The Strait of Gibraltar as a melting pot for plant biodiversity

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 27, Issue 23-24, 2008, Pages 2100-2117

  Rodríguez Sánchez, Francisco ^a   Pérez Barrales, Rocío ^a   Ojeda, Fernando ^b   Vargas, Pablo ^c   Arroyo, Juan ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SEVILLE   (Spain)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CÁDIZ   (Spain)

^c CSIC   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CLIMATE CHANGE; CLIMATOLOGY; EMPLOYMENT; OCEAN HABITATS; PLANTS (BOTANY); VEGETATION;

BIOTIC CONDITIONS; BREEDING SYSTEMS; CENOZOIC HISTORIES; CURRENT LIMITATIONS; ECOLOGICAL FEATURES; EVOLUTIONARY RELATIONSHIPS; GENE FLOWS; GIBRALTARS; HOT SPOTS; HUMAN POPULATIONS; IBERIAN PENINSULAS; LATE TERTIARIES; MEDITERRANEAN AREAS; MEDITERRANEAN BASINS; MEDITERRANEAN CLIMATES; MOLECULAR DIVERSITIES; NEW RESULTS; PIONEER PLANTS; PLANT SPECIES; PLEISTOCENE; POLLINATION BIOLOGIES; REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS; SHRUBLANDS; VEGETATION TYPES;

BIODIVERSITY;

BIODIVERSITY; COLONIZATION; DISPERSAL; DOMINANCE; ENDEMISM; EVOLUTION; EXTINCTION; GENE FLOW; MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT; PLIOCENE-PLEISTOCENE BOUNDARY; QUATERNARY; RELICT SPECIES; TERTIARY; VEGETATION TYPE;

MEDITERRANEAN SEA; STRAIT OF GIBRALTAR;

EID: 55949112417     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.006     Document Type: Article

References (188)

1. Agustí J., Garces M., and Krijgsman W. Evidence for African-Iberian exchanges during the Messinian in the Spanish mammalian record. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 238 (2006) 5-14
2. Ajbilou R., Marañón T., and Arroyo J. Ecological and biogeographical analyses of Mediterranean forests of northern Morocco. Acta Oecologica 29 (2006) 104-113
3. Amaral Franco J., et al. Quercus. In: Castroviejo S. (Ed). Flora Iberica vol. 2 (1990), CSIC, Madrid
4. Allen J.R.M., Brandt U., Brauer A., Hubberten H.W., Huntley B., Keller J., Kraml M., Mackensen A., Mingram J., Negendank J.F.W., Nowaczyk N.R., Oberhansli H., Watts W.A., Wulf S., and Zolitschka B. Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the Last Glacial period. Nature 400 (1999) 740-743
5. Andrés C., and Ojeda F. Effects of afforestation with Pinus pinaster on biodiversity of Mediterranean heathlands in South Spain. Biodiversity and Conservation 11 (2002) 1511-1520
6. Arbogast B.S., and Kenagy G.J. Comparative phylogeography as an integrative approach to historical biogeography. Journal of Biogeography 28 (2001) 819-825
7. Arroyo J. Plant diversity in the region of the Strait of Gibraltar: a multilevel approach. Lagascalia 19 (1997) 393-404
8. Arroyo J. Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae), la evolución de los polimorfismos florales y la conservación más allá de las "listas rojas. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 75 (2002) 39-55
9. Arroyo J., and Marañón T. Community ecology and distributional spectra of Mediterranean shrublands and heathlands in Southern Spain. Journal of Biogeography 17 (1990) 163-176
10. Arroyo J., Barrett S.C.H., Hidalgo R., and Cole W.W. Evolutionary maintenance of stigma-height dimorphism in Narcissus papyraceus (Amaryllidaceae). American Journal of Botany 89 (2002) 1242-1249
11. Arroyo J., Carrión J.S., Hampe A., and Jordano P. La distribución de las especies a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. In: Valladares F. (Ed). Ecología del bosque mediterráneo en un mundo cambiante (2004), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid 27-67
12. Arroyo J., Aparicio A., Albaladejo R.G., Muñoz J., and Braza R. Genetic structure and population differentiation of the Mediterranean pioneer spiny broom Calicotome villosa across the Strait of Gibraltar. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93 (2008) 39-51
13. Arroyo-García R., Martínez-Zapater J.M., Fernández Prieto J.A., and Álvarez-Arbesu R. AFLP evaluation of genetic similarity among laurel populations (Laurus L.). Euphytica 122 (2001) 155-164
14. Ashton N., Lewis S.G., Parfitt S., and White M. Riparian landscapes and human habitat preferences during the Hoxnian (MIS 11) Interglacial. Journal of Quaternary Science 21 (2006) 497-505
15. Avise J.C. Phylogeography. The History and Formation of Species (2000), Harvard University Press, Cambridge
16. Baker H.G. Self-incompatibility and establishment after long distance dispersal. Evolution 9 (1955) 347-349
17. Baldwin B.G., Crawford D.J., Francisco-Ortega J., Kim S.C., Sang T., and Stuessy T.F. Molecular phylogenetic insights on the origin and evolution of oceanic island plants. In: Soltis D., Soltis P., and Doyle J.J. (Eds). Molecular Systematics of Plants. II. DNA Sequencing (1998), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston 410-441
18. Barbero M., Quézel P., and Rivas-Martínez S. Contribution á l'étude des groupements forestiers et préforestiers du Maroc. Phytocoenologia 9 (1981) 311-412
19. Barros D., and Ríos Esteban D. Field Guide to the Birds of the Strait of Gibraltar (2002), Ornitour, Cádiz, Spain
20. Benabid A., and Fenanne M. Connaisances sur la végétation du Maroc: Phytogeographie, phytosociologie et séries de végétation. Lazaroa 14 (1994) 21-97
21. Besnard G., Khadari B., Baradat P., and Bervillé A. Olea europaea (Oleaceae) phylogeography based on chloroplast DNA polymorphism. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 104 (2002) 1353-1361
22. Blondel J., Catzeflis F., and Perret P. Molecular phylogeny and the historical biogeography of the warblers of the genus Sylvia (Aves). Journal of Evolutionary Biology 9 (1996) 871-891
23. Bond W.J., and Midgley J.J. Ecology of sprouting in woody plants: the persistence niche. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 16 (2001) 45-51
24. Bosch E., Calafell F., Comas D., Oefner P.J., Underhill P.A., and Bertranpetit J. High-resolution analysis of human Y-chromosome variation shows a sharp discontinuity and limited gene flow between northwestern Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. American Journal of Human Genetics 68 (2001) 1019-1029
25. Broderick D., Idaghdour Y., Korrida A., and Hellmich J. Gene flow in great bustard populations across the Strait of Gibraltar as elucidated from excremental PCR and mtDNA sequencing. Conservation Genetics 4 (2003) 793-800
26. Brubaker L.B., Anderson P.M., Edwards M.E., and Lozhkin A.V. Beringia as a glacial refugium for boreal trees and shrubs: new perspectives from mapped pollen data. Journal of Biogeography 32 (2005) 833-848
27. Bucci G., González-Martínez S.C., Le Provost G., Plomion C., Ribeiro M.M., Sebastiani F., Alía A., and Vendramin G.G. Range-wide phylogeography and gene zones in Pinus pinaster Ait. revealed by chloroplast microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 16 (2007) 2137-2153
28. Buggs R.J.A., and Pannell J.R. Rapid displacement of a monoecious plant lineage is due to pollen swamping by a dioecious relative. Current Biology 16 (2006) 996-1000
29. Burban C., and Petit R.J. Phylogeography of maritime pine inferred with organelle markers having contrasted inheritance. Molecular Ecology 12 (2003) 1487-1495
30. Calleja, J.A., 2006. Geobotánica, estructura demográfica, conservación y biología predispersiva de Prunus lusitanica L. (loro) en la Península Ibérica. Ph.D. thesis, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
31. Carranza S., Arnold E.N., Wade E., and Fahd S. Phylogeography of the false smooth snakes, Macroprotodon (Serpentes, Colubridae): mitochondrial DNA sequences show European populations arrived recently from Northwest Africa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2004) 523-532
32. Carranza S., Harris D.J., Arnold E.N., Batista V., and González de la Vega J.P. Phylogeography of the lacertid lizard, Psammodromus algirus, in Iberia and across the Strait of Gibraltar. Journal of Biogeography 33 (2006) 1279-1288
33. Carrión J.S. Dialectic with climatic interpretations of Late-Quaternary vegetation history in Mediterranean Spain. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 2 (2001) 145-156
34. Carrión J.S., Parra I., Navarro C., and Munuera M. Past distribution and ecology of the cork oak (Quercus suber) in the Iberian Peninsula: a pollen-analytical approach. Diversity and Distributions 6 (2000) 29-44
35. Carrión J.S., Finlayson C., Fuentes N., Finlayson G., Fernández-Jiménez S., Allué E., López-Sáez J.A., López-García P., and González-Sampériz P. A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations. Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (2008) 2118-2135
36. Castro J., Zamora R., Hódar J.A., and Gómez J.M. Seedling establishment of a boreal tree species (Pinus sylvestris) at its southernmost distribution limit: consequences of being in a marginal Mediterranean habitat. Journal of Ecology 92 (2004) 266-277
37. Castro M., Martín-Vide J., and Alonso S. El clima de España: pasado, presente y escenarios de clima para el siglo XXI. In: Moreno J.M. (Ed). Evaluación Preliminar de los Impactos en España por Efecto del Cambio Climático (2005), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid 1-64
38. Castroviejo S., et al. Flora Iberica (1986-2003), CSIC, Madrid
39. Charlesworth D., and Charlesworth B. A model for the evolution of distyly. American Naturalist 114 (1979) 467-498
40. Cheddadi R., Lamb H.F., Guiot J., and van der Kaars S. Holocene climatic change in Morocco: a quantitative reconstruction from pollen data. Climate Dynamics 14 (1998) 883-890
41. Collard I.F., and Foley R.A. Latitudinal patterns and environmental determinants of recent human cultural diversity: do humans follow biogeographical rules?. Evolutionary Ecology Research 4 (2002) 371-383
42. Collina-Girard J. Atlantis off the Gibraltar Strait? Myth and geology. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Series IIa, Earth and Planetary Science 333 4 (2001) 233-240
43. Costich D.E., and Meagher T.R. Genetic variation in Ecballium elaterium (Cucurbitaceae)- breeding system and geographic distribution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 5 (1992) 589-601
44. Cosson J.F., Hutterer R., Libois R., Sara M., Taberlet P., and Vogel P. Phylogeographical footprints of the Strait of Gibraltar and Quaternary climatic fluctuations in the western Mediterranean: a case study with the greater white-toothed shrew, Crocidura russula (Mammalia : Soricidae). Molecular Ecology 14 (2005) 1151-1162
45. Cubas P., Pardo C., and Tahiri H. Genetic variation and relationships among Ulex (Fabaceae) species in southern Spain and northern Morocco assessed by chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers. American Journal of Botany 92 (2005) 231-243
46. Denk T.H., Frotzler N., and Davitashivili N. Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia (Transcaucasia). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 72 (2001) 287-332
47. Demesure B., Comps B., and Petit R.J. Chloroplast DNA phylogeography of commom beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) in Europe. Evolution 50 (1996) 2515-2520
48. Duggen S., Hoernle K., van den Bogaard P., Rupke L., and Morgan J.P. Deep roots of the Messinian salinity crisis. Nature 422 (2003) 602-606
49. Endler J.A. Geographic Variation, Speciation and Clines (1977), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
50. Eppley S.M., and Pannell J.R. Sexual systems and measures of occupancy and abundance in an annual plant: testing the metapopulation model. American Naturalist 169 (2007) 9-19
51. Erfmeier A., and Bruelheide H. Comparison of native and invasive Rhododendron ponticum populations: growth, reproduction and morphology under field conditions. Flora 199 (2004) 120-133
52. Escudero M., Vargas P., Valcárcel V., and Luceńo M. Strait of Gibraltar: an effective gene-flow barrier for wind-pollinated Carex helodes (Cyperaceae) as revealed by DNA sequences. AFLP, and cytogenetic variation. American Journal of Botany 95 (2008) 745-755
53. Favarger C. Endemism in the montane floras of Europe. In: Valentine D.H. (Ed). Taxonomy, Phytogeography and Evolution (1972), Academic Press, London 191-204
54. Fernández-González F., Loidi J., and Moreno J.C. Impactos sobre la biodiversidad vegetal. In: Moreno J.M. (Ed). Evaluación preliminar de los impactos en España por efecto del cambio climático (2005), Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid 183-247
55. Finlayson C. On the importance of coastal areas in the survival of Neanderthal populations during the Late Pleistocene. Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (2008) 2246-2252
56. Finlayson C., Giles Pacheco F., Rodríguez-Vidal J., Fa D.A., Gutiérrez López J.M., Santiago Pérez A., Finlayson G., Allué E., Baena Preysler J., Cáceres I., Carrión J.S., Fernández Jalvo Y., Gleed-Owen C.P., Jiménez Espejo F.J., López P., López Saez J.A., Riquelme Cantal J.A., Sánchez Marco A., Giles Guzman F., Brown K., Fuentes N., Valarino C.A., Villalpando A., Stringer C.B., Martínez Ruiz F., and Sakamoto T. Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature 443 (2006) 850-853
57. Fromhage L., Vences M., and Veith M. Testing alternative vicariance scenarios in Western Mediterranean discoglossid frogs. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 (2004) 308-322
58. Galán de Mera A., Pérez-Latorre A.V., and Vicente-Orellana J.A. Relaciones fitogeográficas entre el suroccidente de la Península Ibérica y el noroeste de África. Una propuesta de sectorización. Lagascalia 23 (2003) 27-52
59. García D., and Zamora R. Persistence, multiple demographic strategies and conservation in long-lived Mediterranean plants. Journal of Vegetation Science 14 (2003) 921-926
60. García-Barros E., Gurrea P., Luciáñez M.J., Martín-Cano J., Munguira M.L., Moreno-Sáiz J.C., Sáinz H., Sanz M.J., and Simón J.C. Parsimony analysis of endemicity and its application to animal and plant geographical distributions in the Ibero-Balearic region (western Mediterranean). Journal of Biogeography 29 (2002) 109-124
61. García-Paris M., Buchholz D.R., and Parra-Olea G. Phylogenetic relationships of Pelobatoidea re-examined using mtDNA. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28 (2003) 12-23
62. Garrido B., Hampe A., Marañón T., and Arroyo J. Regional differences in land use affect population performance of the threatened insectivorous plant Drosophyllum lusitanicum (Droseraceae). Diversity and Distributions 9 (2003) 335-350
63. In: Gaston K.J. (Ed). Biodiversity. a Biology of Numbers and Difference (1996), Blackwell Science, Oxford
64. Gómez A., Vendramin G.G., González-Martínez S.C., and Alía R. Genetic diversity and differentiation of two Mediterranean pines (Pinus halepensis Mill. and Pinus pinaster Ait.) along a latitudinal cline using chloroplast microsatellite markers. Diversity and Distributions 11 (2005) 257-263
65. Gracia F.J., Rodríguez-Vidal J., Cáceres L.M., Belluominic G., Benavente J., and Alonso C. Diapiric uplift of an OIS 3 marine deposit in SW Spain. Implications in Late Pleistocene sea level reconstruction and palaeogeography of the Strait of Gibraltar. Quaternary Science Reviews 27 (2008) 2219-2231
66. Guillaumet A., Pons J.M., Godelle B., and Crochet P.A. History of the Crested Lark in the Mediterranean region as revealed by mtDNA sequences and morphology. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 (2006) 645-656
67. Guzmán B., and Vargas P. Systematics, character evolution, and biogeography of Cistus L. (Cistaceae) based on ITS, trnL-trnF, and matK sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 37 (2005) 644-660
68. Guzmán, B., Vargas, P. Long-distance colonization of the Western Mediterranean by Cistus ladanifer (Cistaceae) despite the absence of special dispersal mechanisms. Journal of Biogeography; in press.
69. Hampe A. Frugivory in European laurel: how extinct seed dispersers have been substituted. Bird Study 50 (2003) 280-284
70. Hampe A. Extensive hydrochory uncouples spatiotemporal patterns of seedfall and seedling recruitment in a 'bird-dispersed' riparian tree. Journal of Ecology 92 (2004) 797-807
71. Hampe A. Fecundity limits in Frangula alnus (Rhamnaceae) relict populations at the species southern range margin. Oecologia 143 (2005) 377-386
72. Hampe A., and Arroyo J. Recruitment and regeneration in populations of an endangered South Iberian Tertiary relict tree. Biological Conservation 107 (2002) 263-271
73. Hampe A., and Petit R.J. Conserving biodiversity under climate change: the rear edge matters. Ecology Letters 8 (2005) 461-467
74. Hampe A., Arroyo J., Jordano P., and Petit R.J. Rangewide phylogeography of a bird-dispersed Eurasian shrub: contrasting Mediterranean and temperate glacial refugia. Molecular Ecology 12 (2003) 3415-3426
75. Haywood A.M., Sellwood B.W., and Valdés P.J. Regional warming: Pliocene (3 Ma) paleoclimate of Europe and the Mediterranean. Geology 28 (2000) 1063-1066
76. Herrera C.M. Historical effects and sorting processes as explanations for contemporary ecological patterns: character syndromes in mediterranean woody plants. American Naturalist 140 (1992) 421-446
77. Hess J., Kadereit J.W., and Vargas P. The colonization history of Olea europaea L. in Macaronesia based on internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS-1) sequences, randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPD), and intersimple sequence repeats (ISSR). Molecular Ecology 9 (2000) 857-868
78. Hewitt G.M. The genetic legacy of the ice ages. Nature 405 (2000) 907-913
79. Higgins S.I., Nathan R., and Cain M.L. Are long-distance dispersal events in plants usually caused by nonstandard means of dispersal?. Ecology 84 (2003) 1945-1956
80. Hsü K.J. When the Mediterranean dried up. Scientific American 227 (1972) 27-36
81. Hsü, K.J., 1973. The desiccated deep-basin model for the Messinian events. In: Messinian Events in the Mediterranean. Geodynamics Scientific Report no. 7 on the colloquium held in Utrecht, March 2-4, pp. 60-67.
82. Hsü K.J., Garrison R.E., Montadert L., Kidd R.B., Bernouilli D., Mèlierés F., Cita M.B., Müller C., Erickson A., and Wright R. History of the Mediterranean Salinity Crisis. Nature 267 (1977) 399-403
83. Hubbell S.P. The Unified Neutral Theory of Biodiversity and Biogeography. Monographs in Population Biology vol. 32 (2001), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
84. Hughes L. Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 15 (2000) 56-61
85. IPCC. Climate change 2001: the scientific basis. In: Houghton J.T., Ding Y., Griggs D.J., Noguer M., Linden P.J., Dai X., Maskell K., and Johnson C.A. (Eds). Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2001), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, and New York, NY
86. Jalut G., Esteban Amat A., Bonnet L., Gauquelin T., and Fontugne M. Holocene climatic changes in the Western Mediterranean, from south-east France to south-east Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 160 (2000) 255-290
87. Jordano P., Zamora R., Marañón T., and Arroyo J. Ecological and demographic research in Mediterranean forests of Southern Spain: applications to conservation and restoration. In: Radoglou K. (Ed). Proceedings of the International Conference: Forest Research, a Challenge for an Integrated European Approach vol. 1 (2001) Thessaloniki, Greece, pp. 377-381
88. Jurado V. Los Bosques de las Sierras del Aljibe y del Campo de Gibraltar (Cádiz, Málaga). Ecología, Transformaciones Históricas y Gestión Forestal (2002), CMA, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla
89. Juste J., Ibañez C., Muñoz J., Trujillo D., Benda P., Karatas A., and Ruedi M. Mitochondrial phylogeography of the long-eared bats (Plecotus) in the Mediterranean Palaearctic and Atlantic Islands. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31 (2004) 1114-1126
90. Kadereit J.W., Arafeh R., Somogyi G., and Westberg E. Terrestrial growth and marine dispersal? Comparative phylogeography of five coastal plant species at a European scale. Taxon 54 (2005) 861-876
91. Keeley J.E. Resilience of Mediterranean shrub communities to fires. In: Dell B., Hopkins A.J.M., and Lamont B. (Eds). Resilience in Mediterranean Type Ecosystems (1986), Junk, Dordrecht 95-112
92. Krijgsman W. The Mediterranean: Mare Nostrum of Earth Sciences. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 205 (2002) 1-12
93. Lambeck K., and Chappell J. Sea level change through the Last Glacial cycle. Science 292 (2001) 679-686
94. Lavorel S. Ecological diversity and the resilience of Mediterranean vegetation to disturbance. Diversity and Distributions 5 (1999) 3-13
95. Levin D.A., and Wilson A.C. Rates of evolution in seed plants: net increase in diversity of chromosome numbers and species numbers through time. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 73 (1976) 2086-2090
96. Lister A.M. The impact of Quaternary Ice Ages on mammalian evolution. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 359 (2004) 221-241
97. Lloyd D.G., and Webb C.J. The evolution of heterostyly. In: Barrett S.C.H. (Ed). Evolution and Function of Heterostyly. Monographs on Theoretical and Applied Genetics 15 (1992), Springer-Verlag, Berlin 151-178
98. López-de-Heredia U., Jiménez P., Díaz-Fernández P., and Gil L. The Balearic Islands: a reservoir of cpDNA genetic variation for evergreen oaks. Journal of Biogeography 32 (2005) 939-949
99. Lumaret R., and Ouazzani N. Ancient wild olives in Mediterranean forests. Nature 413 (2001) 700
100. Lumaret R., Mir C., Michaud H., and Raynal V. Phylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in holm oak (Quercus ilex L.). Molecular Ecology 11 (2002) 2327-2336
101. Lumaret R., Tryphon-Dionnet M., Michaud H., Sanuy A., Ipotesi E., Born C., and Mir C. Phylogeographical variation of chloroplast DNA in cork oak (Quercus suber). Annals of Botany 96 (2005) 853-861
102. Mai D.H. Development and regional differentiation of the European vegetation during the Tertiary. Plant Systematics and Evolution 162 (1989) 79-91
103. Marañón T., Ajbilou R., Ojeda F., and Arroyo J. Biodiversity of woody species in oak woodlands of southern Spain and northern Morocco. Forest Ecology and Management 115 (1999) 147-156
104. Marañón T., Zamora R., Villar R., Zavala M.A., Quero J.L., Pérez-Ramos I., Mendoza I., and Castro J. Regeneration of tree species and restoration under contrasted Mediterranean habitats: field and glasshouse experiments. International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 30 (2004) 187-196
105. Médail F., and Quézel P. Hot-spots analysis for conservation of plant biodiversity in the Mediterranean Basin. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 84 (1997) 112-127
106. Mejías J.A., Arroyo J., and Ojeda F. Reproductive ecology of Rhododendron ponticum (Ericaceae) in relict Mediterranean populations. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 140 (2002) 297-311
107. Mejías J.A., Arroyo J., and Marañón T. Ecology and biogeography of plant communities associated with the post-Plio-Pleistocene relict Rhododendron ponticum subsp. baeticum in Southern Spain. Journal of Biogeography 34 (2007) 456-472
108. Mikesell M.W. Deforestation in Northern Morocco. Science 132 (1960) 441-448
109. Milne R.I. Phylogeny and biogeography of Rhododendron subsection Pontica, a group with a Tertiary relict distribution. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33 (2004) 389-401
110. Milne R.I. Northern hemisphere plant disjunctions: a window on Tertiary land bridges and climate change?. Annals of Botany 98 (2006) 465-472
111. Moore H.M., Fox H.R., Harrouni M.C., and El Alami A. Environmental challenges in the Rif Mountains, northern Morocco. Environmental Conservation 25 (1998) 354-365
112. Nathan R. Long distance dispersal of plants. Science 313 (2006) 786-788
113. Obbard D.J., Harris S.A., Buggs R.J.A., and Pannell J.R. Hybridization, polyploidy, and the evolution of sexual systems in Mercurialis (Euphorbiaceae). Evolution 60 (2006) 1801-1815
114. Obbard D.J., Harris S.A., and Pannell J.R. Sexual systems and population genetic structure in an annual plant: testing the metapopulation model. American Naturalist 167 (2006) 354-366
115. Ojeda, F., 1995. Ecología, Biogeografía y diversidad de los brezales del Estrecho de Gibraltar (Sur de España, Norte de Marruecos). PhD thesis, University of Seville, Spain.
116. Ojeda F. El fuego como factor clave en la evolución de plantas mediterráneas. In: Zamora R., and Pugnaire F.I. (Eds). Ecosistemas Mediterráneos: Aspectos Funcionales. Colección Textos Universitarios 32 (2001), CSIC, Madrid 319-349
117. Ojeda F. Respuesta de las plantas al fuego. In: Herrera C.M. (Ed). El Monte Mediterráneo en Andalucía. Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla (2004) 153-159
118. Ojeda F., Arroyo J., and Marañón T. Biodiversity components and conservation of Mediterranean heathlands in Southern Spain. Biological Conservation 72 (1995) 61-72
119. Ojeda F., Marañón T., and Arroyo J. Patterns of ecological, chorological and taxonomic diversity on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar. Journal of Vegetation Science 7 (1996) 63-72
120. Ojeda F., Marañón T., and Arroyo J. Postfire regeneration of a Mediterranean heathland in southern Spain. International Journal of Wildland Fire 6 (1996) 191-198
121. Ojeda F., Arroyo J., and Marañón T. Ecological distribution of four co-occurring mediterranean heath species. Ecography 23 (2000) 148-159
122. Ojeda F., Marañón T., and Arroyo J. Plant biodiversity in the Aljibe Mountains (S. Spain): a comprehensive account. Biodiversity and Conservation 9 (2000) 1323-1343
123. Ojeda F., Simmons M.T., Arroyo J., Marañón T., and Cowling R.M. Biodiversity patterns in South African fynbos and Mediterranean heathland. Journal of Vegetation Science 12 (2001) 867-874
124. Olalde M., Herran A., Espinel S., and Goicoechea P.G. White oaks phylogeography in the Iberian Peninsula. Forest Ecology and Management 156 (2002) 89-102
125. Ortiz M.A., Talavera S., García-Castaño J.L., Tremetsberger K., Stuessy T., Balao F., and Casimiro-Soriguer R. Self-incompatibility and floral parameters in Hypochaeris sect. Hypochaeris (Asteraceae). American Journal of Botany 93 (2006) 234-244
126. Ortiz M.A., Tremetsberger K., Talavera S., Stuessy T., and García-Castaño J.L. Population structure of Hypochaeris salzmanniana DC. (Asteraceae), an endemic species to the Atlantic coast on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar, in relation to Quaternary sea level changes. Molecular Ecology 16 (2007) 541-552
127. Pannell J. Variation in sex ratios and sex allocation in androdioecious Mercurialis annua. Journal of Ecology 85 (1997) 57-69
128. Pannell J. Widespread functional androdioecy in Mercurialis annua L. (Euphorbiaceae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 61 (1997) 95-116
129. Pannell J.R., Obbard D.J., and Buggs R.J.A. Polyploidy and the sexual system: what can we learn from Mercurialis annua?. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 82 (2004) 547-560
130. Pardo C., Cubas P., and Tahiri H. Genetic variation and phylogeography of Stauracanthus (Fabaceae, Genisteae) from the Iberian Peninsula and northern Morocco assessed by chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) markers. American Journal of Botany 95 (2008) 98-109
131. Patarnello T., Volckaert F.A.M.J., and Castillo R. Pillars of Hercules: is the Atlantic-Mediterranean transition a phylogeographical break?. Molecular Ecology 16 (2007) 4426-4444
132. Pausas J.G., Bradstock R.A., Keith D.A., Keeley J.E., and GCTE Fire Network. Plant functional traits in relation to fire in crown-fire ecosystems. Ecology 85 (2004) 1085-1100
133. Pérez R., Vargas P., and Arroyo J. Convergent evolution of flower polymorphism in Narcissus (Amaryllidaceae). New Phytologist 161 (2004) 235-252
134. Pérez-Barrales, R., 2005. La evolución de la heterostilia: análisis macro y microevolutivo. Ph.D. thesis. University of Seville, Seville.
135. Pérez-Barrales R., Arroyo J., and Armbruster W.S. Differences in pollinator faunas may generate geographic differences in floral morphology and integration in Narcissus papyraceus (Amaryllidaceae). Oikos 116 (2007) 1904-1918
136. Pérez-Barrales, R., Pino, R., Albaladejo, R.G., Arroyo, J., 2008. Geographic variation of flower traits in Narcissus papyraceus: do pollinators matter? Journal of Biogeography; in press. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2008.01964.x.
137. Pérez-Barrales R., Vargas P., and Arroyo J. New evidence for the Darwinian hypothesis of heterostyly: breeding systems and pollination in Narcissus sect. Apodanthi. New Phytologist 171 (2006) 553-567
138. Pérez-Ramos I.M., Urbieta I.R., Marañón T., Zavala M.A., and Kobe R.K. Seed removal in two coexisting oak species: ecological consequences of seed size, plant cover and seed-drop timing. Oikos 117 (2008) 1386-1396
139. Petit R.J., Hampe A., and Cheddadi R. Climate changes and tree phylogeography in the Mediterranean. Taxon 54 (2005) 877-885
140. Petit R.J., Brewer S., Bordacs S., Burg K., Cheddadi R., Coart E., Cottrell J., Csaikl U.M., van Dam B.C., Deans J.D., Fineschi S., Finkeldey R., Glaz I., Goicoechea P.G., Jensen J.S., König A.O., Lowe A.J., Madsen S.F., Mátyás G., Munro R.C., Popescu F., Slade D., Tabbener H., de Vries S.M.G., Ziegenhagen B., de Beaulieu J.-L., and Kremer A. Identification of refugia and postglacial colonization routes of European white oaks based on chloroplast DNA and fossil pollen evidence. Forest Ecology and Management 156 (2002) 49-74
141. Petit R.J., Csaikl U.M., Bordacs S., Burg K., Coart E., Cottrell J., van Dam B.C., Deans J.D., Dumolin-Lapègue S., Fineschi S., Finkelday R., Gillies A., Glaz I., Goicoechea P.G., Jensen J.S., König A., Lowe A.J., Madsen S.F., Mátyás G., Munro R.C., Pemonge M.H., Popescu F., Slade D., Tabbener H., Taurchini D., de Vries S.M.G., Ziegenhagen B., and Kremer A. Chloroplast DNA variation in European white oaks: phylogeography and patterns of diversity based on data from over 2600 populations. Forest Ecology and Management 156 (2002) 5-26
142. Pigott C.D. Are the distributions of species determined by failure to set seeds?. In: Marshall C., and Grace J. (Eds). Fruit and Seed Production. Aspects of Development, Environmental Physiology and Ecology (1992), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 203-216
143. Piñol J., Terradas J., and Lloret F. Climate warming, wildfire hazard, and wildfire occurrence in coastal eastern Spain. Climatic Change 38 (1998) 345-357
144. Pons A., and Reille M. The Holocene-Pleistocene and upper-pleistocene pollen record from Padul (Granada, Spain) - a new study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology and Palaeoecology 66 (1988) 243-263
145. Posadas P., Crisci J.V., and Katinas L. Historical biogeography: a review of its basic concepts and critical issues. Journal of Arid Environments 66 (2006) 389-403
146. Pulido F., Valladares F., Calleja J.A., Moreno G., and González-Bornay G. Tertiary relict trees in a Mediterranean climate: abiotic constraints on the persistence of Prunus lusitanica at the eroding edge of its range. Journal of Biogeography 35 (2008) 1425-1435
147. Rabinowitz D. Seven forms of rarity. In: Synge H. (Ed). The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation (1981), John Wiley & Sons, Chichester 205-217
148. Raisanen J., Hansson U., Ullerstig A., Doscher R., Graham L.P., Jones C., Meier H.E.M., Samuelsson P., and Willen U. European climate in the late twenty-first century: regional simulations with two driving global models and two forcing scenarios. Climate Dynamics 22 (2004) 13-31
149. Raven P.H., and Axelrod D.I. Angiosperm biogeography and past continental movements. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 61 (1974) 539-673
150. Reed J.M., Stevenson A.C., and Juggins S. A multi-proxy record of Holocene climatic change in southwestern Spain: the Laguna de Medina, Cádiz. The Holocene 11 (2001) 707-719
151. Reille M. Contribution pollenanálytique à l'histoire holocène de la vegetation des montagnes du Rif (Maroc Septentrional). Recherches Françaises sur le Quaternaire. INQUA. Bulletin de l'Association Française pour l'Étude du Quaternaire (Supplément) 50 (1977) 53-76
152. Ridley, H.N., 1930. The dispersal of plants throughout the world. Reeve, Ashford.
153. Rivas-Martínez S., Asensi A., Díaz-Garretas B., Molero J., and Valle F. Biogeographical synthesis of Andalusia (southern Spain). Journal of Biogeography 24 (1998) 915-928
154. Rodríguez-Ariza M.O., and Moya E.M. On the origin and domestication of Olea europaea L. (olive) in Andalucia, Spain, based on the biogeographical distribution of its finds. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14 (2005) 551-561
155. Rodríguez-Sánchez, F., Arroyo, J., 2008. Reconstructing the demise of Tethyan plants: climate-driven range dynamics of Laurus since the Pliocene. Global Ecology and Biogeography. doi:10.1111/j.1466--8238.2008.00410.x.
156. Rosenbaum G., Lister G.S., and Duboz C. Reconstruction of the tectonic evolution of the western Mediterranean since the Oligocene. Journal of the Virtual Explorer 8 (2002) 107-130
157. Rubio R., Besnard G., Schönswetter P., Balaguer L., and Vargas P. Extensive gene flow blurs phylogeographic but not phylogenetic signal in Olea europaea L. Theoretical Applied Genetics 113 (2006) 575-583
158. Salvador L., Alía R., Agúndez D., and Gil L. Genetic variation and migration pathways of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) in the Iberian Peninsula. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100 (2000) 89-95
159. Salvo A.E. La conservación de la diversidad vegetal en el Campo de Gibraltar: análisis de su pteridoflora como modelo de estrategia de conservación. Almoraima 11 (1994) 195-214
160. Sanmartín I. Dispersal vs. vicariance in the Mediterranean: historical biogeography of the Palearctic Pachydeminae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea). Journal of Biogeography 30 (2003) 1883-1897
161. Scaltsoyiannes A., Tsaktsira M., and Drouzas A.D. Allozyme differentiation in the Mediterranean firs (Abies, Pinaceae). A first comparative study with phylogenetic implications. Plant Systematics and Evolution 216 (1999) 289-307
162. Shaw A.J., Werner O., and Ros R.M. Intercontinental Mediterranean disjunct mosses. Morphological and molecular patterns. American Journal of Botany 90 (2003) 540-550
163. Stout J.C., Parnell J.A.N., Arroyo J., and Crow T.P. Pollination ecology and seed production of Rhododendron ponticum in native and exotic habitats. Biodiversity and Conservation 15 (2006) 755-777
164. Suc J.P. Origin and evolution of the Mediterranean vegetation and climate in Europe. Nature 307 (1984) 429-432
165. van Steenis C.G.G.J. The land-bridge theory in botany. Blumea 11 (1962) 235-542
166. Takhtajan A. Floristic Regions of the World (1986), California University Press, Berkeley, CA
167. Terrab A., Schönswetter P., Talavera S., Vela E., and Stuessy T.F. Range-wide phylogeography of Juniperus thurifera L., a presumptive keystone species of western Mediterranean vegetation during cold stages of the Pleistocene. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 48 (2008) 94-102
168. Terrab A., Talavera S., Arista M., Paun O., Stuessy T.F., and Tremetsberger K. Genetic diversity at chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) and geographic structure in endangered West Mediterranean firs (Abies spp., Pinaceae). Taxon 56 (2007) 409-416
169. Thirgood J.V. Man and the Mediterranean Forest: a History of Resource Depletion (1981), Academic Press, London
170. Thompson J.D. Plant Evolution in the Mediterranean (2005), Oxford University Press, Oxford
171. Urbieta I.R., Pérez-Ramos I.M., Marañón T., and Kobe R.K. Soil water content and emergence time control seedling establishment in three co-occurring Mediterranean oak species. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 38 (2008) 2382-2393
172. Valcárcel V., Fiz O., and Vargas P. Chloroplast and nuclear evidence for multiple origins of polyploids and diploids of Hedera (Araliaceae) in the Mediterranean Basin. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 26 (2003) 1-20
173. Valdés B. Andalucia and the Rif. Floristic links and a common Flora. Botanika Chronika 10 (1991) 117-124
174. Valdés B. El elemento endémico en el Campo de Gibraltar. Almoraima 15 (1996) 13-33
175. In: Valdés B., Talavera S., and Fernández-Galiano E. (Eds). Flora Vascular de Andalucía Occidental, 3 vols (1987), Ketres, Barcelona
176. Valdés B., Rejdali M., Achhal El Kadmiri A., Jury J.L., and Montserrat J.M. Checklist of Vascular Plants of N Morocco with Identification Keys. 2 vols (2002), CSIC, Madrid
177. Valido A., Dupont Y.L., and Olesen J.M. Bird-flower interactions in the Macaronesian islands. Journal of Biogeography 31 (2004) 1945-1953
178. Valladares F., Vilagrosa A., Peñuelas J., Ogaya R., Camarero J.J., Corchera L., Sisó S., and Gil-Pelegrín E. Estrés hídrico: ecofisiología y escalas de la sequía. In: Valladares F. (Ed). Ecología del bosque mediterráneo en un mundo cambiante (2004), Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid 163-190
179. Vargas P. Are Macaronesian islands refugia of relict plant lineages?: a molecular survey. In: Weiss S., and Ferrand N. (Eds). Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia (2007), Springer, Netherlands 297-314
180. Vargas, P., Carrió, E., Guzmán, B., Amat, E., Güemes, J. A geographical pattern of Antirrhinum (Scrophulariaceae) speciation since the Pliocene based on plastid and nuclear DNA polymorphism. Journal of Biogeography; in press.
181. Vargas P., and Kadereit J. Molecular fingerprinting ISSR (Inter-Simple Sequence Repeats) evidence for a wild status of Olea europaea L. Oleaceae in the Eurosiberian North of the Iberian Peninsula. Flora 196 (2001) 142-152
182. Vargas P., McAllister H., Morton C., Jury S.L., and Wilkinson M.J. Polyploid speciation in Hedera L.: phylogenetic and biogeographic insights based on chromosome counts and ITS sequences. Plant Systematics and Evolution 219 (1999) 165-179
183. Vargas P., Morton C.M., and Jury S.L. Biogeographic patterns in Mediterranean and Macaronesian species of Saxifraga (Saxifragaceae) inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences. American Journal of Botany 86 (1999) 724-734
184. Veith M., Mayer C., Samraoui B., Barroso D.D., and Bogaerts S. From Europe to Africa and vice versa: evidence for multiple intercontinental dispersal in ribbed salamanders (Genus Pleurodeles). Journal of Biogeography 31 (2004) 159-171
185. Verdú M. Ecological and evolutionary differences between Mediterranean seeders and sprouters. Journal of Vegetation Science 11 (2000) 265-268
186. Vogel J.C., Rumsey F.J., Schneller J.J., Barrett J.A., and Gibby M. Where are the glacial refugia in Europe? Evidence from pteridophytes. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 66 (1999) 23-37
187. Werner O., Sánchez-Gómez P., Carrión-Vilches M.A., and Guerra J. Evaluation of genetic diversity in Pistacia lentiscus L. (Anacardiaceae) from the southern Iberian Peninsula and North Africa using RAPD assay. Implications for reafforestation policy. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 50 (2002) 11-18
188. Zardoya R., and Doadrio I. Molecular evidence on the evolutionary and biogeographical patterns of European cyprinids. Journal of Molecular Evolution 49 (1999) 227-237