 1921)
42. Anon. 1921b. Tobacco foes begin drive; carloads of literature and campaigners bound for California. The New York Times,:6 (Apr. 3, 1921)
43. Anon. 1923a. Utah lawbreakers. The New York Times,:12 (Feb. 23, 1923)
44. Anon. 1923b. War is declared on ‘demon’ tobacco; national crusade planned. The New York Times, xx2:22 (Sept. 2, 1923)
45. Anon. 1923c. High school refuses to graduate smoker, Belleville (N.J.) senior loses diploma for violation of anti-tobacco rule. The New York Times,:34 (Jun. 6, 1923)
46. Anon. 1924. Elmira rescinds anti-tobacco rule; enforcement of it caused many inmates to lose paroles, J. S. Kennedy reports. The New York Times,:1 E1, (Nov. 16, 1924)
47. Anon. 1927. Deny smoking adds to baby mortality; Physicians here call Dr. Barber's warning to women the views of an alarmist. Harris deplores incident never knew of any infants to die because mothers used tobacco, says Health Commissioner. The New York Times,:6 (Sep. 25, 1927)
48. Anon. 1929. American tobacco is pushed abroad; Commerce Department concentrates on urging importation of cigarettes for tourists. Great rise in use of them. Women credited with stimulating demand-Cigars and chewing tobacco falling off. Effect of smoking by women. Falling off on chewing. The New York Times,:55 (Jul. 28, 1929)
49. Anon. 1949. Tobacco chewing shows drop here; but Agriculture Department notes gain abroad-Output of cigarettes hits record. The New York Times,:37 (Sept. 1, 1949)
50. Anon. 1954. Tobacco chewing linked to cancer; effects on mouth reported on basis of study of men at Minnesota hospital. The New York Times,:18 (Jan. 26, 1954)
51. Anon. 1957. Tar in cigarettes lung cancer clue; Federal aide says research fails to pin down ‘culprit’-Veterans aid studies filter value in doubt, warning labels on packages are opposed by witness at House investigation view on warning labels hopeful on preventatives nicotine left in the clear. The New York Times,:27 (N 1957, 1957)
52. Anon. 1963. Cigarette machines at Columbia carry warning on health. The New York Times,:39 (Feb. 23, 1963)
53. Anon. 1964. A.M.A. sees health hazard. The New York Times,:15 (Jun. 25, 1964)
54. Anon. 1965. House panel urged to block warning on cigarette use. The New York Times,:45 (Apr. 14, 1965)
55. Anon. 1966. Nation's cigarette producers are enjoying it more. The New York Times,:82 (Jan. 17, 1966)
56. Anon. 1967a. Cigarette sales remain healthy despite ‘hazard’ warning. The New York Times,:125 (Jan. 9, 1967)
57. Anon. 1967b. The cigarette message. The New York Times,:38 (Aug. 22, 1967)
58. Anon. 1969a. Candor on cigarettes. The New York Times,:46 (May 28, 1969)
59. Anon. 1969b. Stiff cigarette warning gains in House panel. The New York Times,:25 (Feb. 23, 1969)
60. Anon. 1970. Chewing tobacco and snuff gain as attacks on smoking increase. The New York Times,:1 (Dec. 27, 1970)
61. Anon. 1977. Death warning is urged on cigarette packages. The New York Times,:9 (Jul. 21, 1977)
62. Anon. 2003a. Tobacco as a cure-all. Pediatrics, 111(3):601
63. Anon. 2003b. The prolongation of life:Tobacco and snuff. (One hundred years ago). BMJ:British Medical Journal, 327(7407):133
64. Apollino, D. E., and Malone, R. E., 2005. Marketing to the marginalized:Tobacco industry targeting of the homeless and mentally ill. Tobacco Control, 14:409–415.
65. Arcury, T. A., Quandt, S. A., Preisser, J. S., Bernert, J. T., Norton, D., and Wang, J., 2003. High levels of transdermal nicotine exposure produce green tobacco sickness in Latino farmworkers. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(3):315–321.
66. Arkin, A., and Wagner, D. H., 1936. Primary carcinoma of the lung. Journal of the American Medical Association, 106:587
67. Arnold, B. W., Jr. 1897. History of the tobacco industry in Virginia from 1860 to 1894, Baltimore:The Johns Hopkins University Press.
68. Atkinson, B., 1963. Critic at large; bus ban on pipe smoking brings another puff in praise of the noble briar. The New York Times,:54 (Jun. 7, 1963)
69. Bachman, J. G., Cooper, S. M., Johnston, L. D., O'Malley, P. M., Schulenberg, J. E., and Wallace, J. M., Jr. 2002. Tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drug use:Racial and ethnic differences among U.S. high school seniors, 1976–2000. Public Health Reports 117.
70. Balls, E. K., 1962. Early uses of California plants, California Natural History Guides, 10 Berkeley:University of California Press.
71. Barbeau, M., 1958. Medicine men of the North Pacific Coast, Bulletin of the National Museum of Canada, 152 Ottawa:National Museum of Canada.
72. Barker, C. A., 2005. The revolutionary impulse in Maryland. Maryland Historical Magazine, 100(2):261–272.
73. Barrows, D. P., 1900. The ethno-botany of the Coahuilla Indians of Southern California, Chicago:University of Chicago Press.
74. Bartholow, P. M. D., 1920. Anti-tobacco crusade; physician's observations on a movement that is growing. The New York Times, xx10:10 (Nov. 14, 1920)
75. Barzun, J., 2001. From dawn to decadence:500 years of Western cultural life, 1500 to the present, New York:Perennial/HarperCollins Publishers.
76. Bates, W., 1857. Centenarian smokers. Notes and Queries:A Medium of Inter-communication for Literary Men, Artists, Antiquaries, … Second series, 3:45–46. (Jan.-June, 1857)
77. Baud, M., 1988. German trade in the Caribbean:The case of Dominican tobacco, 1844–1940. Jahrbuch fur Geschichte von Staat, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft Lateinamerikas, 25:83–115.
78. Bauman, K. E., and Ennett, S. E., 1994. Tobacco use by black and white adolescents:The validity of self-reports. American Journal of Public Health, 84(3):394–398.
79. Bayer, R., Gostin, L. O., Javitt, G. H., and Brandt, A., 2002. Tobacco advertising in the United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, 287(2):2990–2995.
80. Bedard, K., and Deschenes, O., 2006. The long-term impact of military service on health:Evidence from World War II and Korean War veterans. American Economic Review, 96(1):176–194.
81. Bedini, S. A., 1990. Thomas Jefferson:Statesman of science, New York:Macmillan Publishing Company.
82. Beer, G. L., 1908. The origins of the British colonial system, 1578–1660, New York:The Macmillan Company.
83. Bell, A., 2005. White ethnogenesis and gradual capitalism:Perspectives from colonial archaeological sites in the Chesapeake. American Anthropologist, 107(3):446–460.
84. Bennett, E., 1620. A treatise divided into three parts, touching the inconveniences, that the Importation of Tobacco out of Spain, hath brought into this land http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~rbear/tobacco.html accessed 10/31/06).
85. Benowitz, N. L., III, Perez-Stable, E. J., Fong, I., Modin, G., Herrera, B., and Jacob, P., 1999. Ethnic differences in N-glucuronidation of nicotine and cotinine. Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 291(3):1196–1203.
86. Berlivet, L., 2005. “Association or causation?” The debate on the scientific status of risk factor epidemiology, 1947-c.1965. Clio Medica, 75:39–74.
87. Bialous, S. A., and Shatenstein, S., 2002. Profits over people:Tobacco industry activities to market cigarettes and undermine public health in Latin America and the Caribbean, Washington, D.C.:Pan American Health Organization.
88. Blau, H., 1964. The Iroquois White Dog sacrifice:Its evolution and symbolism. Ethnohistory, 11(2):97–119.
89. Borland, R., 1997. Tobacco health warnings and smoking-related cognitions and behaviours. Addiction, 92(11):1427–1435.
90. Borland, R., Yong, H. H., Cummings, K. M., Fong, G. T., Elton-Marshall, T., Hammond, D., and McNeill, A., 2004. Use of and beliefs about light cigarettes in four countries:Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(Sup 3):311–321. s311-s321
91. Botvin, G. J., Dusenbury, L., Baker, E., James-Ortiz, S., and Kerner, J., 1989. A skills training approach to smoking prevention among Hispanic youth. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 12(3):279–296.
92. Boyle, P., 1997. Cancer, cigarette smoking and premature death in Europe:A review including the Recommendations of European Cancer Experts Consensus Meeting, Helsinki, October 1996. Lung Cancer, 17(1):1–60.
93. Brands, H. W., 1997. T. R.:The last romantic, New York:Basic Books.
94. Brandt, A. M., 1990. The cigarette, risk, and American culture. Daedalus, 119 Fall:155–176.
95. Braudel, F., 1995. A history of civilizations, Edited by:Mayne, R., New York:Penguin Books.
96. Breen, T. H., 1985. Tobacco culture:The mentality of the great Tidewater planters on the eve of revolution, Princeton, N.J.:Princeton University Press.
97. Brook, J. S., Pahl, K., and Ning, Y., 2006. Peer and parental influences on longitudinal trajectories of smoking among African Americans and Puerto Ricans. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 8(5):639–651.
98. Brooks, J. E., 1952. The mighty leaf:Tobacco thru the centuries, Boston:Little, Brown and Company.
99. Brown, K. D., 2004. Smoking in Northern Ireland:A case study in local health education, 1950–1973. Social History of Medicine, 17(2):285–299.
100. Burns, E., 2007. The smoke of the gods:A social history of tobacco, Philadelphia:Temple University Press.
101. Burns, M. R., 1982. Outside intervention in monopolistic price warfare:The case of the “Plug war” and the Union Tobacco Company. Business History Review, 56(1):33–53.
102. Cammann, S., 1957. Chinese inside-painted snuff bottles and their makers. Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 20(1/2):295–326.
103. Camporesi, P., 1994. Exotic brew:The art of living in the Age of Enlightenment, Edited by:Woodall, C., Oxford:Polity Press/Blackwell Publishers.
104. Caraballo, R. S., Giovino, G. A., Pechacek, T. F., Mowery, P. D., Richter, P. A., Strauss, W. J., Sharp, D. J., Eriksen, M. P., Pirkle, J. L., and Maurer, K. R., 1998. Racial and ethnic differences in serum cotinine levels of cigarette smokers:Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1991. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280:135–139.
105. Carley, K. W., Puttaiah, R., Alvarez, J. O., Heimburger, D. C., and Anantha, N., 1994. Diet and oral premalignancy in female south Indian tobacco and betel chewers:A case-control study. Nutrition and Cancer, 22(1):73–84.
106. Carroll, C., Hobart, J., Fox, C., Teare, L., and Gibson, J., 2004. Stroke in Devon:Knowledge was good, but action was poor. Journal of Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75:567–571.
107. Casado, L., 2007. Brazil:Tin cigarette cases as a marketing strategy. Tobacco Control, 16(1):5
108. Castetter, E. F., 1943. Early tobacco utilization and cultivation in the American Southwest. American Anthropologist, 25:320–325.
109. Castiglioni, A., 1943. The use of tobacco among the American Indians. Ciba Symposia, 4(11–12):1426–1435.
110. Castro, F. G., 2004. Physiological. Psychological, and cultural influences on the use of menthol cigarettes among Blacks and Hispanics. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(Sup. 1):s30–s43.
111. Catlin, G., 1844/1989. North American Indians, New York:Penguin Books.
112. Chambers, S. P., 1948. Post-war German finances. International Affairs, 24(3):364–376.
113. Chapman, S., Yach, D., Saloojee, Y., and Simpson, D., 1994. All Africa conference on tobacco control. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 308(6922):189–191.
114. Charlton, A., 2005a. An example of health education in the early 17th century:Naturall and artificial Directions for Health by William Vaughan. Health Education Research, 20(6):656–664.
115. Charlton, A., 2005b. Tobacco or health 1602:an Elizabethan doctor speaks. Health Education Research, 20(1):101–111.
116. Chen, T. T., and Winder, A. E., 1990. The opium wars revisited as U.S. forces tobacco exports in Asia. American Journal of Public Health, 80(6):659–662.
117. Chen, X., Cruz, T. B., Schuster, D. V., Unger, J. B., and Johnson, C. A., 2002. Receptivity to protobacco media and its impact on cigarette smoking among ethnic minority youth in California. Journal of Health Communication, 7(2):95–111.
118. Chen, Z. M., Liu, B. Q., Boreham, J., Wu, Y. P., Chen, J. S., and Peto, R., 2003. Smoking and liver cancer in China:Case-control comparison of 36, 000 liver cancer deaths vs. 117, 000 cirrhosis deaths. International Journal of Cancer, 107(1):106–112.
119. Chen, X., Stacy, A., Zheng, H., Shan, J., Spruijt-Metz, D., Unger, J. B., Gong, J., Gallaher, P., Liu, C., Azen, S., Shakib, S., and Johnson, C. A., 2003. Sensations from initial exposure to nicotine predicting adolescent smoking in China:A potential measure of vulnerability to nicotine. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(4):455–463.
120. Chen, Z. M., Xu, Z., Collins, R., Li, W. X., and Peto, R., 1997. Early health effects of the emerging tobacco epidemic in China. A 16-year prospective study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(18):1500–1504.
121. Chong, S. A., and Choo, H. L., 1996. Smoking among Chinese patients with schizophrenia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30:350–353.
122. Clark, C., 2006. Social change in America:From the Revolution through the Civil War, Chicago:Ivan R. Dee.
123. Collins, J., 2000. Porcelain stories:From China to Europe (Review). Eighteenth-Century Studies, 34(1):117–120.
124. Columbus, C., 1492–1493/1989. The diario of Christopher Columbus's first voyage to America 1492–1493, Edited by:Dunn, O., and Kelley, J. E., Norman, OK:University of Oklahoma Press.
125. Corti, E. C., 1931. A history of smoking, London:George G. Harrap & Co., Ltd.
126. Cote, M. L., Kardia, S. L. R., Wenzlaff, A. S., Land, S. J., and Schwartz, A. G., 2005. Combinations of glutathione s-transferase geneotypes and risk of early-onset lung cancer in Caucasians and African Americans:A population-based study. Carcinogenesis, 26(4):811–819.
127. Courtwright, D. T., 2001. Forces of habit:Drugs and the making of the modern world, Cambridge, MA:Harvard University Press.
128. Cowen, P., 1999. The price of coffins:Specious arguments by eminent doctors against the dangers of tobacco. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 319:1621–1623.
129. Crampton, C. W., 1941. The cigarette, the soldier, and the physician. Military Surgeon, 89:1–13.
130. Crawford, G. E., 2007. Flavoured tobacco products with marijuana names. Tobacco Control, 16(1):70
131. Crawford, J., 1853. On the history and consumption of tobacco. Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 16(1):45–52.
132. Cronyn, G. W., ed. 1972. American Indian poetry:An anthology of songs and chants, New York:Ballantine Books.
133. Culley, J., 1936. The California Indians; their medical practices and their drugs. Journal of the American Pharmacology Association, 25:332–339.
134. Curtis, M. M., 1935. The book of snuff and snuff boxes, New York:Bramhall House.
135. Daniel, P., 1985. Breaking the land:The transformation of cotton, tobacco, and rice cultures since 1880, Urbana, IL:University of Illinois Press.
136. Daniels, J., 1939. Tar heel editor, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
137. Danker, K., and White, F., Sr. 1978. The hollow of echoes, Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press.
138. Darling, H., and Reeder, A. I., 2006. Tobacco advertising on mini-motors. Tobacco Control, 15:34
139. Daza, P., Cofta-Woerpel, L., Mazas, C., Fouladi, R. T., Circiripini, P. M., Gritz, E. R., and Wetter, D. W., 2006. Racial and ethnic differences in predictors of smoking cessation. Substance Use & Misuse, 41(3):317–339.
140. De Coin, R. L., 1973. History and cultivation of cotton and tobacco, Wilmington, DE:Scholarly Resources.
141. DeMoor, C., Elder, J. P., Young, R. L., Wildey, M. B., and Molgaard, C. A., 1989. Generic tobacco use among four ethnic groups in a school age population. Journal of Drug Education, 19(3):257–270.
142. D'este, C., 2003. Eisenhower:A soldier's life, New York:Henry Holt and Company.
143. Dickson, S. A., 1954. Panacea or precious bane:Tobacco in sixteenth century literature, New York:New York Public Library.
144. Diehl, H. S., 1969. Tobacco & your health:The smoking controversy, New York:McGraw-Hill Book Company.
145. Dokova, K. G., Stoeva, K. J., Kirov, P. I., Feschieva, N. G., Petrova, S. P., and Powles, J. W., 2005. Public understanding of the causes of high stroke risk in northeast Bulgaria. European Journal of Public Health, 15(3):313–316.
146. Doll, R., 1998. Uncovering the effects of smoking:Historical perspective. Statistical Methods in Medical Research, 7(2):87–117.
147. Doll, R., and Hill, A. B., 1950. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. Preliminary report. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 224:739–748.
148. Doll, R., and Hill, A. B., 1954. The mortality of doctors in relation to their smoking habits. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 228:1451–1455.
149. Dougherty, P. H., 1969. Times and cigarette warning. The New York Times,:74 (Sept. 4, 1969)
150. Douglas, F. H., 1931. “American Indian tobacco:Varieties, cultivation, methods of use”. In Denver Art Museum, Dept. of Indian Art Leaflet 22, Denver, CO:Denver Art Museum.
151. Dozier, D. M., Lauzen, M. M., Day, C. A., Payne, S. M., and Tafoya, M. R., 2005. Leaders and elites:Portrayals of smoking in popular films. Tobacco Control, 14:7–9.
152. Durant, W., and Durant, A., 1963. The age of Louis XIV:A history of European civilization in the period of Pascal, Moliere, Cromwell, Milton, Peter the Great, Newton, and Spinoza:1648–1715, New York:Simon and Schuster.
153. Editors. 2006. When don't smoke means do. The New York Times, A22:22 (Nov. 27, 2006)
154. Eichstedt, J. L., and Small, S., 2002. Representations of slavery:Race and ideology in southern plantation museums, Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Institution Press.
155. el-Guebaly, N., Cathcart, J., Currie, S., Brown, D., and Gloster, S., 2002. Public health and therapeutic aspects of smoking bans in mental health and addiction settings. Psychiatric Services, 53:1617–1622.
156. Elizabeth, J. D., Graham, M., and Swanson, M., 2006. Psychosocial and spiritual factors associated with smoking and substance use during pregnancy in African American and White low-income women. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 35(1):68–77.
157. Elliott, J. H., 2006. Empires of the Atlantic world:Britain and Spain in America 1492–1830, New Haven:Yale University Press.
158. Emery, S., Choi, W. S., and Pierce, J. P., 1999. The social costs of tobacco advertising and promotions. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 1(Sup. 2):s83–s91.
159. Ezzati, M., Henley, S. J., Lopez, A. D., and Thun, M. J., 2005. Role of smoking inglobal and regional cancer epidemiology:Current patterns and data needs. International Journal of Cancer, 116(6):963–971.
160. Ezzati, M., and Lopez, A. D., 2003a. Estimates of global mortality attributable to smoking in 2000. Lancet, 362(9387):847–852.
161. Ezzati, M., and Lopez, A. D., 2003b. Measuring the accumulated hazards of smoking:Global and regional estimates for 2000. Tobacco Control, 12(1):79–85.
162. Ezzati, M., and Lopez, A. D., 2004. Regional, disease specific patterns of smoking-attributable mortality in 2000. Tobacco Control, 13(4):388–395.
163. Falkowski, C. L., 2003. Addressing nicotine addiction:When is the right time?. Counselor, 4(4):12–17.
164. Feldman, E. A., 2001. The landscape of Japanese tobacco policy:Law, smoking and social change. American Journal of Comparative Law, 49(4):679–706.
165. Femi-Pearse, D., 1983. Aspects of smoking in developing countries of Africa. New York State Journal of Medicine, 83(13):1312–1313.
166. Fenton, W. N., 1939. “Masked medicine societies of the Iroquois”. In Smithsonian Institution Annual Reports to the Board of Regents, 95 (1938/1939), 397–429. Washington, D.C.:Smithsonian Institution.
167. Ferguson, N., 2001. The cash nexus:Money and power in the modern world, 1700–2000, New York:Basic Books.
168. Fergus, S., Zimmermann, M. A., and Caldwell, C. H., 2005. Psychosocial correlates of smoking trajectories among urban African American adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 20(4):423–452.
169. Fernander, A. F., Patten, C. A., Schroeder, D. R., Stevens, S. R., Eberman, K. M., and Hurt, R. D., 2005. Exploring the association of John Henry active coping and education on smoking behavior and nicotine dependence among Blacks in the USA. Social Science & Medicine, 60(3):491
170. Fidler, J. A., Wardle, J., Henning, N., Jarvis, M. J., and West, R., 2006. Vulnerability to smoking after trying a single cigarette can lie dormant for three years or more. Tobacco Control, 15:205–209.
171. Fisher, P. A., and Ball, T. J., 2005. Balancing empiricism and local cultural knowledge in the design of prevention research. Journal of Urban Health, 82(Sup. 3):iii44–iii55.
172. Flexner, J. T., 1974. Washington, the indispensable man, New York:Little, Brown, & Company.
173. Fong, G. T., Hammond, D., Laux, F. L., Zanna, M. P., Cummings, K. M., Borland, R., and Ross, H., 2004. The near-universal experience of regret among smokers in four countries:Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(Sup. 3):s341–s351.
174. Frieda, L., 2006. Catherine de Medici:Renaissance queen of France, New York:Perennial/HarperCollins Publishers.
175. Fried, F., 1970. Artisans in wood; American carvers of cigar-store Indians, show figures, and circus wagons, New York:C. N. Potter.
176. Gager, F. L., Jr. 1960. Ancient tobacco smokers. Science, 132(3433):1021
177. Gardiner, P. S., 2004. The African Americanization of menthol cigarette use in the United States. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(Sup. 1):s55–s65.
178. Gardner, M. N., and Brandt, A. M., 2006. “The Doctors' Choice Is America's Choice”:The physician in US cigarette advertisements, 1930–1953. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2):22–232.
179. Gaston, L. P., 1911. Fire in theatre lobbies; deplores the menace of lighted cigarettes to women issuing from plays. The New York Times,:10 (Apr. 11, 1911)
180. Gately, I., 2001. Tobacco:A cultural history of how an exotic plant seduced civilization, New York:Grove Press.
181. Gates, W., 1939. The De La Cruz-Badiano Aztec herbal of 1552, Publication No. 22 Baltimore:The Maya Society.
182. Gebauer, P., 1972. Cameroon tobacco pipes. African Arts, 5(2):28–35.
183. Ghosh, S. K., Gokani, V. N., Doctor, P. B., and Parikh, J. R., 1991. Intervention studies against “green symptoms” among Indian tobacco harvesters. Archives of Environmental Health, 46(5):316–317.
184. Gilmore, M. R., 1929. Arikara accounts of the origins of tobacco and catching Eagles. Indian Notes, 6:26–33.
185. Girsdansky, M. M. D., 1904. To stop the spread of consumption. The New York Times,:6 (Jun. 7, 1904)
186. Gittelsohn, J., McCormick, L. K., Allen, P., Grieser, M., Crawford, M., and Davis, S., 1999. Inter-ethnic differences in youth tobacco language and cigarette brand preferences. Ethnicity and Health, 4(4):285–303.
187. Glover, M., 2005. Analyzing smoking using Te Whare Tapa Wha. New Zealand Journal of Psychology, 34(1):13–19.
188. Godinho, V. M., 2005. Portugal and the making of the Atlantic world:Sugar fleets and gold fleets, the seventeenth to the eighteenth centuries. Review, 28(4):313
189. Gohdes, D., Harwell, T. S., Cummings, S., Moore, K. R., Smilie, J. G., and Helgerson, S. D., 2002. Smoking cessation and prevention:An urgent public health priority for American Indians in the Northern Plains. Public Health Reports, 117(3):281–290.
190. Gompers, S., 1925. Seventy years of life and labor:An autobiography, New York:E. P. Dutton & Company, Inc.
191. Goodman, J., 2004. Tobacco in history:The cultures of dependence, London:Routledge.
192. Gordon, J. S., 2005. An empire of wealth:The epic history of American economic power, New York:Perennial/HarperCollins Publishers.
193. Gottesegen, J. J., 1940. Tobacco:A study of its consumption in the United States, New York:Pitman Publishing Corporation.
194. Griesler, P. C., and Kandel, D. B., 1998. Ethnic differences in correlates of adolescent cigarette smoking. Journal of Adolescent Health, 23(3):167–180.
195. Gritz, E. R., Prokhorov, A. V., Suchanek, K., Hudmon, M., Jones, M. M., Rosenblum, C., Chang, C.-C., Chamberlin, R. M., Taylor, W. C., Johnston, D., and de Moor, C., 2003. Predictors of susceptibility to smoking and ever smoking:A longitudinal study in a triethnic sample of adolescents. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(4):493–506.
196. Gruning, T., and Gilmore, A., 2007. Germany:Tobacco industry still dictates policy. Tobacco Control, 16(1):2
197. Guerra, L. M., Romano, P. S., Samuels, S. J., and Kass, P. H., 2000. Ethnic differences in Adolescent substance initiation sequences. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 154(11):1089–1095.
198. Gupta, P. C., 1996. Survey of sociodemographic characteristics of tobacco use among 99, 598 individuals in Bombay, India using handheld computers. Tobacco Control, 5:114–120.
199. Gupta, P. C., Murti, P. R., and Bhonsle, R. B., 1996. Epidemiology of cancer by tobacco products and the significance of TSNA. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 26(2):183–198.
200. Gupta, R. C., and Ray, C. S., 2003. Smokeless tobacco and health in India and South Asia. Respirology, 8:419–431.
201. Hafez, N., and Ling, P. M., 2006. Finding the Kool Mix:How Brown & Williamson used music marketing to sell cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 15:359–366.
202. Haiman, C. A., Straum, D. O., Wilkens, L. R., Pike, M. C., Kolonel, L. N., Henderson, B. E., and LeMarchand, L., 2006. Ethnic and racial differences in the smoking-related risk of lung cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354(4):333–342.
203. Hamilton, A. E., 1927. This smoking world, New York:The Century Company.
204. Hammer, A. R., 1965. Cigarette sales are picking up after slump on health report; cigarette sales moving upward. The New York Times, F1:1 (Apr. 18, 1965)
205. Hammer, A. R., 1967. Smoking of cigarettes gaining despite attacks. The New York Times, F30:30 (Nov. 26, 1967)
206. Hammond, D., Fong, G. T., McDonald, P. W., Brown, K. S., and Cameron, R., 2004. Graphic Canadian cigarette warning labels and adverse outcomes:Evidence from Canadian smokers. American Journal of Public Health, 94(8):1442–1445.
207. Hariot, T., 1588/1931. A brief and true report of the new found land of Virginia, Ann Arbor, MI:Edwards Brothers.
208. Harp, R. L., 1988. The poisonous weed. Journal of American Culture, 11(4):59–64.
209. Harrison, L., 1986. Tobacco battered and pipes shattered:A note on the fate of the first British campaign against tobacco smoking. Addiction, 81(4):553–558.
210. Hartnett, A., 2004. The politics of the pipe:Clay pipes and tobacco consumption in Galway, Ireland. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, 8(2):133–147.
211. Heimann, R. K., 1960. Tobacco and Americans; sold American!, New York:McGraw-Hill.
212. Henderson, P. N., Jacobsen, C., Beals, J., and AI-Superpfp, Team. 2005. Correlates of cigarette smoking among selected Southwest and Northern Plains tribal groups:The AI-SUPERPFP study. American Journal of Public Health, 95(5):867–872.
213. Henley, S. J., Connell, C. J., Richter, P., Husten, C., Pechacek, T., Calle, E. E., and Thun, M. J., 2007. Tobacco-related disease mortality among men who switched from cigarettes to spit tobacco. Tobacco Control, 16(1):22–28.
214. Herment, G., 1957. The pipe:A serious yet diverting treatise on the history of the pipe and all its appurtenances, as well as a factual withal philosophical discussion of the pleasurable art of selecting pipes, smoking, and caring for them, Edited by:Hayward, A. L., New York:Simon and Schuster.
215. Herrick, J. W., 1995. Iroquois medical botany, Syracuse, N.Y.:Syracuse University Press.
216. Hess, H., 1996. The other prohibition:The cigarette crisis in post-war Germany. Crime, Law and Social Change, 25(1):43–61.
217. Hildburgh, W. L., 1907. Chinese methods of cutting hard stones. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 37:189–195. (Jan.-June, 1907)
218. Hirschfelder, A. B., 1999. Encyclopedia of smoking and tobacco, Phoenix, AZ:Oryx Press.
219. Hirshberg, L. K., 1913. Truth about tobacco. Harper's Weekly,:12–13. (Jan. 4, 1913)
220. Hoffman, F. L., 1931. Cancer and smoking habits. Annals of Surgery, 93(1):50–67.
221. Holton, W., 1999. Forced founders:Indians, debtors, slaves, and the making of the American Revolution in Virginia, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
222. Horn, K., McGloin, T., Dino, G., Manzo, K., McCracken, L., Shorty, L., Lowry-Chavis, L., and Noerachmanto, N., 2005. Quit and reduction rates for a pilot study of the American Indian Not On Tobacco (N-O-T) program. Preventing Chronic Disease, 2(4):A13
223. Hunters, M., 1965. Cigarette warning bill is passed by Congress; House sends the measure to President after sharp debate by opposition. The New York Times,:23 (Jul. 14, 1965)
224. Jacobson, E., 1943. Muscular tension and the smoking of cigarettes. American Journal of Psychology, 56(4):559–574.
225. James, I King. 1604/1884. A counter-blaste to tobacco, Edinburgh:Edmund Goldsmith.
226. Jefferson, T., 1930. Jefferson's letters:Selections from the private and political correspondence, telling the story of American independence and the founding of the American government, Edited by:Whitman, W., Eau Claire, WI:E. M. Hale and Company.
227. Jindal, S. K., Aggarwal, A. N., Gupta, D., Kashyap, S., and Chaudhary, D., 2005. Prevalence of tobacco use among school going youth in North Indian States. Indian Journal of Chest Diseases & Allied Sciences, 47(3):161–166.
228. Jochelson, K., 2006. Smoke-free legislation and mental health units:The challenges ahead. British Journal of Psychiatry, 189:479–480.
229. Johnson, R. A., and Hoffmann, J. P., 2000. Adolescent cigarette smoking in U.S. racial/ethnic subgroups:Findings from the National Education Longitudinal Study. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41(4):392–407.
230. Joseph, A. M., Muggli, M., Pearson, K. C., and Lando, H., 2005. The cigarette manufacturers' efforts to promote tobacco to the U. S. military. Military Medicine, 170(10):874–880.
231. Josselyn, J., 1675/1833. “An account of two voyages to New-England”. In Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society, Ser. 3 Vol. 3, Cambridge, MA:E. W. Metcalf.
232. Kagan, I., Kigli-Shemesh, R., Tabak, N., Abromowitz, M. Z., and Margolin, J., 2004. Patient rights and law:Tobacco smoking in psychiatric wards and the Israeli Prevention of Smoking Act. Nursing Ethics, 11(5):472–478.
233. Kang, H. Y., Kim, H. J., Pak, T. K., Jee, S. H., Nam, C. M., and Park, H. W., 2003. Economic burden of smoking in Korea. Tobacco Control, 12(1):37–44.
234. Keddie, N. R., 1966. Religion and rebellion in Iran:The tobacco protest of 1891–1892, London:Cass.
235. Keer-Ritchie, J. R., 1999. Freedpeople in the tobacco south:Virginia, 1860–1900, Chapel Hill:University of North Carolina Press.
236. Kell, K. J., 1965. Tobacco folk cures in western society. Journal of American Folklore, 78(308):99–114.
237. Kellogg, J. H., 1922. Tobaccoism, or how tobacco kills, Battle Creek, MI:Modern Medicine Publishing Co.
238. Kelly, C., and McCreadie, R., 1999. Smoking habits, current symptoms, and premorbid characteristics of schizophrenic patients in Nithsdale, Scotland. American Journal of Psychiatry, 156:1751–1757.
239. Kepler, J., 1999. Estimates of the volume of direct shipments of tobacco and sugar from the chief English plantations to European markets, 1620–1669. Journal of European Economic History, 28(1):115–136.
240. Kerner, J. F., Breen, N., Tefft, M. C., and Silsby, J., 1998. Tobacco use among multiethnic Latino populations. Ethnicity & Disease, 8(2):167–183.
241. Ketcham, R., 1971. James Madison:A biography, New York:Macmillan Company.
242. Kimm, T. H., 1964. “The House of Niemeyer or the history of a leading firm of tobacco-manufacturers in the Netherlands”. In Nicotiana tabacum:The history of tobacco and tobacco smoking in the Netherlands, Edited by:Brongers, G. A., i–xx. Haarlem, Holland:Joh. Enschede.
243. King, G., Polednak, A., Bendel, R. B., Vilsaint, M. C., and Nahata, S. B., 2004. Disparities in smoking cessation between African Americans and Whites:1990–2000. American Journal of Public Health, 94(11):1965–1971.
244. King, J. C. H., 1977. Smoking pipes of the North American Indian, London:British Museum Publications, Ltd.
245. Klein, R., 1993. Cigarettes are sublime, Durham, N.C.:Duke University Press.
246. Kluger, R., 1996. Ashes to ashes:America's hundred-year cigarette war, the public health, and the unabashed triumph of Philip Morris, New York:Knopf.
247. Knapp, J., 1988. Elizabethan tobacco. Representations, 21:26–66.
248. Knapp, J. M., Rosheim, C. L., Meister, E. A., and Kottke, T. E., 1993. Managing tobacco dependence in chemical dependency treatment facilities:A survey of current attitudes and policies. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 12(4):89–104.
249. Knight, J., and Chapman, S., 2004. “Asian yuppies … are always looking for something new and different”:Creating a tobacco culture among young Asians. Tobacco Control, 13:ii22–ii29.
250. Krugman, D. M., Fox, R. J., and Fischer, P. M., 1999. Do cigarette warnings warn? Understanding what it will take to develop more effective warnings. Journal of Health Communication, 4(2):95–104.
251. Kulikoff, A., 1988. Tobacco and slaves:The development of southern cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680–1800, Durham:University of North Carolina Press.
252. Laird, P. W., 2000. 1947-Consuming smoke:Cigarettes in American culture. Reviews in American History, 28(1):96–104.
253. Lam, T. H., He, Y., Li, L. S., He, S. F., and Liang, B. Q., 1997. Mortality attributable to cigarette smoking in China. Journal of the American Medical Association, 278(18):1505–1508.
254. LaWall, C. H., 1927. The curious lore of drugs and medicines (Four thousand years of pharmacy), Garden City, N.Y.:Garden City Publishing Co., Inc.
255. Lawlor, D. A., 2003. Smoking and ill health:Does lay epidemiology explain the failure of smoking cessation programs among deprived populations?. American Journal of Public Health, 93:266–270.
256. Lawn, S. J., 2004. Systemic barriers to quitting smoking among institutionalized public mental health service populations:A comparison of two Australian sites. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 50(3):204–215.
257. Lawrence, G., 2002. Tools of the trade. Lancet, 359(9315):1442
258. Laws, M. B., Whitman, J., Bowser, D. M., and Krech, L., 2002. Tobacco availability and point of sale marketing in demographically contrasting districts of Massachusetts. Tobacco Control, 11:ii71–ii73.
259. Lemon, S. C., Friedmann, P. D., and Stein, M. D., 2003. The impacts of smoking cessation on drug abuse treatment outcome. Addictive Behaviors, 28(7):1323–1331.
260. Levy, D. T., Bales, S., Lam, N. T., and Nikolay, L., 2006. The role of public policies in reducing smoking and deaths caused by smoking in Vietnam:Results from the Vietnam Tobacco Policy Simulation Model. Social Science & Medicine, 62(7):1819
261. Lewine, H., 1970. Good-bye to all that, New York:McGraw-Hill.
262. Lewy, J., 2006. A sober Reich? Alcohol and tobacco use in Nazi Germany. Substance Use & Misuse, 41(8):1179–1195.
263. Liu, B. Q., Peto, R., Chen, Z. M., Boreham, J., Wu, Y. P., Li, J. Y., Campbell, T. C., and Chen, J. S., 1998. Emerging tobacco hazards in China:1. Retrospective proportional mortality study of one million deaths. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 317(7170):1411–1422.
264. Loker, W. M., 2005. The rise and fall of flue-cured tobacco in the Copan Valley and its environmental and social consequences. Human Ecology, 33(3):299
265. Lombard, H. L., and Doering, C. R., 1928. Cancer studies in Massachusetts:Habits, characteristics and environment of individuals with and without lung cancer. New England Journal of Medicine, 198:481–487.
266. Lopez-Quintero, C., Crum, R. M., and Neumark, Y. D., 2006. Racial/ethnic Disparities in report of physician-provided smoking cessation advice:Analysis of the 2000 National Health Interview Survey. American Journal of Public Health, 96(12):2235–2239.
267. Lowie, R. H., 1935/2004. The Crow Indians, Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press.
268. McGee, R., and Ketchel, J., 2006. Tobacco imagery on New Zealand television 2002–2004. Tobacco Control, 15:412–414.
269. Macfadden, B., 1924. The truth about tobacco, how to break the habit, New York:Physical Culture.
270. Mackenzie, C., 1958. Sublime tobacco, New York:Macmillan Company.
271. MacInnes, C. M., 1926. The early English tobacco trade, London:K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd.
272. MacLeod, W. C., 1930. The chewing of tobacco in southeastern North America. American Anthropologist, 32(3):574–575.
273. Madsen, A. W., 1916. The state as manufacturer and trader; An examination based on the commercial, industrial and fiscal results obtained from government tobacco monopolies, London:T. F. Unwin, Ltd.
274. Maier, P., 1991. From resistance to revolution:Colonial radicals and the development of American opposition to Britain, 1765–1776, New York:W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
275. Mails, T. E., 1990. Fools Crow, Lincoln, NK:University of Nebraska Press.
276. Mannami, T., Iso, H., Baba, S., Sasaki, S., Okada, K., Konishi, M., and Tsugane, S., 2004. Cigarette smoking and risk of stroke and its subtypes among middle-aged Japanese men and women. The JPHC Study Cohort I. Stroke, 35:1248
277. Marbecke, Roger. 1602. A Defence of Tabacco with a friendly answer to the late printed booke called Worke for chimney-sweepers, & c, London:Thomas Man. (http://ets.umdl.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=eebo;IDNO=A20030.0001.001 accessed 10/31/06).
278. Marin, B. V., Perez-Stable, E. J., Marin, G., Sabogal, F., and Otero-Sabogal, R., 1990. Attitudes and behaviors of Hispanic smokers:Implications for cessation interventions. Health Education Quarterly, 17(3):287–297.
279. Martinez-Bristow, Z., Sias, J. J., Urquidi, U. J., and Feng, C., 2005. Tobacco cessation services through community health workers for Spanish-speaking populations. American Journal of Public Health, 96(2):211–213.
280. Massie, R. K., 1981. Peter the Great:His life and world, New York:Alfred A. Knopf.
281. Maziak, W., Ward, K. D., Afifi, Soweid R.A., and Eisenberg, T., 2004. Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe:A re-emerging strain in a global epidemic. Tobacco Control, 13:327–333.
282. Mekemson, C., Glik, D., Titus, K. J., Myerson, A., Shaivitz, A., Ang, A., and Mitchell, S., 2004. Tobacco use in popular movies during the past decade. Tobacco Control, 13:400–402.
283. Mishra, V., Smith, K. R., and Retherford, R. D., 2005. Effects of cooking smoke and environmental tobacco smoke on acute respiratory infections in young Indian children. Population and Environment, 26(5):375
284. Moerman, D. E., 1998. Native American ethnobotany, Portland, OR:Timber Press.
285. Monardes, N., 1596. Joyfull newes out of the new-found worlde, Edited by:John, Frampton. London:E. Allde. (http://special.lib.gla.ac.uk/images/Americana/Ah-e.25_tpwf.jpg accessed 12/1/06)
286. Mooney, J., 1889. Cherokee and Iroquois parallels. Journal of American Folklore, 2(4):67
287. Mooney, J., 1900/1995. Myths of the Cherokee, New York:Dover Publications, Inc.
288. Moore, D. J., Williams, J. D., and Qualls, W. J., 1996. Target marketing of tobacco and alcohol-related products to ethnic minority groups in the United States. Ethnicity & Disease, 6(1–2):83–98.
289. Morgan, J., 1997. Dark-fried tobacco:The origin, migration, and survival of a colonial agrarian tradition. Southern Folklore, 54(3):145–184.
290. Morris, J. D., 1969. F.T.C. presses for cigarette warning. The New York Times,:11 (Jul. 2, 1969)
291. Morris, J. D., 1972. All cigarette ads to bear warning; 6 makers agree to F.T.C. order on health alert. The New York Times,:9 (Feb. 1, 1972)
292. Mpabulungi, L., and Muula, A. S., 2004. Tobacco use among high school students in Kampala, Uganda:Questionnaire study. Croatian Medical Journal, 45(1):80–83.
293. Muller, F. H., 1939. Tabakmissbrauch und Lungencarcinom. Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung, 49:57–85.
294. Mussey, R. D., 1836. An essay on the influence of tobacco upon life and death, Boston:Perkins & Marvin.
295. Nabakov, P., 2006. Where the lightening strikes:The lives of American Indian sacred places, New York:Viking/Penguin Group.
296. Nadel, J., Rees, V., and Connolly, G. N., 2005. Disparities in global tobacco harm reduction. American Journal of Public Health, 95(12):2120
297. Nair, U. J., Nair, J., Mathew, B., and Bartsch, H., 1999. Glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 null genotypes as risk factors for oral leukoplakia in ethnic Indian betel quid/tobacco chewers. Carcinogenesis, 20(5):743–748.
298. Nair, J., Pakhale, S. S., and Bhide, S. V., 1989. Carcinogenic tobacco-specific nitrosamines in Indian tobacco products. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 27(11):751–753.
299. Nakahara, S., Ichikawa, M., and Wakai, S., 2005. Smoking scenes in Japanese comics:A preliminary study. Tobacco Control, 14:71
300. Narang, A. P., Greval, R. S., and Goyal, S. C., 1995. Arsenic adulteration in Indian tobacco. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 49(3):55–57.
301. National Tobacco Tax Association. 1949. State tobacco taxes and the mail order problem; Analysis of present revenue losses and recommendations for remedial legislation, submitted by the Committee on Cigarette Tax Enforcement, National Tobacco Tax Association, Chicago:National Tobacco Tax Association.
302. Neuberger, M. B., 1963. Smoke screen:Tobacco and the public welfare, Engelwood Cliffs:Prentice Hall, Inc.
303. Newell, V., 2003. Social and historical factors for clay pipe smoking among residents of a late nineteenth and early twentieth century almshouse. American Journal of Physical Anthropology,:157–158.
304. Nierkens, V., de Vries, H., and Stronks, K., 2006. Smoking in immigrants:Do socio-economic gradients follow the pattern expected from the tobacco epidemic?. Tobacco Control, 15:385–391.
305. Nukachi, K., Imai, K., Hayashi, S.-I., and Kawajiri, K., 1993. Polymorphisms of the CYP1A1 and glutathione s-transferase genes associated with susceptibility to lung cancer in relation to cigarette dose in a Japanese population. Cancer Research, 53:2994–2999.
306. Ober, F. A., 1904. “Old Put” the patriot, New York:D. Appleton and Company.
307. Ochsner, A., 1939. Carcinoma of the lung. Archives of Surgery, 42:209
308. Ohme, R. K., 2001. “Social influence in media:Culture and antismoking advertising”. In Practice of social influence in multiple cultures, Edited by:Wosinska, W., Cialdini, R. B., 309–324. Mahwah, N.J.:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
309. Ortiz, F., 1947. Cuban counterpoint:Tobacco and sugar, New York:Alfred A. Knopf.
310. O'Sullivan, B., and Chapman, S., 2000. Eyes on the prize:Transnational tobacco companies in China, 1976–1997. Tobacco Control, 9:292–302.
311. Pampel, F. C., 2005. Patterns of tobacco use in the early epidemic stages:Malawi and Zambia, 2000–2002. American Journal of Public Health, 95(6):1009–1015.
312. Pan, Z., 2004. Socioeconomic predictors of smoking and smoking frequency in urban China:Evidence of smoking as a social function. Health Promotion International, 19(3):309–315.
313. Panday, S., Reddy, S. P., Ruiter, R. A. C., Bergstrom, E., and de Vries, H., 2005. Determinants of smoking cessation among adolescents in South Africa. Health Education Research, 20(5):586–599.
314. Pandian, J. D., Jaison, A., Deepak, S. S., Kaira, G., Shamsher, S., Lincoln, D. J., and Abraham, G., 2005. Public awareness of warning symptoms, risk factors, and treatment of stroke in northwest India. Stroke, 36(3):644–648.
315. Paper, J., 1993. Offering smoke:The sacred pipe and Native American religion, Moscow, ID:University of Idaho Press.
316. Parascandola, M., 2004a. Two approaches to etiology:The debate over smoking and lung cancer in the 1950s. Endeavour, 28(2):81–86.
317. Parascandola, M., 2004b. Skepticism, statistical methods, and the cigarette:A historical analysis of a methodological debate. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 47(2):244–261.
318. Parkin, D. M., Pisani, P., Lopez, A. D., and Masuyer, E., 1994. At least one in seven cases of cancer is caused by smoking. International Journal of Cancer, 59(4):494–504.
319. Patkar, A., Vergare, M., Thornton, C. C., Weinstein, S. P., Murray, H. W., and Leone, F. T., 2003. Nicotine dependence and treatment outcome among African American cocaine-dependent patients. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(3):411–418.
320. Pearl, R., 1938. Tobacco smoking and longevity. Science, 87:216–217.
321. Peltzer, K., 2001. Tobacco use among black South African university students:Attitudes, risk awareness, and health locus of control. Curationis, 24(2):4–8.
322. Peltzer, K., 2003. Smokeless tobacco and cigarette use among black secondary school students in South Africa. Substance Use & Misuse, 38(7):1003–1016.
323. Perez-Stable, E. J., Herrera, B., Jacob, P., III and Benowitz, N. L., 1998. Nicotine metabolism and intake in black and white smokers. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280:152–156.
324. Perez-Stable, E. J., Marin, G., and Posner, S. F., 1998. Ethnic comparison of attitudes and beliefs about cigarette smoking. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 13(3):167–174.
325. Perez-Stable, E. J., Sabogal, F., Marin, G., Marin, B. V., and Otero-Sabogal, R., 1991. Evaluation of “Guia para Dejar de Fumar,” a self-help guide in Spanish to quit smoking. Public Health Reports, 106(5):564–570.
326. Peto, R., Lopez, A. D., Boreham, J., Thun, M., and Heath, C., Jr. 1992. Mortality from tobacco in developed countries:Indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet, 339(8804):1268–1278.
327. Phillips, C., 1965. Cigarette warning label is urged by Terry. The New York Times,:1 (Mar. 23, 1965)
328. Piper, M. E., Fox, B. J., Welsch, S. K., Fiore, M. C., and Baker, T. B., 2001. Gender and racial/ethnic differences in tobacco-dependence treatment:A commentary and research recommendations. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 3(4):291–297.
329. Plumb, K., 1954. Science in review; Tobacco industry acts to determine whether cigarettes and lung cancer are related. The New York Times, E9:9 (Jan. 10, 1954)
330. Pollock, D., 2000. More reluctance in accepting evidence on smoking and cancer. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 320:804
331. Porter, P. G., 1969. Origins of the American Tobacco Company. Business History Review, 43(1):59–76.
332. Post, C., 2003. Plantation slavery and economic development in the antebellum southern United States. Journal of Agrarian Change, 3(3):289–332.
333. Poulsen, L. H., Osler, M., Roberts, C., Due, P., Damsgaard, M. T., and Holstein, B. E., 2002. Exposure to teachers smoking and adolescent smoking behaviour:Analysis of cross sectional data from Denmark. Tobacco Control, 11:246–251.
334. Price, D. A., 2003. Love and hate in Jamestown:John Smith, Pocahontas, and the start of a new nation, New York:Vintage Books/Random House, Inc.
335. Price, J. M., 1961. The tobacco adventure to Russia; Enterprise, politics, and diplomacy in the quest for a northern market for English colonial tobacco, 1676–1722, Philadelphia:American Philosophical Society.
336. Prochaska, J. J., Gill, P., and Hall, S. M., 2004. Treatment of tobacco use in an inpatient psychiatric setting. Psychiatric Services, 55(11):1265–1270.
337. Proctor, R. N., 1996a. The anti-tobacco campaign of the Nazis:A little known aspect of public health in Germany, 1933–45. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 313:1450–1453.
338. Proctor, R. N., 1996b. The Nazi war on tobacco:Ideology, evidence, and possible cancer consequences. Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 71(3):435–488.
339. Quandt, S. A., Arcury, T. A., Preisser, J. S., Bernert, J. T., and Norton, D., 2001. Environmental and behavioral predictors of salivary cotinine in Latino tobacco workers. Journal of Occupational & Environmental Medicine, 43(10):844–852.
340. Quiram, J., Siegel, M. A., and Jacobs, N. R., eds. 1997. Alcohol and tobacco:America's drug of choice, Wylie, TX:Information Plus.
341. Radin, P., 1923/1990. The Winnebago tribe, Lincoln:University of Nebraska Press.
342. Ramsey, E., 1930. The history of tobacco production in the Connecticut Valley, Northampton, MA:Smith College History Department.
343. Randall, W. S., 2006. George Washington:A life, Edison, N.J.:Galahad Books.
344. Rappleye, C., 2006. Sons of Providence:The Brown brothers, the slave trade, and the American Revolution, New York:Simon and Schuster.
345. Reynolds, P., and Shachtman, T., 1989. The gilded leaf:Triumph, tragedy, and tobacco:Three generations of the R. J. Reynolds family and fortune, Boston:Little, Brown and Company.
346. Richardson, D., 2005. Slavery and Bristol's ‘Golden Age.’. Slavery and Abolition, 26(1):35–54.
347. Riley, T. J., Edging, R., and Rossen, J., 1990. Cultigens in prehistoric Eastern North America:Changing paradigms. Current Anthropology, 31(5):525–533.
348. Ringen, K., Anderson, N., McAfee, T., Zbikowski, S. M., and Fales, D., 2002. Smoking cessation in a blue-collar population:Results from an evidence-based pilot program. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 42(5):367–377.
349. Ritchie, A. J., and Reading, J. L., 2004. Tobacco smoking status among Aboriginal youth. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 63(Sup. 2):405–409.
350. Robert, J. C., 1938. The tobacco kingdom:Plantation, market, and factory in Virginia and North Carolina, 1800–1860, Durham, N.C.:Duke University Press.
351. Robert, J. C., 1964. The story of tobacco in America, Chapel Hill, N.C.:University of North Carolina Press.
352. Roberts, B. B., 2006. The “Marlboro Men” of the early seventeenth century:Masculine role models for Dutch youths in the Golden Age. Men and Masculinities, 9(1):76–94.
353. Robicsek, F., 1978. The smoking gods:Tobacco in Mayan art, history and religion, Norman:University of Oklahoma Press.
354. Robinson, L. A., Klesges, R. C., and Zbikowski, S. M., 1998. Gender and ethnic differences in young adolescents' sources of cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 7:353–359.
355. Robinson, R. G., 2005. Community development model for public health applications:Overview of a model to eliminate population disparities. Health Promotion Practice, 6(3):338–346.
356. Robinson, T. N., and Killen, J. D., 1997. Do cigarette warning labels reduce smoking? Paradoxical effects among adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 151(3):267–272.
357. Rogozinski, J., 1990. Smokeless tobacco in the western world:1550–1950, Westport, CT:Greenwood Publishing Group.
358. Rosendahl, K. I., Galanti, M. R., Gilljam, H., and Ahlbom, A., 2003. Smoking mothers and snuffing fathers:Behavioral influences on youth tobacco use in a Swedish cohort. Tobacco Control, 12(1):74–78.
359. Rudy, J., 2006. Manufacturing French Canadian tradition:tabac canadien and the construction of French-Canadian identity, 1880–1950. Histoire Sociale:Social History, 39(77):205–234.
360. Rutsch, E. S., 1973. Smoking technology of the aborigines of the Iroquois area of New York State, Rutherford, N.J.:Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
361. St. Pierre, M., and Long, Soldier T., 1995. Walking in the sacred manner:Holy women, healers, and pipe carriers-medicine women of the Plains Indians, New York:Touchstone/Simon and Schuster.
362. Sale, K., 1990. The conquest of paradise:Christopher Columbus and the Columbian legacy, New York:Alfred A. Knopf.
363. Samarasinghe, D., and Goonaratna, C., 2004. Tobacco related harmin South Asia:High mortality but some promising initiatives. BMJ:British Medical Journal, 328(7443):780
364. Sapundzhiev, N., and Werner, J. A., 2003. Nasal snuff:Historical review and health related aspects. Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 117:686–691.
365. Savitz, D. A., Meyer, R. E., Tanzer, J. M., Mirvish, S. S., and Lewin, F., 2006. Public health implications of smokeless tobacco use as a harm reduction strategy. American Journal of Public Health, 96(11):1934–1939.
366. Schiff, S., 2005. A great improvisation:Franklin, France, and the birth of America, New York:Owl Books/Henry Holt and Company.
367. Schmitz, N., Kruse, J., and Kugler, J., 2003. Disabilities, quality of life, and mental disorders associated with smoking and nicotine dependence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160:1670–1676.
368. Schnonheer, E., 1928. Beitrag zur Statistik und Klink der Lungentumoren. Zeitschrift fur Krebsforschung, 27:436–450.
369. Schoedel, K. A., Hoffmann, E. B., Rao, Y., Sellers, E. M., and Tyndale, R. F., 2004. Ethnic variation in CYP2A6 and association of genetically slow nicotine metabolism and smoking in adult Caucasians. Pharmacogenetics, 14(9):615–626.
370. Schweitzer, M. M., 1980. Economic regulation and the colonial economy:The Maryland Tobacco Inspection Act of 1747. Journal of Economic History, 40(3):551–569.
371. Scott, S., Fogarty, C., Day, S., Irving, J., and Oakes, M., 2005. Smoking rates among American Indian women giving birth in Minnesota. A call to action. Minnesota Medicine, 88(12):44–49.
372. Sees, K. L., and Clark, H. W., 1993. When to begin smoking cessation in substance abusers. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 10(2):189–195.
373. Sellers, E. M., 1998. Pharmacogenetics and ethnoracial differences in smoking. Journal of the American Medical Association, 280:179–180.
374. Seldes, G., 1941. Tobacco shortens life. In fact,:1–3. (Jan. 13, 1941)
375. Senn, P. R., 1951. Cigarettes as currency. Journal of Finance, 6(3):329–332.
376. Shafey, O., Fernandez, E., Thun, M., Schiaffino, A., Dolwick, S., and Cokkinides, V., 2004. Cigarette advertising and female smoking prevalence in Spain, 1982–1997. Cancer, 100(8):1744–1749.
377. Shanahan, E., 1964. F.T.C. postpones smoker warning; cigarette-pack labeling as health peril off till 1965. The New York Times,:19 (Aug. 22, 1964)
378. Shanahan, E., 1965. F.T.C. to require cigarette label; agency head cites power to order health warning. The New York Times,:22 (Mar. 30, 1965)
379. Shechter, R., 2003. Selling luxury:The rise of the Egyptian cigarette and the transformation of the Egyptian tobacco market, 1850–1914. International Journal of Middle East Studies, 35(1):51–75.
380. Shelley, D., Fahs, M., Scheinmann, R., Swain, S., Qu, J., and Burton, D., 2004. Acculturation and tobacco use among Chinese Americans. American Journal of Public Health, 94(2):300–307.
381. Sherman, M. M., 1970. All about tobacco, New York:Sherman National Corp.
382. Shirasugi, E., 2006. ‘Envisioning the inner body in Edo-Japan:Inshoku yojo kagami and Boji yojo kagami’. Kaibogaku Zasshi, 81(1):19–22.
383. Siegel, F. F., 1987. The roots of southern distinctiveness:Tobacco and society in Danville, Virginia, 1780–1865, Chapel Hill, N.C.:University of North Carolina Press.
384. Slade, J., 1992. The tobacco epidemic:Lessons from history. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 24(2):99–109.
385. Smith, E. A., and Blackman, V. S., 2007. Death at a discount:How the tobacco industry thwarted tobacco control policies in US military commissaries. Tobacco Control, 16(1):38–46.
386. Smith, H. H., 1928. Ethnobotany of the Meskwaki Indians, Milwaukee, WI:Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee.
387. Smith, I. F., III. 1979. Early smoking pipes in the Susquehanna River Valley. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 49(4):9–23.
388. Smith, N. N., 1957. Smoking habits of the Wabanaki. Bulletin of the Massachusetts Archaeological Society, 21(2):19–21.
389. Smith, R. N., 1993. Patriarch:George Washington and the new American nation, Boston:Houghton Mifflin.
390. Sobel, R., 1978. They satisfy:The cigarette in American life, Garden City, N.Y.:Anchor Books/Doubleday.
391. Sorensen, G., Gupta, P. C., and Pednekar, M. S., 2005. Social disparities in tobacco use in Mumbai, India:The roles of occupation, education, and gender. American Journal of Public Health, 95(6):1003–1008.
392. Soustelle, J., 1962. Daily life of the Aztecs:On the eve of the Spanish conquest, Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.
393. Spangler, J. G., Dignan, M. B., and Michielutte, R., 1997. Correlates of tobacco use among Native American women in western North Carolina. American Journal of Public Health, 87(1):108–111.
394. Spangler, J. G., Michielutte, R., Bell, R. A., Knick, S., Dignan, M. B., and Summerson, J. H., 2001. Dual tobacco use among Native American adults in southeastern North Carolina. Preventive Medicine, 32(6):521–528.
395. Stahr, W., 2005. John Jay:Founding father, New York:Hambledon and London.
396. Stepanov, I., Hecht, S. S., Ramakristinam, S., and Gupta, P. C., 2005. Tobacco-specific nitrosaminesa in smokeless tobacco products marketed in India. International Journal of Cancer, 116(1):16–19.
397. Stevn, K., Bradshaw, D., Laubscher, R., and Saloojee, Y., 2002. Tobacco use in South Africans during 1998:The first demographic and health survey. Journal of Cardiovascular Risk, 9(3):161–170.
398. Stich, H. F., and Stich, W., 1982. Chromosone-damaging activity of saliva of betel nut and tobacco chewers. Cancer Letters, 15(3):193–202.
399. Stoddard, J. L., and Anderson, C., 1998. Tailoring outdoor tobacco advertising to minorities in Los Angeles County. Journal of Health Communication, 3(2):137–146.
400. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 2005. Results from the 2004 National Survey on Drug Use and Health:National Findings, Rockville, MD:National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information.
401. Sung, H.-Y., Wang, L., Jin, S., Hu, T.-W., and Jiang, Y., 2006. Economic burden of smoking in China, 2000. Tobacco Control, 15(Sup. 1):i5–i11.
402. Sun Yoon, S., Heller, R. F., Levi, C., Wiggers, J., and Fitzgerald, P. E., 2001. Knowledge of stroke risk factors, warning symptoms, and treatment among an Australian urban population. Stroke, 32:1926
403. Sussman, S., 2002. Smoking cessation among persons in recovery. Substance Use & Misuse, 37(8–10):1275–1278.
404. Sutton, C. D., and Robinson, R. G., 2004. The marketing of menthol cigarettes in the United States:Populations, messages, and channels. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 6(Sup. 1):s83–s91.
405. Swendlow, J. L., 2000. Nature's medicine:Plants that heal, Washington, D.C.:National Geographic.
406. Tate, C., 1989. The butt of controversy. Smithsonian, 20(4):107–17.
407. Tate, C., 1999. Cigarette wars:The triumph of “The Little White Slaver.”, Oxford:Oxford University Press.
408. Taylor, A., 2001. American colonies:The settling of North America, New York:Penguin Books.
409. Taylor, C. B., and Killen, J. D., 1991. The facts about smoking, Yonkers, N.Y.:Consumer Reports Books.
410. Taylor, L. A. P., 1978. Plants used as curatives by certain southeastern tribes, New York:AMS Press.
411. Tellez, M., Cooper, J., and Edmonds, C., 1992. Graves' opthalmopathy in relation to cigarette smoking and ethnic origin. Clinical Endocrinology, 36(3):291–294.
412. de Tocqueville, A., 1835/2006. Democracy in America, Edited by:Lawrence, G., New York:Perennial/HarperCollins Publishers.
413. Tolchin, M., 1988. Surgeon General asserts smoking is an addiction. The New York Times,:1 (May 17, 1988)
414. Tollison, R. D., and Wagner, R. E., 1988. Smoking and the state:Social costs, rent seeking, and public policy, Lexington, MA:Lexington Books.
415. Tooker, E., 1965. The Iroquois White Dog Sacrifice in the latter part of the eighteenth century. Ethnohistory, 12(2):129–140.
416. Trinidad, D. R., Unger, J. B., Chou, C.-P., and Johnson, C. A., 2005. Emotional intelligence and acculturation to the United States:Interactions on the perceived social consequences of smoking in early adolescents. Substance Use & Misuse, 40(11):1697
417. Troyer, R. J., and Markle, G. E., 1983. Cigarettes:The battle over smoking, New Brunswick, N.J.:Rutgers University Press.
418. Turnbaugh, W., 1977. Elements of nativistic pipe ceremonialism in the post-contact Northeast. Pennsylvania Archaeologist, 47(4):1–7.
419. Twain, M., 1917. What is man?, New York:Harper.
420. Ueshima, H., Choudhury, S. R., Okayama, A., Hayakawa, T., Kita, Y., Kadowaki, T., Okamura, T., Minowa, M., and Iimura, O., 2004. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for stroke death in Japan. Stroke, 35:1836
421. Unger, J. B., Cruz, T., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Shakib, S., Palmer, P., Johnson, C. A., Shields, A., Cruz, J., Mock, J., Edsall, E., Glynn, T., and Gritz, E., 2003. Exploring the cultural context of tobacco use:A transdiscilpinary framework. Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 5(S1):S101–S107.
422. Unger, J. B., Cruz, T. B., Rohrbach, L. A., Ribisl, K. M., Baezconde-Garbanati, L., Chen, X., Trinidad, D. R., and Johnson, C. A., 2000. English language as a risk factor for smoking initiation among Hispanic and Asian American adolescents:Evidence for mediation by tobacco-related beliefs and social norms. Health Psychology, 19(5):403–410.
423. Van, B. K.E., 1901. Portable spittoon idea. The New York Times,:19 (Feb. 3, 1901)
424. van der Burgh, C., 1979. Smoking behaviour of White, Black, Coloured and Indian South Africans. Some statistical data on a major public health hazard. South African Medical Journal, 55(24):975–978.
425. Vartiainen, A., Fallonen, U., McAlister, A. L., and Puska, P., 1990. Eight-year follow-up results of an adolescent smoking prevention program:The North Karelia Youth Project. American Journal of Public Health, 80(1):78–79.
426. Waerhaug, J., 1967. Prevalence of periodontal disease in Ceylon. Association with age, oral hygiene, socio-economic factors, vitamin deficiencies, malnutrition, betel and tobacco consumption and ethnic group. Final report. Acta odontologica Scandinavica, 25(2):205–231.
427. Wagner, S., 1971. Cigarette country:Tobacco in American history and politics, New York:Praeger.
428. Walker, I. C., 1977. Clay tobacco-pipes, with particular reference to the Bristol industry, Ottawa:Parks Canada.
429. Wang, H., Sindelar, J. L., and Busch, S. H., 2006. The impact of tobacco expenditure on household consumption patterns in rural China. Social Science & Medicine, 62(6):1414
430. Warfield, F., 1930. Lost cause:A portrait of Lucy Page Gaston. Outlook and Independent, 154:244–247. 275–276.
431. Weaver, W., Jr. 1964. City weighs cigarette ad curb and a danger warning on pack; City plans curbs on cigarette ads. The New York Times,:1 (Mar. 18, 1964)
432. Weden, M. M., Astone, N. M., and Bishai, D., 2006. Racial, ethnic, and gender differences in smoking cessation associated with employment and joblessness through young adulthood in the US. Social Science & Medicine, 62(2):303–316.
433. Wen, C. P., Levy, D. T., Cheng, T. Y., Hsu, C.-C., and Tsai, S. P., 2005. Smoking behaviour in Taiwan, 2001. Tobacco Control, 14(Sup. 1):i51–i55.
434. Wen, C. P., Tsai, S. P., Cheng, T. Y., Hsu, C. C., Chen, T., and Lin, H. S., 2005. Role of parents and peers in influencing the smoking status of high school students in Taiwan. Tobacco Control, 14:i10–i15.
435. Werner, C., 1922. Tobacco land, New York:Tobacco Leaf Publishing Company.
436. West, G. A., 1929. Uses of tobacco and the calumet by Wisconsin Indians. Wisconsin Archaeologist, 10:5–64.
437. Whitaker, A. R., 2005. Smoking rebellion. Current Anthropology, 46(2):160
438. White, C., 1990. Research on smoking and lung cancer:A landmark in the history of chronic disease epidemiology. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine, 63(1):29–46.
439. White, L., 1988. Merchants of death:The American tobacco industry, New York:Beech Tree Books.
440. White, L. A., 1942. Further data on the cultivation of tobacco among the Pueblo Indians. Science, 92(2481):59–60.
441. White, V., Tan, N., Wakefield, M., and Hill, D., 2003. Do adult focused anti-smoking campaigns have an impact on adolescents? The case of the Australian National Tobacco Campaign. Tobacco Control, 12(Sup.):i2–i23.
442. Wilbert, J., 1987. Tobacco and shamanism in South America, New Haven:Yale University Press.
443. Willemsen, M. C., 2005. The new EU cigarette health warnings benefit smokers who want to quit the habit:Results from the Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits. European Journal of Public Health, 15(4):389–392.
444. Winkleby, M. A., Robinson, T. N., Sundquist, J., and Kraemer, H. C., 1999. Ethnic variation in cardiovascular disease risk factors among children and young adults:Findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Journal of the American Medical Association, 281(11):1006–1013.
445. Winkler, J. K., 1942. Tobacco tycoon, the story of James Buchanan Duke, New York:Random House.
446. Wold, B., Torsheim, T., Currie, C., and Roberts, C., 2004. National and school policies on restrictions of teacher smoking:A multilevel analysis of student exposure to teacher smoking in seven European countries. Health Education Research, 19(3):217–226.
447. Wolf, P. A., D'Agostino, R. B., Kannel, W. B., Bonita, R., and Belanger, A. J., 1988. Cigarette smoking as a risk for stroke. The Framingham Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 259(7):1025–1029.
448. Woods, G. S., 1993. The radicalism of the American Revolution, New York:Vintage Books/Random House, Inc.
449. Yach, D., 1996. Tobacco in Africa. World Health Forum, 17(1):29–36.
450. Yach, D., and Paterson, G., 1994. Tobacco advertising in South Africa with specific reference to magazines. South African Medical Journal, 84(12):838–841.
451. Yach, D., and Townsend, G. S., 1988. Smoking and health in South Africa. South African Medical Journal, 73(7):391–399.
452. Yang, G., Fan, L., Tan, J., Qi, G., Zhang, Y., Samet, J. M., Taylor, C. E., Becker, K., and Xu, J., 1999. Smoking in China. Journal of the American Medical Association, 282(13):1247–1253.
453. Yong, H. H., Borland, R., and Siahpush, M., 2005. Quitting-related beliefs, intentions, and motivations of older smokers in four countries:Findings from the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Survey. Addictive Behaviors, 30(4):77–788.
454. Yuksel, H., and Corbett, K. K., 2005. Mixed messages:A qualitative study of the meanings and context of high school students' tobacco use in Turkey. Health Promotion International, 20(4):360–366.
455. Zhang, H., and Cai, B., 2003. The impact of tobacco on lung health in China. Respirology, 8(1):17–21.
456. Zhou, H., 2000. Fiscal decentralization and the development of the tobacco industry in China. China Economic Review, 11(2):114–133.