Do cigarette warnings warn? Understanding what it will take to develop more effective warnings

Journal of Health Communication

Volumn 4, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 95-104

  Krugman, Dean M ^a   Fox, Richard J ^b   Fischer, Paul M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GEORGIA   (United States)

^c Center for Primary Care   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMAN; LEGAL ASPECT; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; PLANT; POLITICS; SMOKING; STANDARD; TOBACCO;

HEALTH EDUCATION; HUMANS; PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION; PLANTS, TOXIC; POLITICS; SMOKING; TOBACCO;

EID: 0033107701     PISSN: 10810730     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/108107399126986     Document Type: Article

References (27)

1. Beltramini, R. F. (1988). Perceived believability of warning label information presented in cigarette advertising. Journal of Advertising, 17 (2), 26-32.
2. Churchill, G. A., Jr. (1988). Basic marketing research. Chicago: The Dryden Press.
3. Cohen, J. B. (1990). Charting a public policy agenda for cigarettes. In P. E. Murphy and W. Wilke (Eds.), Marketing and advertising regulations: The Federal Trade Commision in the 1990s (pp. 234-254). Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame.
4. Cohen, J. B., & Srull, T. K. (1980, November). Information processes involved in the communication retrieval of cigarette warning information. Gainesville: Center for Consumer Research, University of Florida.
5. Comprehensive Smoking Education Act. (1984, October 12). Public Law, 98-474, 98 USC 2200-2205.
6. Federal Cigarette Labelling and Advertising Act. (1965, July 27). Public Law, 89-92.
7. Federal Trade Commission. (1981). Staff report on the cigarette advertising investigation. Washington, DC: Author.
8. Federal Trade Commission. (1981). Staff report on the cigarette advertising investigation (2nd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
9. Fischer, P. M., Richards, E. J. B., & Krugman, D. M. (1989). Recall and eye tracking study of adolescents viewing tobacco advertisements. Journal of the American Medical Association, 261 (1), 84-89.
10. Fischer, P. M., Krugman, D. M., Fox, R. J., & Rojas, T. (1995). Masked recall and eye tracking of adolescents exposed to cautionary notices in magazine ads. In: P. S. Ellen and P. J. Kauffman (Eds.), Marketing and public policy conference proceedings (vol. 5).
11. Fischer, P. M., Krugman, D. M., Fletcher, J. E., Fox, B. J., & Rojas, J. H. (1993). An evaluation of health warnings in cigarette advertisements using standard marketing research methods : What does it mean to warn? Tobacco Control, 2, 279-285.
12. Friedmann, K. (1988). The effect of adding symbols to written warning labels on user behavior and recall. Human Factors, 30, 507-515.
13. Geyelin, M., & Hwang, S. L. (1997, August 26). Florida settles suit with tobacco firms. Wall Street Journal, A3, A6.
14. Putman (1998). Http://www.ag.state.mn.us/press/newsfiles/trjan26.doc
15. Gibson, G. (1998, November 21). States OK $206 billion tobacco deal in largest US settlement. Arkansas Democrat-Gazette.
16. Hyland, M., & Birrell, J. (1979). Government health warnings and the "boomerang" effect. Psychological Reports, 643-647.
17. Krugman, D. M., Fox, R. J., Fletcher, J. E., & Rojas, T. H. (1994, November/December). Do adolescents attend to warnings in cigarette advertising? An eye tracking approach. Journal of Advertising Research, 39-52.
18. Krugman, D. M., Reid, L. N., Dunn, S. W., & Barban, A. M. (1994). Advertising: Its role in modern marketing. Fort Worth, TX: The Dryden Press.
19. Mazis, M. B., Morris, L. A., & Swasy, J. L. (1991). An evaluation of the alcohol warning label: Initial survey results. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 10, 229-241.
20. Meier, B. (1977, August 26). Cigarette makers to settle Florida suit for 11.3 billion. New York Times.
21. Meier, B. (1998, November 21). Remaining states approve the pact on tobacco suits. New York Times. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. (1994, August 19). Vol. 32, pp. 577-581.
22. Mussey, B. (1995). Howard Luck Gossage as a creator of art forms. The Book of Gossage. (p. xv). Chicago: The Copy Workshop.
23. Parker-Pope, T. (1997, April 28). Danger: Warning labels may backfire. Wall Street Journal, B1, B8.
24. Scammon, D. L., Mayer, R. N., & Smith, K. R. (1991). Alcohol warnings, How do you know when you have had one too many? Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 10, 214-228.
25. Smith, S. J. (1990). The impact of product usage warnings in alcoholic beverage advertising. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 9, 16-29.
26. Stewart, D. W., & Martin, I. M. (1994). Intended and unintended consequences of warning messages: A review and synthesis of empirical research. Journal of Public Policy and Marketing, 13 (1), 1-19.
27. Wogalter, M. S., Brelsford, D. R., Desaulniers, D. R., & Laugherty, K. R. (1991). Consumer product warnings: The role of hazard perception. Journal of Safety Research, 22 (2), 71-82.