A coastal reservoir of biodiversity for Upper Pleistocene human populations: palaeoecological investigations in Gorham's Cave (Gibraltar) in the context of the Iberian Peninsula

Quaternary Science Reviews

Volumn 27, Issue 23-24, 2008, Pages 2118-2135

  Carrion J S ^a   Finlayson, C ^b   Fernandez S ^a   Finlayson, G ^b   Allue E ^c   Lopez Saez J A ^d   Lopez Garcia P ^d   Gil Romera, G ^e   Bailey, G ^f   Gonzalez Samperiz P ^g  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MURCIA   (Spain)

^b Gibraltar Museum   (Gibraltar)

^c INSTITUT CATALÀ DE PALEOECOLOGIA HUMANA I EVOLUCIÓ SOCIAL   (Spain)

^d Instituto de Historia   (Spain)

^e ABERYSTWYTH UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^f UNIVERSITY OF YORK   (United Kingdom)

^g INSTITUTO PIRENAICO DE ECOLOGÍA   (Spain)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIODIVERSITY; CHARCOAL; PLANTS (BOTANY);

ANIMAL SPECIES; COASTAL RESERVOIRS; HUMAN POPULATION; IBERIAN PENINSULA; NEANDERTHALS; PLEISTOCENE; SOUTHERN MEDITERRANEANS; VEGETATION TYPE;

CAVES;

BIODIVERSITY; CAVE; COASTAL ZONE; MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT; NEANDERTHAL; PALEOBOTANY; PALEOECOLOGY; PALEOLITHIC; PLEISTOCENE; RESERVOIR; SURVIVAL; TEMPERATE ENVIRONMENT; VEGETATION TYPE;

BIODIVERSITY; CARBON; CHARCOAL; LAND; PINUS; PLANTS; QUERCUS; WETLANDS;

ANDALUCIA; EURASIA; EUROPE; GIBRALTAR; GORHAMS CAVE; IBERIAN PENINSULA; MALAGA [ANDALUCIA]; SOUTHERN EUROPE; SPAIN;

ANIMALIA; JUNIPERUS;

EID: 55949093205     PISSN: 02773791     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.016     Document Type: Article

References (171)

1. Agúndez D., Degen B., von Wuehlisch G., and Alia R. Genetic variation of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) in Spain. Forest Genetics 4 (1997) 201-209
2. Agustí B., Alcalde G., Burjachs F., Juan-Muns N., Oller J., and Rueda M.T. El yacimiento del Paleolítico Medio de la Cueva 120 (La Garrotxa, Cataluña). Primeros resultados. Cuaternario y Geomorfología 1 (1987) 1-13
3. Allen J.R., Brandt U., Brauer A., Hubberten H.W., Huntley B., Keller J., Kraml M., Mackensen A., Mingram J., Negendank J.F.W., Nowaczyk N.R., Oberhänsli H., Watts W.A., Wulf S., and Zolitschka B. Rapid environmental changes in southern Europe during the last glacial period. Nature 400 (1999) 740-743
4. Allué, E., 2002. Dinámica de la vegetación y explotación del combustible leñoso durante el Pleistoceno Superior y el Holoceno del Noreste de la Península Ibérica a partir del análisis antracológico. Ph.D. Thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
5. Arnanz A.M., and Uzquiano P. Consideraciones paleoambientales del Tardiglaciar y Holoceno inicial en el Levante español: macrorrestos vegetales de El Tossal de la Roca (Vall d'Alcalà, Alicante). Anales del Jardín Botánico de Madrid 55 (1997) 125-134
6. Arribas A., Díez J.C., and Jordá J.F. Primeras ocupaciones en los depósitos pleistocenos de la Cueva de los Torrejones (Sistema Central español, Tamajón, Guadalajara): litoestratigrafía y actividad biológica. Cuaternario y Geomorfología 11 (1997) 55-66
7. Arroyo J., Carrión J.S., Hampe A., and Jordano P. La distribución de las especies a diferentes escalas espacio-temporales. In: Valladares F. (Ed). Ecología del bosque mediterráneo en un mundo cambiante (2004), Ediciones del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid 27-67
8. Arroyo-García R., Martínez-Zapater J.M., Fernández-Prieto J.A., and Álvarez-Arbesu R. AFLP evaluation of genetic similarity among laurel populations (Laurus L.). Euphytica 122 (2001) 155-164
9. Aura J.E., Jordá J.F., Pérez Ripoll M., Rodrigo M.J., Badal E., and Guillem Calatayud P. The far south: the Pleistocene-Holocene transition in Nerja Cave (Andalucía, Spain). Quaternary International (2002) 93-94 19-30
10. Aura J.E., Carrión Y., Estrelles E., and Pérez Jordá G. Plant economy of hunter-gatherer groups at the end of the last Ice Age: plant macroremains from the cave of Santa Maira (Alacant, Spain) ca. 12000-9000 B.P. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14 (2005) 542-550
11. Badal E. Interés económico del pino piñonero para los habitantes de la Cueva de Nerja. In: Sanchidrián J.L., and Simón M.D. (Eds). Las culturas del Pleistoceno Superior en Andalucía (1998), Patronato de la Cueva de Nerja, Málaga 287-300
12. Badal E., and Carrión Y. Del glaciar al interglaciar: Los paisajes vegetales a partir de los restos carbonizados hallados en las cuevas de Alicante. In: Villaverde V. (Ed). De Neandertales a cromañones. El inicio del poblamiento humano en las tierras valencianas (2001), Universitat de Valencia, Valencia 21-44
13. Barroso C., Riquelme J.A., Moigne A.M., and Banes L. Les faunes de grand mammifères du Pléistocène Supérieur de la Grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya. Étude paléontologique, paléoécologique et archéozoologique. In: Barroso C., and de Lumley H. (Eds). La grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya (2006), Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura, Málaga 675-891
14. Beaudoin C., Jouet G., Suc J.-P., Berné S., and Escarguel G. Vegetation dynamics in southern France during the last 30 ky BP in the light of marine palynology. Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (2007) 1037-1054
15. Bennett K.D. Psimpoll and pscomb: computer programs for data plotting and analysis. Available on the internet at (2000). http://www.kv.geo.uu.se/software.html
16. Bennett K.D., Tzedakis P.C., and Willis K.J. Quaternary refugia of north European trees. Journal of Biogeography 18 (1991) 103-115
17. Bergkamp G. Hydrological influences on the resilience of Quercus spp dominated geoecosystems in central Spain. Geomorphology 23 (1998) 101-126
18. Blanco E., Casado M.A., Costa-Tenorio M., Escribano R., García-Antón M., Génova M., Gómez A., Gómez F., Moreno J.C., Morla C., Regato P., and Sainz H. Los bosques ibéricos. Una interpretación geobotánica (1997), Planeta, Barcelona
19. Boessenkool K.P., Brinkhuis H., Schönfeld J., and Targarona J. North-Atlantic sea-surface temperature changes and the climate of western Iberia during the last deglaciation; a marine palynological approach. Global and Planetary Change 30 (2001) 33-39
20. Branco M., Monnerot M., Ferrand N., and Templeton A.R. Postglacial dispersal of the European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) on the Iberian Peninsula reconstructed from nested clade and mismatch analyses of mitochondrial DNA genetic variation. Evolution 56 (2002) 792-803
21. Burjachs F. Evolució de la vegetació i paleoclimatologia des de fa més de 85.000 anys a la regió d'Olot. Anàlisi pollinica del Pla de l'Estany (Sant Joan les Fonts, La Garrotxa). Vitrina 5 (1990) 40-46
22. Burjachs F. Paleopalinología del paleolítico superior de la Cova de l'Arbreda (Serinyà, Catalunya). In: Fumanal M.P., and Bernabeu J. (Eds). Estudios sobre Cuaternario (1993), Asociación Española para el Estudio del Cuaternario, Valencia 149-157
23. Burjachs F. Palynology of the upper Pleistocene and Holocene of the north-east Iberian Peninsula: Pla de l'Estany (Catalonia). Historical Biology 9 (1994) 17-33
24. Burjachs F., and Allué E. ". Paleoclimatic evolution during the last glacial cycle at the NE of the Iberian Peninsula", a Quaternary Climatic Changes and Environmental Crises in the Mediterranean Region (2002), Universidad de Alcalá, Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología i INQUA, Alcalá de Henares pp. 191-200
25. Burjachs F., and Julià R. Abrupt climatic changes during the last glaciation based on pollen analysis of the Abric Romani, Catalonia, Spain. Quaternary Research 42 (1994) 308-315
26. Cabezudo B., and Pérez Latorre A. Las comunidades vegetales. In: Herrera C.M. (Ed). El Monte mediterráneo en Andalucía (2004), Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Junta de Andalucía, Sevilla 28-46
27. Cacho C., Fumanal P., López P., López Sáez J.A., Arnanz A., Uzquiano P., Pérez Ripoll M., Martínez R., Sánchez Marco A., Morales A., and Roselló E. The transition from Magdalenian to Epipaleolithic in the Spanish Mediterranean: El Tossal de la Roca. Préhistoire Européenne 12 (1998) 155-170
28. Carrión J.S. Late Quaternary pollen sequence from Carihuela Cave, southeastern Spain. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 71 (1992) 37-77
29. Carrión J.S. Dialectic with climatic interpretations of Late-Quaternary vegetation history in Mediterranean Spain. Journal of Mediterranean Ecology 2 (2001) 145-156
30. Carrión J.S. A taphonomic study of modern pollen assemblages from dung and surface sediments in arid environments of Spain. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 120 (2002) 217-232
31. Carrión J.S. Patterns and processes of Late Quaternary environmental change in a montane region of southwestern Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (2002) 2047-2066
32. Carrión J.S. The use of two pollen records from deep sea cores to frame adaptive evolutionary change for humans: a comment on "Neanderthal extinction and the millennial scale variability of OIS3" by F. d'Errico and M.F. Sánchez-Goñi. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 1217-1219
33. Carrión J.S., and Munuera M. Upper Pleistocene palaeoenvironmental change in eastern Spain: new pollen analytical data from Cova Beneito (Alicante). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 128 (1997) 287-299
34. Carrión J.S., and van Geel B. Fine-resolution Upper Weichselian and Holocene palynological record from Navarrés (Valencia, Spain) and a discussion about factors of Mediterranean forest succession. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 106 (1999) 209-236
35. Carrión J.S., Dupré M., Fumanal M.P., and Montes R. A palaeoenvironmental study in semi-arid southeastern Spain: the palynological and sedimentological sequence at Perneras Cave (Lorca, Murcia). Journal of Archaeological Science 22 (1995) 355-367
36. Carrión J.S., Munuera M., Navarro C., Burjachs F., Dupré M., and Walker M. The palaeoecological potential of pollen records in caves: the case of Mediterranean Spain. Quaternary Science Reviews 18 (1999) 1061-1073
37. Carrión J.S., Parra I., Navarro C., and Munuera M. The past distribution and ecology of the cork oak (Quercus suber) in the Iberian Peninsula: a pollen-analytical approach. Diversity and Distributions 6 (2000) 29-44
38. Carrión J.S., Navarro C., Navarro J., and Munuera M. The distribution of cluster pine (Pinus pinaster) in Spain as derived from palaeoecological data: relationships with phytosociological classification. The Holocene 10 (2000) 243-252
39. Carrión J.S., Andrade A., Bennett K.D., Navarro C., and Munuera M. Crossing forest thresholds: inertia and collapse in a Holocene sequence from south-central Spain. The Holocene 11 (2001) 635-653
40. Carrión J.S., Munuera M., Dupré M., and Andrade A. Abrupt vegetation changes in the Segura mountains of southern Spain throughout the Holocene. Journal of Ecology 89 (2001) 783-797
41. Carrión J.S., Riquelme J.A., Navarro C., and Munuera M. Pollen in hyaena coprolites reflects late glacial landscape in southern Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 2705 (2001) 1-13
42. Carrión J.S., Yll E.I., Walker M.J., Legaz A., Chaín C., and López A. Glacial refugia of temperate, Mediterranean and Ibero North African flora in south-eastern Spain: new evidence from cave pollen at two Neanderthal man sites. Global Ecology and Biogeography 12 (2003) 119-129
43. Carrión J.S., Yll, R., Riquelme, J.A., González, P., 2004. Perspectivas del análisis polínico de coprolitos y otros depósitos biogénicos útiles en la inferencia paleoambiental. In: Miscelanea en Homenaje a Emiliano Aguirre. Volumen II: Paleontología, Museo Arqueológico Regional, Alcalá de Henares, pp. 129-140.
44. Carrión J.S., Scott L., Arribas A., Fuentes N., Gil G., and Montoya E. Pleistocene landscapes in central Iberia inferred from pollen analysis of hyena coprolites. Journal of Quaternary Science 21 (2006) 1-12
45. Carrión, J.S., Allué, E., López Sáez, J.A., López García, P., Fuentes, N., Fernández, S., González-Sampériz, P., Gil-Romera, G., Riquelme, J.A., Finlayson, G., Finlayson, C. (in press). The vegetation surrounding Gorham's Cave in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. In: Finlayson, C., Rodríguez Vidal, J., Giles Pacheco, F., Carrión, J.S., Stringer, C.B. (Eds.), Where the Neanderthals Lived - A Study of Neandertal and Modern Human Behavioural Ecology in a Glacial Refugium. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
46. Coles G.M., Gilbertson D.D., Hunt C.O., and Jenkinson R.D.S. Taphonomy and the palynology of cave deposits. Cave Science 16 3 (1989) 83-89
47. Comborieu-Nebout N., Turon J.L., Zahn R., Capotondi L., Londeix L., and Pahnke K. Enhanced aridity and atmospheric high-pressure stability over the western Mediterranean during the North Atlantic cold events of the past 50 kr. Geology 30 (2002) 863-866
48. Comes H.P., and Abbott R.J. The relative importance of historical events and gene flow on the population structure of a Mediterranean ragwort, Senecio gallicus (Asteraceae). Evolution 52 (1998) 355-367
49. Cooper, J.H. 1999. Late Pleistocene Avifaunas of Gibraltar and Their Palaeoenvironmental Significance. Ph.D. Thesis, Royal Holloway College, University of London, UK.
50. Cooper S.J.B., Ibrahim K.M., and Hewitt G.M. Postglacial expansion and genome subdivision in the European grasshopper Chorthippus parallelus. Molecular Ecology 4 (1995) 49-60
51. Coûteaux M. A propos de l'interprétation des analyses polliniques de sédiments minéraux, principalement archéologiques. In: Laville H., and Renault-Mikovsky J. (Eds). Approche écologique de l'homme fossile. Supplément du Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'Etude du Quaternaire 47 (1977) 259-276
52. Currant A.P. A review of the Quaternary mammals of Gibraltar. In: Stringer C.B., Barton R.N.E., and Finlayson C. (Eds). Neanderthals on the Edge (2001), Oxbow Books, Oxford 201-206
53. D'Errico F., and Sánchez Goñi M.F. Neanderthal extinction and the millennial scale climatic variability of OIS 3. Quaternary Science Reviews 22 (2003) 769-788
54. Davis O.K. Caves as sources of biotic remains in arid western North America. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 76 (1990) 331-348
55. Dupont L., and Behling H. Land-see linkages during deglaciation: high-resolution records from the eastern Atlantic off the coast of Namibia and Angola (ODP Site 1078). Quaternary International 148 (2005) 19-28
56. Dupré, M., 1988. Palinología y paleoambiente. Nuevos datos españoles. Referencias. Diputación de Valencia, Servicio de Investigación Prehistórica, Serie de Trabajos Varios, Valencia, No. 84.
57. Fa, D.A., Lario, J., Smith, P., Finlayson, C., 2000. Submerged features around the coast of Gibraltar and their potential use by early humans. Proceedings of the 1st Congreso Andaluz de Espeleología, Ronda, pp. 143-149.
58. o 2, Sedeck, Sociedad Española de Espeleología y Ciencias del Karst (2001) 82-83
59. Fernández S., Carrión J.S., Fuentes N., González-Sampériz P., Gil G., García-Martínez M.S., Vega-Toscano L.G., and Riquelme J.A. Palynology of Carihuela Cave, southern Spain: completing the record. Geobios 40 (2007) 75-90
60. Figueiral I., and Terral J.F. Late Quaternary refugia of Mediterranean taxa in the Portuguese Extremadura: charcoal based paleovegetation and climatic reconstruction. Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (2002) 549-558
61. Finlayson C. Neanderthals and Modern Humans (2004), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
62. Finlayson C. Biogeography and evolution of the genus Homo. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20 (2005) 457-463
63. Finlayson, G., 2006. Climate, Vegetation and Biodiversity. A Multiscale Study of the South of the Iberian Peninsula. Unpublished thesis, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
64. Finlayson C., and Carrión J.S. Neandertales y humanos modernos en ecosistemas mediterráneos. In: Carrión J.S., Fernández S., and Fuentes N. (Eds). Paleoambientes y Cambio Climático. Quaderna. Fundación Séneca (2006), Agencia Regional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Murcia
65. Finlayson C., and Carrión J.S. Rapid ecological turnover and its impact on Neanderthal and other human populations. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22 (2007) 213-222
66. Finlayson C., Giles Pacheco F., Gutiérrez López J.M., Santiago Pérez A., Mata Almonte E., Allué E., and García N. Recientes excavaciones en el nivel neolítico de la Cueva de Gorham (Gibraltar. Extremo Sur de Europa). Saguntum-Plav Extra 2 (1999) 213-221
67. Finlayson C., Finlayson G., and Fa D. Gibraltar During the Quaternary. The Southernmost Part of Europe in the Last Two Million Years. Monographs 1 (2000), Gibraltar Government Heritage Publications
68. Finlayson C., Fa D., Finlayson G., Giles Pacheco F., and Rodríguez Vidal J. Did moderns kill off the Neanderthals? A reply to d'Errico and Sánchez Goñi. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 1205-1216
69. Finlayson C., Giles Pacheco F., Rodríguez-Vidal J., Fa D., Gutiérrez J.M., Santiago A., Finlayson G., Allué E., Baena J., Cáceres I., Carrión J.S., Fernández-Jalvo Y., Gleed-Owen P., Jiménez Espejo F.J., López P., López Sáez J.A., Riquelme J.A., Sánchez Marco A., Giles Guzmán F., Brown K., Fuentes N., Valarino C., Villalpando A., Stringer C.B., Martínez Ruíz F., and Sakamoto T. Late survival of Neanderthals at the southernmost extreme of Europe. Nature 443 (2006) 850-853
70. Finlayson G., Finlayson C., Giles Pacheco F., Rodríguez-Vidal J., Carrión J.S., and Recio J.M. Caves as archives of ecological and climatic changes in the Pleistocene. The case of Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar. Quaternary International 181 (2008) 55-63
71. Finlayson, C., Rodríguez Vidal, J., Giles Pacheco, F. Carrión, J.S., Stringer, C.B., (Eds.), (in press), Where the Neanderthals lived - a Study of Neandertal and Modern Human Behavioural Ecology in a Glacial Refugium. Oxbow Books, Oxford.
72. Forster P. Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 359 (2004) 255-264
73. Gale R., and Carruthers W. Charcoal and charred seed remains from Middle Palaeolithic Levels at Gorham's and Vanguard Caves. In: Stringer C.B., Barton R.N.E., and Finlayson C. (Eds). Neanderthals on the Edge (2001), Oxbow Books, Oxford 207-210
74. García-Antón M., and Sainz-Ollero H. Pollen records from the middle Pleistocene Atapuerca site (Burgos, Spain). Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 85 (1991) 199-206
75. García-Antón M., Morla C., and Sainz-Ollero H. Consideraciones sobre la presencia de algunos táxones relictos terciarios durante el Cuaternario en la Península Ibérica. Boletín de la Real Sociedad Española de Historia Natural (Sección de Biología) 86 (1990) 95-105
76. Garrod D.A.E., Buxton L.H.D., Elliot Smith G., and Bate D.M.A. Excavation of a Mousterian Rock-shelter at Devil's Tower, Gibraltar. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 58 (1928) 91-113
77. Gleed-Owen C.P. A preliminary report of the late Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles from Gorham's Cave and Vanguard Cave, Gibraltar. Herpetological Journal 11 (2001) 167-170
78. Gómez-Orellana, L., 2002. El último ciclo glaciar-interglaciar en el litoral del NW Ibérico: dinámica climática y paisajística. Ph D Thesis, University of Santiago, Spain.
79. Gómez-Orellana L., Ramil-Rego P., and Muñoz-Sobrino C. The Würm in NW Iberia, a pollen record from Area Longa (Galicia). Quaternary Research 67 (2007) 438-452
80. González-Sampériz P. Evolución paleoambiental del sector central de la Cuenca del Ebro durante el Pleistoceno Superior y Holoceno (2004), Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología, CSIC, Zaragoza
81. González-Sampériz P., Montes L., and Utrilla P. Pollen in hyena coprolites from Gabasa Cave (northern Spain). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 2527 (2003) 1-9
82. González-Sampériz P., Valero-Garcés B., and Carrión J.S. Was the Ebro Valley a glacial refugium for temperate trees?. Anales de Biología 26 (2004) 13-20
83. González-Sampériz P., Valero-Garcés B., Carrión J., Peña-Monné J.L., García-Ruiz J.M., and Martí-Bono C. Glacial and Lateglacial vegetation in Northeastern Spain: new data and a review. Quaternary International 140-141 (2005) 4-20
84. González-Sampériz P., Valero-Garcés B.L., Moreno A., Jalut G., García-Ruiz J.M., Martí-Bono C., Delgado-Huertas A., Navas A., Otto T., and Dedoubat J.J. Climate variability in the Spanish Pyrenees for the last 30,000 yr: El Portalet peatbog sequence. Quaternary Research 66 (2006) 38-52
85. Grove A.T., and Rackham O. The Nature of Mediterranean Europe (2001), Yale University Press, New Haven and London
86. Hampe A., Arroyo J., Jordano P., and Petit R.J. Rangewide phylogeography of a bird-dispersed Eurasian shrub: contrasting Mediterranean and temperate glacial refugia. Molecular Ecology 12 (2003) 3415-3426
87. Hamrick J.L. Response of forest trees to global environmental changes. Forest Ecology and Management 197 (2004) 323-335
88. Hewitt G. The genetic legacy of the Quaternary ice ages. Nature 405 (2000) 907-913
89. Horowitz A. The Quaternary of Israel (1979), Academic Press, New York
90. Horowitz A. Palynology of Arid Lands (1992), Elsevier, Amsterdam
91. Iriarte M.J., Gómez-Orellana L., Muñoz-Sobrino C., Ramil-Rego P., and Arrizabalaga A. La dinámica de la vegetación en el NW peninsular durante la transición del Paleolítico Medio al Paleolítico Superior. Monografías del Museo de Altamira 20 (2005) 231-253
92. Jennerjahn, T.C., Ittekkot, V., Arz, H.W., Behling, H., Pätzold, J., Wefer, G., 2006. Asynchronous terrestrial and marine signals of climate change during Heinrich events. Sciencexpress/2 December 2004/1/10.1126/science.1102490.
93. Jiménez P., López-de-Heredia U., Collada C., Lorenzo Z., and Gil L. High variability of chloroplast DNA in three Mediterranean evergreen oaks indicates complex evolutionary history. Heredity 93 (2004) 510-515
94. Jiménez-Espejo F., Martínez-Ruíz F., Finlayson C., Paytan A., Sakamoto T., Ortega M., Finlayson G., Iijima K., Gallego D., and Fa D. Climate forcing and Neanderthal extinction in southern Iberia: insights from a multiproxy marine record. Quaternary Science Reviews 26 (2007) 836-852
95. Johnson W.E., Godoy J.A., Palomares F., Delibes M., Fernandes M., Revilla E., and O'Brien S.J. Phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of Iberian lynx populations. Heredity 95 (2004) 19-28
96. Kageyama M., Combourieu-Nebout N., Sepulchre P., Peyron O., Krinner G., Ramstein G., and Cazet J.-P. The Last Glacial Maximum and Heinrich Event 1 in terms of climate and vegetation around the Alborán Sea: a preliminary model-data comparison. Comptes Rendus Geoscience 337 (2005) 983-992
97. Lavorel S. Ecological diversity and resilience of Mediterranean vegetation to disturbance. Diversity and Distributions 5 (1999) 3-13
98. Lebreton V., Renault-Miskovsky J., Carrión J.S., and Dupré M. Etude palynologique du remplissage de la grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya. In: Barroso C., and de Lumley H. (Eds). La Grotte Boquete de Zafarraya, Monographies Institut de Paléontologie Humaine, Junta de Andalucía (2006), Consejería de Cultura, Málaga 629-660
99. Leroy, S.A.G. 2007. Progress in palynology of the Gelasian-Calabrian Stages in Europe: ten messages. Revue de Micropaléontologie 50, 293-308.
100. Leroy S.A.G., and Arpe K. Glacial refugia for summer-green trees in Europe and south-west Asia as proposed by ECHAM3 time-slice atmospheric model simulations. Journal of Biogeography 34 12 (2007) 2115-2128
101. Leroy S.A.G., and Dupont L. Development of vegetation and continental aridity in northwestern Africa during the late Pliocene: the pollen record of ODP Site 658. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 109 (1994) 295-316
102. López de Heredia U., Carrión J.S., Jiménez P., Collada C., and Gil L. Molecular and palaeoecological evidence for multiple glacial refugia for evergreen oaks in the Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Biogeography 34 (2007) 1505-1517
103. López-Sáez J.A., and López-García P. Rasgos paleoambientales de la transición Tardiglaciar-Holoceno (16-17,5 ka BP) en el Mediterráneo ibérico, de Levante a Andalucía. Geoarqueologia i Quaternari litoral (1999) 139-152
104. López-Sáez J.A., López-García P., and Cortés M. Paleovegetación del Cuaternario reciente: estudio arqueopalinológico. In: Cortés M. (Ed). Cueva Bajondillo (Torremolinos). Secuencia cronocultural y paleoambiental del Cuaternario reciente en la Bahía de Málaga (2007), Centro de Ediciones de la Diputación Provincial de Málaga, Málaga 139-156
105. Magri D., and Parra I. Late Quaternary western Mediterranean pollen records and African winds. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200 (2002) 401-408
106. Maroto, J., 1994. El pas del paleolític mitjà al paleolític superior a Catalunya i la seva interpretació dins del context geogràfic franco-ibèric. Unpublished thesis, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain.
107. McGarry S., and Caseldine C.J. Speleothem palynology: an undervalued tool in Quaternary studies. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 2389-2404
108. Mellars P. The Neanderthal Legacy (1996), Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
109. Mota J., Cabello J., Cueto M., Gómez F., Giménez E., and Peñas J. Datos sobre la vegetación del sureste de Almería (Desiertos de Tabernas, Karst en Yesos de Sorbas y Cabo de Gata) (1997), Servicio Publicaciones Universidad de Almería, Almería
110. Muñoz Sobrino C., Ramil-Rego P., and Rodríguez Guitián M.A. Vegetation in the mountains of northwest Iberia during the last glacial-interglacial transition. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 10 (2001) 7-21
111. Muñoz Sobrino C., Ramil Rego P., and Gómez Orellana L. Vegetation of the Lago de Sanabria area (NW Iberia) since the end of the Pleistocene: a palaeoecological reconstruction on the basis of two new pollen sequences. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 13 (2004) 1-22
112. Naughton F., Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Desprat S., Turon J.L., Duprat J., Malaizé B., Joli C., Cortijo E., Drago T., and Freitas M.C. Present-day and past (last 25000 years) marine pollen signal off western Iberia. Marine Micropaleontology 62 (2007) 91-114
113. Navarro C., Carrión J.S., Navarro J., Munuera M., and Prieto A.R. An experimental approach to the palynology of cave deposits. Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (2000) 603-619
114. Nogueras P., Burjachs F., Gallart F., and Puigdefàbregas J. Recent gully erosion in the El Cautivo badlands (Tabernas, SE Spain). Catena 40 (2000) 203-215
115. Ojeda F., Marañón T., and Arroyo J. Plant diversity patterns in the Aljibe Mountains (S. Spain). A comprehensive account. Biodiversity and Conservation 9 (2000) 1323-1343
116. Olalde M., Herrán A., Espinel S., and Goicoechea P. White oaks phylogeography in the Iberian Peninsula. Forest Ecology and Management 156 (2002) 89-102
117. Pantaleón-Cano J., Yll E.I., Pérez-Obiol R., and Roure J.M. Palynological evidence for vegetational history in semi-arid areas of the western Mediterranean (Almería, Spain). The Holocene 13 (2003) 109-119
118. Parra, I., 1994. Quantification des précipitations à partir des spectres polliniques actuels et fossiles: du Tardiglaciaire à l'Holocène Supérieur de la côte méditerranéene espagnole. Ph D Thesis, University of Montpellier, France.
119. Peñalba M.C. The history of the Holocene vegetation in northern Spain from pollen analysis. Journal of Ecology 82 (1994) 815-832
120. Peñalba M.C., Arnold M., Guiot J., Duplessy J.-C., and de Beaulieu J.-L. Termination of the last glaciation in the Iberian Peninsula inferred from the pollen sequence of Quintanar de la Sierra. Quaternary Research 48 (1997) 205-214
121. Pérez Obiol R., and Julià R. Climatic change on the Iberian Peninsula recorded in a 30,000-yr pollen record from Lake Banyoles. Quaternary Research 41 (1994) 91-98
122. Petit R.J., Brewer S., Bordács S., Burg K., Cheddadi R., Coart E., Cottrell J., Csaikl U.M., van Dam B., Deans J.D., Espinel S., Fineschi S., Finkedey R., Glaz I., Goicoechea P., Jensen J.S., König A., Lowe A.J., Madsen S.F., Mátyás G., Munro R.C., Popescu F., Slade D., Tabbener H., de Vries S.G.M., Ziegenhagen B., de Beaulieu J.L., and Kremer A. Identification of refugia of post-glacial colonisation routes of European white oaks based on chloroplast DNA and fossil pollen evidence. Forest Ecology and Management 156 (2002) 49-74
123. Petit R.J., Aguinagalde I., de Beaulieu J.L., Bittkau C., Brewer S., Cheddadi R., Ennos R., Fineschi S., Grivet D., Lascoux M., Mohanty A., Müller-Starck G., Demesure-Musch B., Palmé A., Martín J.P., Rendell S., and Vendramin G.G. Glacial refugia: hotspots but not melting plots of genetic diversity. Science 300 (2003) 1563-1565
124. Petit R.J., Bialozyt R., Garnier-Géré P., and Hampe A. Ecology and genetics of tree invasions: from recent introductions to Quaternary migrations. Forest Ecology and Management 197 (2004) 117-137
125. Planchais N. Le pollen de quelques chênes de domaine méditerranéen occidental. Pollen Spores 4 (1962) 87-93
126. Pons A., and Reille M. The Holocene and Upper Pleistocene pollen record from Padul (Granada, Spain): a new study. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 66 (1988) 243-263
127. Ramil-Rego P., Muñoz-Sobrino C., Rodríguez-Guitián M., and Gómez-Orellana L. Differences in the vegetation of the North Iberian Peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Plant Ecology 138 (1998) 41-62
128. Ramil-Rego P., Rodríguez-Guitián M., and Muñoz-Sobrino C. Sclerophyllous vegetation dynamics in the north of the Iberian Peninsula during the last 16,000 years. Global Ecology Biogeographical Letters 7 (1998) 335-351
129. Richards M.B., Macaulay V., Hickey E., Vega E., Sykes B., Guida V., Rengo C., Sellitto D., Cruciani F., Kivisild T., Villems R., Thomas M., Rychkov S., Rychkov O., Rychkov Y., Gölge M., Dimitrov D., Hill E., Bradley D., Romano V., Calì F., Vona G., Demaine A., Papiha S., Triantaphyllidis C., Stefanescu G., Hatina J., Belledi M., Di Rienzo A., Novelletto A., Oppenheim A., Nørby S., Al-Zaheri N., Santachiara-Benerecetti S., Scozari R., Torroni A., and Bandelt H. Tracing European founder lineages in the Near Eastern mtDNA pool. American Journal of Human Genetics 67 (2000) 1251-1276
130. Robinson S.A., Black S., Sellwood B.W., and Valdés P.J. A review of palaeoclimates and palaeoenvironments in the Levant and Eastern Mediterranean from 25,000 to 5,000 years BP: setting the environmental background for the evolution of human civilisation. Quaternary Science Reviews 25 (2006) 1517-1541
131. Rodríguez-Vidal J., Alvarez García G., Cáceres L.M., Martínez Aguirre A., Alcaraz J.M., López Sáez J.A., Riquelme J.A., Recio J.M., Núñez Granados M.A., Rodrigo J.M., Molina M., and Moreno A.B. Registro sedimentario del cuaternario reciente en la cueva de La Sima, Sierra Norte de Sevilla. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Espeleología y Ciencias del Karst 4 (2003) 80-87
132. Rodríguez-Vidal J., Cáceres L., Finlayson C., Gracia F., and Martínez-Aguirre A. Neotectonics and shoreline history of the
133. Ros M.T. L'anàlisi antracologica de la Cova de l'Arbreda (Serinyà, Gironès). Cypsela VI (1987) 67-71
134. Rossignol M. Sédimentation palynologique recénte dans la Mer Morte. Pollen Spores 11 (1969) 17-38
135. Roucoux K.H., de Abreu L., Shackleton N.J., and Tzedakis P.C. The response of NW Iberian vegetation to North Atlantic climate oscillations during the last 65 kyr. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005) 1637-1653
136. Roucoux K.H., Tzedakis P.C., de Abreu L., and Shackleton N.J. Climate and vegetation changes 180,000 to 345,000 years ago recorded in a deep-sea core off Portugal. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 249 (2006) 307-325
137. Salvador L., Alía R., Agúndez D., and Gil L. Genetic variation and migration pathways of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait) in the Iberian Peninsula. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 100 (2000) 89-95
138. Sánchez-Goñi M.F. The identification of European upper palaeolithic interstadials from cave sequences. In: Davis O.K. (Ed). Aspects of Archaeological Palynology: Methodology and Applications. AASP contribution series 29 (1994) 161-182
139. Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Eynaud F., Turon J.L., and Gendreau S. European climatic response to millenial-scale climatic changes in the atmosphere-ocean system during the last Glacial Period. Quaternary Research 54 (2000) 394-403
140. Sánchez-Goñi M.F., Cacho I., Turon J.-L., Guiot J., Sierro F.J., Peypouquet J.-P., Grimalt J.O., and Shackleton N.J. Synchroneity between marine and terrestrial responses to millennial scale climatic variability during the last glacial period in the Mediterranean region. Climate Dynamics 19 (2002) 95-105
141. Sánchez-Marco A. Avian zoogeographical patterns during the Quaternary in the Mediterranean region and paleoclimatic interpretation. Ardeola 51 (2004) 91-132
142. Scott L. Pollen analysis of hyena coprolites and sediments from Equus Cave, Taung, Southern Kalahari (South Africa). Quaternary Research 28 (1987) 144-156
143. Scott L., and Brink J.S. Quaternary palaeoenvironments of pans in central South Africa: palynological and palentological evidence. South African Geograafer 19 (1992) 22-34
144. Scott L., Fernández Jalvo Y., Carrión J.S., and Brink J. Preservation and interpretation of pollen in hyaena coprolites: taphonomic observations from Spain and southern Africa. Palaeontologia Africana 39 (2003) 83-91
145. Soranzo N., Alia R., Provan J., and Powell W. Patterns of variation at a mitochondrial sequence-tagged-site locus provides new insights into the postglacial history of European Pinus sylvestris populations. Molecular Ecology 9 (2000) 1205-1211
146. Stewart J.R. The ecology and adaptation of Neanderthals during the non-analogue environment of Oxygen Isotope Stage 3: Armageddon or entente? The demise of the European Neanderthals in Isotope Stage 3. Quaternary International 137 (2005) 35-46
147. Svenning J.-C. Deterministic Plio-Pleistocene extinctions in the European cool-temperate tree flora. Ecology Letters 6 (2003) 646-653
148. Targarona, J., 1997. Climatic and Oceanographic Evolution of the Mediterranean Region Over the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition. A Palynological Approach. LPP Contribution Series, No. 7, Utrecht.
149. Trinkaus E. Early modern humans. Annual Review of Anthropology 34 (2005) 207-230
150. Turner C., and Hannon G.E. Vegetational evidence for late Quaternary climatic changes in southwest Europe in relation to the influence of the North Atlantic Ocean. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 318 (1988) 451-485
151. Tzedakis P.C. Towards an understanding of the response of southern European vegetation to orbital and suborbital climate variability. Quaternary Science Reviews 24 (2005) 1585-1599
152. Tzedakis P.C., Lawson I.T., Frogley M.R., Hewitt G.M., and Preece R.C. Buffered tree population changes in a Quaternary refugium: evolutionary implications. Science 297 (2002) 2044-2047
153. Uzquiano P. Analyse anthracologique du Tossal de la Roca (Paleolithique Supérieur Final - Epipaleolithique), province d'Alicante, Espagne. 1st European Conference on wood and archaeology. PACT 22 (1990) 209-217
154. Uzquiano P. The Late Glacial/Postglacial transition in the Cantabrian Cordillera (Asturias and Cantabria, Spain) based on charcoal analysis. Palaios 7 (1992) 540-547
155. Valdeolmillos, A., Ruiz Zapata, M.B., Dorado, M., Gil, M.J., de Bustamante, I., Pérez González, A., 2000. Evolución de la vegetación durante las etapas áridas del Pleistoceno Superior y Holoceno de la Meseta meridional de la Península Ibérica. In: Moreno-Grau, E. (Ed.), XIII Simposio de la Asociación de Palinólogos de Lengua Española (APLE), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, pp. 401-413.
156. Valero-Garcés B., González-Sampériz P., Delgado-Huertas A., Navas A., Machín J., and Kelts K. Late Glacial and Late Holocene environmental vegetational change in Salada Mediana, central Ebro Basin, Spain. Quaternary International 73/74 (2000) 29-46
157. Van der Knaap W.O., and van Leeuwen J.F.N. Late Glacial and Holocene vegetation succession, altitudinal vegetation zonation, and climatic change in the Serra da Estrela, Portugal. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 97 (1997) 239-285
158. Van Geel B., Coope G.R., and Van der Hammen T. Palaeoecology and stratigraphy of the Lateglacial type section at Usselo (The Netherlands). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 60 (1989) 25-129
159. Vega-Toscano, L.G., 1988. El Paleolítico Medio del Sureste español y Andalucía oriental. Ph D Thesis, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
160. Vega-Toscano L.G. El final del Paleolítico Medio y el inicio del Paleolítico Superior: más allá de los datos cantábricos. In: Barquín R.M., and Laceras J.A. (Eds). Neandertales cantábricos: estado de la cuestión. Museo de Altamira, Monografía n° 20 (2005) Santander, pp. 541-556
161. Vernet J.L., and Terral J.F. Les charbons de bois des niveaux moustériens et protoaurignaciens de la Grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya. In: Barroso C., and de Lumley H. (Eds). La grotte du Boquete de Zafarraya (2006), Junta de Andalucía, Consejería de Cultura, Málaga 661-673
162. Waechter J.D. The excavations at Gorham's Cave, Gibraltar, 1951-1954. Bulletin of the Institute of Archaeology of London 4 (1964) 189-221
163. Walker M.J. Excavations at Cueva Negra del Estrecho del Río Quípar and Sima de las Palomas del Cabezo Gordo: two sites in Murcia (south-east Spain) with Neanderthal skeletal remains, Mousterian palaeolithic assemblages and late Middle to early Upper Pleistocene fauna. In: Milliken S., and Cook J. (Eds). A Very Remote Period Indeed. Papers on the Palaeolithic Presented to Derek Roe (2001), Oxbow Books, Oxford 153-159
164. Weldeab S., Siebel W., Wehausen R., Emeis K.-C., Schmiedl G., and Hemleben C. Late Pleistocene sedimentation in the Western Mediterranean Sea: implications for productivity changes and climatic conditions in the catchment areas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 190 (2003) 121-137
165. Willis K.J., and van Andel T.H. Trees or no trees? The environments of central and eastern Europe during the Last Glaciation. Quaternary Science Reviews 23 (2004) 2369-2387
166. Willis K.J., and Whittaker R.J. The refugial debate. Science 287 (2000) 1406-1407
167. Wunsch C. Abrupt climate change: an alternative view. Quaternary Research 65 (2006) 191-203
168. Yll E.I. Arqueologia I palinologia en el Llevant peninsular durant el Tardiglacial I Postglacial. Cypsela 6 (1987) 15-21
169. Yll E.I., Carrión J.S., Pantaleón J., Dupré M., La Roca N., Roure J.M., and Pérez Obiol R. Palinología del Cuaternario reciente en la Laguna de Villena (Alicante). Anales de Biología 25 (2003) 65-72
170. Yll E.I., Zazo C., Goy J.L., Pérez-Obiol R., Pantaleón-Cano J., Civis J., Dabrio C., González A., Borja F., Soler V., Lario J., Luque L., Sierro F., González-Hernández F.M., Lèzine A.M., Denèfle M., and Roure J.M. Quaternary palaeoenvironmental changes in south Spain. In: Ruiz-Zapata M.B., Dorado A., Valdeolmillos A., Gil M.J., Bardaji T., de Bustamante I., and Martínez I. (Eds). Quaternary Climatic Changes and Environmental Crises in the Mediterranean Region (2004), Universidad de Alcalá de Henares (CD-Rom vs: 2002)
171. Zilhao J. Anatomically Archaic, Behaviourally Modern: the Last Neanderthals and Their Destiny (2001), Amsterdam Archeologisch Centrum, Amsterdam