Smoking in Northern Ireland: A case study in local health education, 1950-1973

Social History of Medicine

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 2004, Pages 285-299

  Brown, Kenneth D ^a  

^a QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY BELFAST   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cancer; Health education; Local health authorities; Medical Officers of Health; Northern Ireland; Smoking; Tobacco

Indexed keywords

EID: 4043085117     PISSN: 0951631X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/shm/17.2.285     Document Type: Review

References (87)

1. R. N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton NJ, 1999); R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung - A Preliminary Report', British Medical Journal, 2 (1950), 739-48; Medical Research Council, Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung (London, 1962); Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1961); idem, Smoking and Health Now (London, 1971); E. L. Wynder and E. A. Graham, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiological Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 648 Proved Cases', Journal of the American Medical Association, 143 (1950), 329-36.
2. R. N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton NJ, 1999); R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung - A Preliminary Report', British Medical Journal, 2 (1950), 739-48; Medical Research Council, Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung (London, 1962); Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1961); idem, Smoking and Health Now (London, 1971); E. L. Wynder and E. A. Graham, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiological Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 648 Proved Cases', Journal of the American Medical Association, 143 (1950), 329-36.
3. R. N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton NJ, 1999); R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung - A Preliminary Report', British Medical Journal, 2 (1950), 739-48; Medical Research Council, Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung (London, 1962); Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1961); idem, Smoking and Health Now (London, 1971); E. L. Wynder and E. A. Graham, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiological Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 648 Proved Cases', Journal of the American Medical Association, 143 (1950), 329-36.
4. R. N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton NJ, 1999); R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung - A Preliminary Report', British Medical Journal, 2 (1950), 739-48; Medical Research Council, Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung (London, 1962); Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1961); idem, Smoking and Health Now (London, 1971); E. L. Wynder and E. A. Graham, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiological Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 648 Proved Cases', Journal of the American Medical Association, 143 (1950), 329-36.
5. R. N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton NJ, 1999); R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung - A Preliminary Report', British Medical Journal, 2 (1950), 739-48; Medical Research Council, Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung (London, 1962); Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1961); idem, Smoking and Health Now (London, 1971); E. L. Wynder and E. A. Graham, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiological Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 648 Proved Cases', Journal of the American Medical Association, 143 (1950), 329-36.
6. R. N. Proctor, The Nazi War on Cancer (Princeton NJ, 1999); R. Doll and A. B. Hill, 'Smoking and Carcinoma of the Lung - A Preliminary Report', British Medical Journal, 2 (1950), 739-48; Medical Research Council, Tobacco Smoking and Cancer of the Lung (London, 1962); Royal College of Physicians, Smoking and Health (London, 1961); idem, Smoking and Health Now (London, 1971); E. L. Wynder and E. A. Graham, "Tobacco Smoking as a Possible Etiological Factor in Bronchiogenic Carcinoma: A Study of 648 Proved Cases', Journal of the American Medical Association, 143 (1950), 329-36.
7. V. Beiridge, 'Post-War Smoking Policy in the UK and the Redefinition of Public Health', Twentieth Century British History, 14 (2003), 61-82, p. 63.
8. J. Welshman, Municipal Medicine. Public Health in Twentieth-century Britain (Oxford, 2000).
9. Ibid., p. 39.
10. HMSO, Office of Population Censuses and Surveys. Cancer Statistics (London, 1989), p. 18.
11. The Health of County Tyrone: First Annual Report of the County Medical Officer to the County Health Committee (1948), p. 9.
12. Report on Health and Local Government Administration in Northern Ireland during the Year Ended 31 December 1951, Northern Ireland Cmd. Paper 314, p. 49.
13. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland (herefore cited as PRONI), HLG 1/3/2. Ministry of Health and Local Government, Report on Proposed Cancer Legislation (1946), p. 5.
14. Health Advisory Council for Northern Ireland, Treatment of Cancer in Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1946), p. 6.
15. Hansard [HC], 523, col. 173, 12 February 1954.
16. Parliament of Northern Ireland. Hansard [HC], 38, cols 803-4, 18 February 1954.
17. Ibid., 40, col. 2042, 19 June 1956.
18. Ibid., 41, col. 1939, 4 July 1957.
19. Ibid., 51, cols 65-8, 13 March 1962.
20. I b i d.
21. Ibid., 57, col. 1392, 27 May 1964.
22. R. Lawrence, The Government of Northern Ireland. Public Finance and Public Services, 1921-64 (Oxford, 1965), p. 141.
23. HMSO, Report of the Central Health Services Council (London, 1963), pp. 8-10.
24. Parliament of Northern Ireland, Hansard [HC], 42, col. 1371, 10 June 1958.
25. Londonderry Sentinel, 23 November 1954.
26. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer for Belfast (Belfast, 1956), p. 37.
27. Lame Times, 19 April 1956; Coleraine Chronicle, 21 September 1957.
28. Lame Times, 19 April 1956; Coleraine Chronicle, 21 September 1957.
29. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer for County Tyrone (1957), p. 5.
30. PRONI, LA3/9AA/7. Minutes of a Sub-Committee of County Down Health Committee, 17 September 1957.
31. Cited in Berridge, 'Post-War Smoking Policy', p. 66.
32. S. N. Broadberry, 'Unemployment', in N. F. R. Crafts and N. Woodward (eds), The British Economy since 1945 (Oxford, 1991), 212-35, p. 217.
33. Parliament of Northern Ireland, Hansard [HC], 48, col. 2282, 24 May 1961.
34. Ibid., 60, col. 820, 7 April 1965.
35. Pieda Planning and Economic Consultants, The Tobacco Industry: Its Economic Significance in Northern Ireland (Edinburgh, 1983), p. 2. By 1979, 3. 88 per cent of every 1,000 people employed in Northern Ireland were engaged in the tobacco industry, making it the most tobacco-dependent political entity in the world. See G. J. Scally, 'Economic Dependence on Tobacco Manufacturing in Northern Ireland: An Obstacle to Prevention', in Ulster Cancer Foundation, The Economic Consequences of Smoking in Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1986), 7-9.
36. Pieda Planning and Economic Consultants, The Tobacco Industry: Its Economic Significance in Northern Ireland (Edinburgh, 1983), p. 2. By 1979, 3. 88 per cent of every 1,000 people employed in Northern Ireland were engaged in the tobacco industry, making it the most tobacco-dependent political entity in the world. See G. J. Scally, 'Economic Dependence on Tobacco Manufacturing in Northern Ireland: An Obstacle to Prevention', in Ulster Cancer Foundation, The Economic Consequences of Smoking in Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1986), 7-9.
37. Parliament of Northern Ireland. Hansard [HC], 51, col. 62, 13 March 1962.
38. PRONI, LA7/9AA/5. Minutes of the Belfast County Borough Council Health Committee, 20 August 1957.
39. I b i d.
40. PRONI, LA7/9AA/10. Ibid.,10 April 1962.
41. PRONI, LA7/9AA/11. Ibid., 13 August 1963.
42. PRONI, LA2/9AA/18. Minutes of the County Armagh Health Committee, 27 January 1964.
43. PRONI, LA1/9AA/9. Minutes of County Antrim Health Committee, 13 September 1957.
44. PRONI, LA1/9AA/13. Ibid., 8 June 1962.
45. Annual Report into the Health of County Armagh (1969), p. 8.
46. PRONI, LA3/9AA/7. Minutes of a Sub-Committee of County Down Health Committee, 17 September 1957.
47. PRONI, LA3/9AA/9. Minutes of County Down Health Committee, 28 January 1964.
48. Annual Report of the County Fermanagh Health Officer (1962), p. 39.
49. PRONI, LA6/9AA/11. Minutes of County Tyrone Health Committee, 15 September 1958.
50. PRONI, LA2/9AA/12. Ibid., 22 September 1958.
51. Ministry of Health and Local Government, Annual Report on Health and Local Government Administration in Northern Ireland (1958), p. 46.
52. Chief Medical Officer for County Londonderry, Annual Report (1968), p. 37; ibid. (1967), p. 39.
53. Chief Medical Officer for County Londonderry, Annual Report (1968), p. 37; ibid. (1967), p. 39.
54. Ibid. (1970), p. 9.
55. Report to the Health Committee on the Health of County Antrim (1964), p. 71.
56. PRONI, LA1/9AA/9. Minutes of County Antrim Health Committee, 13 September 1957.
57. The Health of County Antrim (1957), p. 75.
58. PRONI, LA1/9AA/9. Minutes of County Antrim Health Committee, 12 September 1958.
59. Report to the Health Committee on the Health of County Antrim (1962), p. 77.
60. Annual Report into the Health of County Armagh (1964), p. 21.
61. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officerfor County Tyrone (1964), p. 23.
62. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer for Belfast (1965), p. 7.
63. Report to the Health Committee on the Health of County Antrim (1962), p. 77.
64. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officerfor County Tyrone (1964), p. 23.
65. J. Townsend, 'Policies to Halve Smoking Deaths', Addiction, 88 (1993), 43-52, p. 45.
66. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer for County Tyrone (1957), p. 5.
67. Londonderry Sentinel, 17 September 1957.
68. Tyrone Constitution, 4 May 1962; Fermanagh Herald, 5 May 1962.
69. Tyrone Constitution, 4 May 1962; Fermanagh Herald, 5 May 1962.
70. Fermanagh Herald, 9 June 1962.
71. Chief Medical Officer for County Londonderry, Annual Report (1958), p. 33.
72. PRONI, LA5/9AA/12. Minutes of the Londonderry Health Committee, 10 March 1962.
73. Annual Report of the County Fermanagh Medical Officer (1970), p. 38.
74. PRONI, LA5/9AA/6. Minutes of Londonderry Health Committee, 9 May 1953.
75. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer for Londonderry County Borough Council (1962), p. 6.
76. Ibid. (1967), p. 6.
77. S. M. Hayes, 'Some Aspects of Local Government in Northern Ireland', in E. Rhodes (ed.), Public Administration in Northern Ireland (Londonderry, 1967), 77-99, p. 84.
78. HMSO, The Administrative Structure of the Health and Personal Social Services in Northern Ireland (Belfast, 1969), p. 9.
79. D. Pollock, Denial and Delay, The Political History of Smoking and Health 1951-64, Scientists, Government and Industry as Seen in the Papers of the Public Record Office (London, 1999).
80. Welshman, Municipal Medicine, p. 221.
81. G. Godber, 'Medical Officers of Health and Health Services', Community Medicine, 8 (1986), 1-14, p. 13.
82. Eastern Area Health Board, Adult Smoking in Northern Ireland: Report of a Survey in 1981 (Belfast 1981).
83. British Heart Foundation, Statistics Database (Oxford, 2002).
84. J. Townsend, 'Cigarette Tax, Economic Welfare and Social Class Patterns of Smoking', Applied Economics, 19 (1987), 355-65, p. 358.
85. G. Egger, W. Fitzgerald, G. Frape, A. Monaem, P. Rubinstein, C. Tyler, and M. McKay, 'Results of a Large Scale Media Anti-smoking Campaign in Australia; North Coast "Quit for Life" Programme', British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 287 (1983), 1125-8; L. Biener, J. Harris, and W. Hamilton, 'Impact of the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Programme: Population Based Trend Analysis', British Medical Journal, 321 (2000), 351-4; D. McVey and J. Stapleton, 'Can Antismoking Television Advertising Affect Smoking Behaviour?', Tobacco Control, 9 (2000), 273-82.
86. G. Egger, W. Fitzgerald, G. Frape, A. Monaem, P. Rubinstein, C. Tyler, and M. McKay, 'Results of a Large Scale Media Anti-smoking Campaign in Australia; North Coast "Quit for Life" Programme', British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 287 (1983), 1125-8; L. Biener, J. Harris, and W. Hamilton, 'Impact of the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Programme: Population Based Trend Analysis', British Medical Journal, 321 (2000), 351-4; D. McVey and J. Stapleton, 'Can Antismoking Television Advertising Affect Smoking Behaviour?', Tobacco Control, 9 (2000), 273-82.
87. G. Egger, W. Fitzgerald, G. Frape, A. Monaem, P. Rubinstein, C. Tyler, and M. McKay, 'Results of a Large Scale Media Anti-smoking Campaign in Australia; North Coast "Quit for Life" Programme', British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition), 287 (1983), 1125-8; L. Biener, J. Harris, and W. Hamilton, 'Impact of the Massachusetts Tobacco Control Programme: Population Based Trend Analysis', British Medical Journal, 321 (2000), 351-4; D. McVey and J. Stapleton, 'Can Antismoking Television Advertising Affect Smoking Behaviour?', Tobacco Control, 9 (2000), 273-82.