Asenapine increases dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine efflux in the rat medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus

Neuropsychopharmacology

Volumn 33, Issue 12, 2008, Pages 2934-2945

  Huang, Mei ^a   Li, Zhu ^a   Dai, Jin ^a   Shahid, Mohammed ^b   Wong, Erik H F ^c   Meltzer, Herbert Y ^a,d  

^a VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b MERCK RESEARCH LABORATORIES   (United States)

^c PFIZER INC   (United States)

^d Psychiatric Hospital at Vanderbilt   (United States)

Author keywords

Acetylcholine; Asenapine; Dopamine; Glutamate; Norepinephrine; Rat brain

Indexed keywords

4 AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; ACETYLCHOLINE; ASENAPINE; DOPAMINE; GLUTAMIC ACID; NORADRENALIN;

ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL TISSUE; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG MECHANISM; HIPPOCAMPUS; MALE; MEDIAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX; MICRODIALYSIS; NONHUMAN; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RAT;

ACETYLCHOLINE; ANIMALS; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; BRAIN CHEMISTRY; DOPAMINE; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; EXTRACELLULAR FLUID; GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID; GLUTAMIC ACID; HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS WITH 4 OR MORE RINGS; HIPPOCAMPUS; MALE; MICRODIALYSIS; NOREPINEPHRINE; PIPERAZINES; PREFRONTAL CORTEX; PRESYNAPTIC TERMINALS; PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS; PYRIDINES; RATS; RATS, SPRAGUE-DAWLEY; SEROTONIN; SEROTONIN ANTAGONISTS; SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION;

EID: 53949102049     PISSN: 0893133X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1038/npp.2008.20     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Abekawa T, Ito K, Koyama T (2006). Role of the simultaneous enhancement of NMDA and dopamine D1 receptor-mediated neurotransmission in the effects of clozapine on phencyclidine-induced acute increases in glutamate levels in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Arch Pharmacol 374: 177-193.
2. 1A receptors of the in vivo release of 5-HT and DA in mouse frontal cortex. Neuropharmacology 45: 1050-1056.
3. Ago Y, Nakamura S, Baba A, Matsuda T (2005). Sulpiride in combination with fluvoxamine increases in vivo dopamine release selectively in rat prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 30: 43-51.
4. Alphs L, Panagides J, Lancaster S (2007). Asenapine in the treatment of negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical trial design and rationale. Psychopharmacol Bull 40: 41-53.
5. Arnsten AF, Li BM (2005). Neurobiology of executive functions: catecholamine influences on prefrontal cortical functions. Biol Psychiatry 57: 1377-1384.
6. Assie MB, Ravailhe V, Faucillon V, Newman-Tancredi A (2005). Contrasting contribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine 1A receptor activation to neurochemical profile of novel antipsychotics: frontocortical dopamine and hippocampal serotonin release in rat brain. J Pharmacol Exp Thera 315: 265-272.
7. Benes FM, Berretta S (2000). Amygdalo-entorhinal inputs to the hippocampal formation in relation to schizophrenia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 911: 293-304.
8. Blake TJ, Tillery CE, Reynolds GP (1998). Antipsychotic drug affinities at alpha2-adrenoceptor subtypes in post-mortem human brain. J Psychopharmacology 12: 151-154.
9. Bonaccorso S, Meltzer HY, Li Z, Dai J, Alboszta AR, Ichikawa J (2002). SR46349-B, a 5-HT(2A/2C) receptor antagonist, potentiates haloperidol-induced dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Neuropsychopharmacology 27: 430-441.
10. Bourdelais AJ, Deutch AY (1994). The effects of haloperidol and clozapine on extracellular GABA levels in the prefrontal cortex of the rat: an in vivo microdialysis study. Cereb Cortex 4: 69-77.
11. Broekkamp CL, De Graaf JS, van Delft AM (1990). Behavioural pharmacology of trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydro-1H-dibenz[2,3:6,7] oxepino-[4,5-c]pyrrolidine maleate, a compound interacting with dopaminergic and serotonergic receptors. Arzneimittelforschung 40: 544-549.
12. Bymaster FP, Calligaro DO, Falcone JF, Marsh RD, Moore NA, Tye NC et al (1996). Radioreceptor binding profile of the atypical antipsychotic olanzapine. Neuropsychopharmacology 14: 87-96.
13. Bymaster FP, Felder C, Ahmed S, McKinzie D (2002). Muscarinic receptors as a target for drugs treating schizophrenia. Current Drug Targets CNS Neurol Disord 1: 163-181.
14. Cartmell J, Perry KW, Salhoff CR, Monn JA, Schoepp DD (2001). Acute increases in monoamine release in the rat prefrontal cortex by the mGlu2/3 agonist LY379268 are similar in profile to risperidone, not locally mediated, and can be elicited in the presence of uptake blockade. Neuropharmacology 40: 847-855.
15. Castner SA, Williams GV (2007). Tuning the engine of cognition: a focus on NMDA/D1 receptor interactions in prefrontal cortex. Brain Cogn 63: 94-122.
16. Chemel BR, Roth BL, Armbruster B, Watts VJ, Nichols DE (2006). WAY-100635 is a potent dopamine D4 receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 188: 244-251.
17. Cheng CH, Costall B, Ge J, Naylor RJ (1993). The profiles of interaction of yohimbine with anxiolytic and putative anxiolytic agents to modify 5-HT release in the frontal cortex of freely-moving rats. Br J Pharmacol 110: 1079-1084.
18. Chung YC, Li Z, Dai J, Meltzer HY, Ichikawa J (2004). Clozapine increases both acetylcholine and dopamine release in rat ventral hippocampus: role of 5-HT1A receptor agonism. Brain Res 1023: 54-63.
19. Cosi C, Koek W (2001). Agonist, antagonist, and inverse agonist properties of antipsychotics at human recombinant 5-HT(1A) receptors expressed in HeLa cells. Eur J Pharmacol 433: 55-62.
20. Costall B, Domeney AM, Kelly ME, Naylor RJ, Tomkins DM (1990). Actions of ORG 5222 as a novel psychotropic agent. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 35: 607-615.
21. Coyle JT (2006). Glutamate and schizophrenia: beyond the dopamine hypothesis. Cell Mol Neurobiol 26: 365-384.
22. Daly DA, Moghaddam B (1993). Actions of clozapine and haloperidol on the extracellular levels of excitatory amino acids in the prefrontal cortex and striatum of conscious rats. Neurosci Lett 152: 61-64.
23. De Boer T, Berendsen H, Broekkamp CLE, Vrjimoed-de Vriès MC, Vos RME, Tonnaer JA et al (1993). Org-5222. Drugs Future 18: 1117-1123.
24. De Boer T, Tonnaer JA, De Vos CJ, Van Delft AM (1990). Neurochemical studies with the potential antipsychotic compound trans-5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3, 3a,12b-tetrahydro-1H-dibenz[ 2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrolidine maleate. Arzneimittelforschung 40: 550-554.
25. De Deurwaerdere P, Spampinato U (2001). The nigrostriatal dopamine system: a neglected target for 5-HT2C receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22: 502-504.
26. Devoto P, Flore G, Pira L, Longu G, Gessa GL (2004). Alpha2-adrenoceptor mediated co-release of dopamine and noradrenaline from noradrenergic neurons in the cerebral cortex. J Neurochem 88: 1003-1009.
27. Di Cara B, Panayi F, Gobert A, Dekeyne A, Sicard D, De Groote L et al (2007). Activation of dopamine D1 receptors enhances cholinergic transmission and social cognition: a parallel dialysis and behavioural study in rats. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10: 383-399.
28. Di Matteo V, De Blasi A, Di Giulio C, Esposito E (2001). Role of 5-HT(2C) receptors in the control of central dopamine function. Trends Pharmacol Sci 22: 229-232.
29. Di Matteo V, Di Giovanni G, Di Mascio M, Esposito E (1998). Selective blockade of serotonin2C/2B receptors enhances dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens. Neuropharmacology 37: 265-272.
30. Di Matteo V, Di Giovanni G, Di Mascio M, Esposito E (1999). SB 242084, a selective serotonin2C receptor antagonist, increases dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic system. Neuropharmacology 38: 1195-1205.
31. Di Matteo V, Di Mascio M, Di Giovanni G, Esposito E (2000). Acute administration of amitriptyline and mianserin increases dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: possible involvement of serotonin2C receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 150: 45-51.
32. Diaz-Mataix L, Scorza MC, Bortolozzi A, Toth M, Celada P, Artigas F (2005). Involvement of 5-HT1A receptors in prefrontal cortex in the modulation of dopaminergic activity: role in atypical antipsychotic action. J Neurosci 25: 10831-10843.
33. Dringenberg HC, De Souza-Silva MA, Rossmuller J, Huston JP, Schwarting RK (1998). Histamine H1 receptor antagonists produce increases in extracellular acetylcholine in rat frontal cortex and hippocampus. J Neurochem 70: 1750-1758.
34. Gefvert O, Lundberg T, Wieselgren IM, Bergstrom M, Langstrom B, Wiesel F et al (2001). D(2) and 5HT(2A) receptor occupancy of different doses of quetiapine in schizophrenia: a PET study. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 11: 105-110.
35. Gobert A, Rivet JM, Audinot V, Newman-Tancredi A, Cistarelli L, Millan MJ (1998). Simultaneous quantification of serotonin, dopamine and noradrenaline levels in single frontal cortex dialysates of freely-moving rats reveals a complex pattern of reciprocal auto- and heteroreceptor-mediated control of release. Neuroscience 84: 413-429.
36. Gobert A, Rivet JM, Cistarelli L, Melon C, Millan MJ (1999). Buspirone modulates basal and fluoxetine-stimulated dialysate levels of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin in the frontal cortex of freely moving rats: activation of serotonin1A receptors and blockade of alpha2-adrenergic receptors underlie its actions. Neuroscience 93: 1251-1262.
37. Goyer PF, Berridge MS, Morris ED, Semple WE, Compton-Toth BA, Schulz SC et al (1996). PET measurement of neuroreceptor occupancy by typical and atypical neuroleptics. J Nucl Med 37: 1122-1127.
38. Grimm JW, See RE (1998). Unique activation of extracellular striato-pallidal neurotransmitters in rats following acute risperidone. Brain Res 801: 182-189.
39. Hajos-Korcsok E, McQuade R, Sharp T (1999). Influence of 5-HT1A receptors on central noradrenergic activity: microdialysis studies using (+/-)-MDL 73005EF and its enantiomers. Neuropharmacology 38: 299-306.
40. Harvey PD, Keefe RS (2001). Studies of cognitive change in patients with schizophrenia following novel antipsychotic treatment. Am J Psychiatry 158: 176-184.
41. Heidbreder CA, Foxton R, Cilia J, Hughes ZA, Shah AJ, Atkins A et al (2001). Increased responsiveness of dopamine to atypical, but not typical antipsychotics in the medial prefrontal cortex of rats reared in isolation. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 156: 338-351.
42. Hertel P, Fagerquist MV, Svensson TH (1999). Enhanced cortical dopamine output and antipsychotic-like effects of raclopride by alpha2 adrenoceptor blockade. Science 286: 105-107.
43. Hertel P, Nomikos GG, Iurlo M, Svensson TH (1996). Risperidone: regional effects in vivo on release and metabolism of dopamine and serotonin in the rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 124: 74-86.
44. Hirsch SR, Das I, Garey LJ, de Belleroche J (1997). A pivotal role for glutamate in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and its cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 56: 797-802.
45. Ichikawa J, Dai J, Meltzer HY (2002a). 5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(2A) receptors minimally contribute to clozapine-induced acetylcholine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 939: 34-42.
46. Ichikawa J, Dai J, O'Laughlin IA, Fowler WL, Meltzer HY (2002b). Atypical, but not typical, antipsychotic drugs increase cortical acetylcholine release without an effect in the nucleus accumbens or striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 325-339.
47. Ichikawa J, Ishii H, Bonaccorso S, Fowler WL, O'Lauqhlin IA, Meltzer HY (2001). 5-HT(2A) and D(2) receptor blockade increases cortical DA release via 5-HT(1A) receptor activation: a possible mechanism of atypical antipsychotic-induced cortical dopamine release. J Neurochem 76: 1521-1531.
48. Ichikawa J, Kuroki T, Dai J, Meltzer HY (1998). Effect of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular serotonin levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Eur J Pharmacol 351: 163-171.
49. Ichikawa J, Li Z, Dai J, Meltzer HY (2002c). Atypical antipsychotic drugs, quetiapine, iloperidone, and melperone, preferentially increase dopamine and acetylcholine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex: role of 5-HT1A receptor agonism. Brain Res 956: 349-357.
50. Ichikawa J, Meltzer HY (2000). The effect of serotonin(1A) receptor agonism on antipsychotic drug-induced dopamine release in rat striatum and nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 858: 252-263.
51. Juckel G, Schlagenhauf F, Koslowski M, Wustenberg T, Villringer A, Knutson B et al (2006). Dysfunction of ventral striatal reward prediction in schizophrenia. Neuroimage 29: 409-416.
52. Keefe RS, Bilder RM, Davis SM, Harvey PD, Palmer BW, Gold JM et al (2007). CATIE Investigators. Neurocognitive Working Group. Neurocognitive effects of antipsychotic medications in patients with chronic schizophrenia in the CATIE Trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 64: 633-647.
53. Kessler RM, Ansari MS, Riccardi P, Li R, Jayathilake K, Dawant B et al (2005). Occupancy of striatal and extrastriatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors by olanzapine and haloperidol. Neuropsychopharmacology 30: 2283-2289.
54. Konradi C, Heckers S (2003). Molecular aspects of glutamate dysregulation: implications for schizophrenia and its treatment. Pharmacol Ther 97: 153-179.
55. Kroner S, Krimer LS, Lewis DA, Barrionuevo G (2007). Dopamine increases inhibition in the monkey dorsolateral prefrontal cortex through cell type-specific modulation of interneurons. Cerebral Cortex 17: 1020-1032.
56. Kuroki T, Meltzer HY, Ichikawa J (1999). Effects of antipsychotic drugs on extracellular dopamine levels in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 288: 774-781.
57. Li Z, Ichikawa J, Dai J, Meltzer HY (2004). Aripiprazole, a novel antipsychotic drug, preferentially increases dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 493: 75-83.
58. Li Z, Ichikawa J, Huang M, Dai J, Meltzer HY (2005). ACP-103, a 5-HT2A/2C inverse agonist, potentiates haloperidol-induced dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 183: 144-153.
59. Liegeois JF, Ichikawa J, Meltzer HY (2002). 5-HT(2A) receptor antagonism potentiates haloperidol-induced dopamine release in rat medial prefrontal cortex and inhibits that in the nucleus accumbens in a dose-dependent manner. Brain Res 947: 157-165.
60. Mamo D, Graff A, Mizrahi R, Shammi CM, Romeyer F, Kapur S (2007). Differential effects of aripiprazole on D(2), 5-HT(2), and 5-HT(1A) receptor occupancy in patients with schizophrenia: a triple tracer PET study. Am J Psychiatry 164: 1411-1417.
61. Matsubara S, Matsubara R, Kusumi I, Koyama T, Yamashita I (1993). Dopamine D1, D2 and serotonin2 receptor occupation by typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 265: 498-508.
62. Meltzer HY, Bobo WV, Roy A, Jayathilake K, Chen Y, Anil EA et al. (2008). A randomized, double-blind comparison of clozapine and high-dose treatment-resistant patients with schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry 69: 274-285.
63. Meltzer HY, Li Z, Kaneda Y, Ichikawa J (2003). Serotonin receptors: their key role in drugs to treat schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 27: 1159-1172.
64. i values. J Pharmacol Exp Thera 251: 238-246.
65. Meltzer HY, McGurk SR (1999). The effect of clozapine, risperidone and olanzapine on cognitive function in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 25: 233-255.
66. Millan MJ (2006). Multi-target strategies for the improved treatment of depressive states: conceptual foundations and neuronal substrates, drug discovery and therapeutic application. Pharmacol Ther 110: 135-370.
67. Millan MJ, Dekeyne A, Gobert A (1998). Serotonin (5-HT)2C receptors tonically inhibit dopamine (DA) and noradrenaline (NA), but not 5-HT, release in the frontal cortex in vivo. Neuropharmacology 37: 953-955.
68. Millan MJ, Gobert A, Lejeune F, Dekeyne A, Newman-Tancredi A, Pasteau V et al (2003). The novel melatonin agonist agomelatine (S20098) is an antagonist at 5-hydroxytryptamine2C receptors, blockade of which enhances the activity of frontocortical dopaminergic and adrenergic pathways. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306: 954-964.
69. Millan MJ, Gobert A, Rivet JM, Adhumeau-Auclair A, Cussac D, Newman-Tancredi A et al (2000). Mirtazapine enhances frontocortical dopaminergic and corticolimbic adrenergic, but not serotonergic, transmission by blockade of alpha2-adrenergic and serotonin2C receptors: a comparison with citalopram. Eur J Neurosci 12: 1079-1095.
70. Nagai T, Takuma K, Kamei H, Ito Y, Nakamichi N, Ibi D et al (2007). Dopamine D1 receptors regulate protein synthesis-dependent long-term recognition memory via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in the prefrontal cortex. Learn Mem 14: 117-125.
71. Nakamura M, McCarley RW, Kubicki M, Dickey CC, Niznikiewicz MA, Voglmaier MM et al (2005). Fronto-temporal disconnectivity in schizotypal personality disorder: a diffusion tensor imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 58: 468-478.
72. Nyberg S, Eriksson B, Oxenstierna G, Halldin C, Farde L (1999). Suggested minimal effective dose of risperidone based on PET-measured D2 and 5-HT2A receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 156: 869-875.
73. Owen JC, Whitton PS (2003). Reboxetine modulates norepinephrine efflux in the frontal cortex of the freely moving rat: the involvement of alpha 2 and 5-HT1A receptors. Neurosci Lett 348: 171-174.
74. Pantelis C, Barnes TR, Nelson HE, Tanner S, Weatherley L, Owen AM et al (1997). Frontal-striatal cognitive deficits in patients with chronic schizophrenia. Brain 120: 1823-1843.
75. Parada MA, Hernandez L, Puig de Parada M, Rada P, Murzi E (1997). Selective action of acute systemic clozapine on acetylcholine release in the rat prefrontal cortex by reference to the nucleus accumbens and striatum. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 281: 582-588.
76. Paxinos G, Watson C (1986). The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. Academic Press: New York, NY.
77. Potkin SG, Cohen M, Panagides J (2007). Efficacy and tolerability of asenapine in acute schizophrenia: a placebo- and risperidone-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 68: 1492-1500.
78. Prinssen EP, Koek W, Kleven MS (2000). The effects of antipsychotics with 5-HT(2C) receptor affinity in behavioral assays selective for 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist properties of compounds. Eur J Pharmacol 388: 57-67.
79. Richelson E, Souder T (2000). Binding of antipsychotic drugs to human brain receptors focus on newer generation compounds. Life Sci 68: 29-39.
80. Rossetti ZL, Carboni S (2005). Noradrenaline and dopamine elevations in the rat prefrontal cortex in spatial working memory. J Neuroscience 25: 2322-2329.
81. Sato M, Ago Y, Koda K, Nakamura S, Kawasaki T, Baba A et al (2007). Role of postsynaptic serotonin1A receptors in risperidone-induced increase in acetylcholine release in rat prefrontal cortex. Eur J Pharmacol 559: 155-160.
82. Schotte A, Janssen PF, Gommeren W, Luyten WH, Van Gompel P, Lesage AS et al (1996). Risperidone compared with new and reference antipsychotic drugs: in vitro and in vivo receptor binding. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 124: 57-73.
83. Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS (1999). The reduced neuropil hypothesis: a circuit based model of schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 45: 17-25.
84. Shahid M, Walker GB, Zorn SH, Wong EHF (2007). Asenapine: a novel psychopharmacologic agent with a unique human receptor signature. J Psychopharmacol [e-pub ahead of print: 28 February 2008].
85. Shelton RC, Tollefson GD, Tohen M, Stahl S, Gannon KS, Jacobs TG et al (2001). A novel augmentation strategy for treating resistant major depression. Am J Psychiatry 158: 131-134.
86. Shilliam CS, Dawson LA (2005). The effect of clozapine on extracellular dopamine levels in the shell subregion of the rat nucleus accumbens is reversed following chronic administration: comparison with a selective 5-HT(2C) receptor antagonist. Neuropsychopharmacology 30: 372-380.
87. Shirazi-Southall S, Rodriguez DE, Nomikos GG (2002). Effects of typical and atypical antipsychotics and receptor selective compounds on acetylcholine efflux in the hippocampus of the rat. Neuropsychopharmacology 26: 583-594.
88. Sprouse JS, Reynolds LS, Braselton JP, Rollema H, Zorn SH (1999). Comparison of the novel antipsychotic ziprasidone with clozapine and olanzapine: inhibition of dorsal raphe cell firing and the role of 5-HT1A receptor activation. Neuropsychopharmacology 21: 622-631.
89. Tellez S, Colpaert F, Marien M (1997). Acetylcholine release in the rat prefrontal cortex in vivo: modulation by alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists. J Neurochem 68: 778-785.
90. Wadenberg ML, Wiker C, Svensson TH (2007). Enhanced efficacy of both typical and atypical antipsychotic drugs by adjunctive alpha 2 adrenoceptor blockade: experimental evidence. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 10: 191-202.
91. Weinberger DR, Berman KF, Chase TN (1988). Mesocortical dopaminergic function and human cognition. Ann NY Acad Sci 537: 330-338.
92. Westerink BH, de Boer P, de Vries JB, Kruse CG, Long SK (1998). Antipsychotic drugs induce similar effects on the release of dopamine and noradrenaline in the medial prefrontal cortex of the rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 361: 27-33.
93. Woodward ND, Purdon SE, Meltzer HY, Zald DH (2005). A meta-analysis of neuropsychological change to clozapine, olanzapine, quetiapine, and risperidone in schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 8: 457-472.
94. Yamamoto BK, Cooperman MA (1994). Differential effects of chronic antipsychotic drug treatment on extracellular glutamate and dopamine concentrations. J Neurosci 14: 4159-4166.
95. Yamamoto BK, Pehek EA, Meltzer HY (1994). Brain region effects of clozapine on amino acid and monoamine transmission. J Clin Psychiatry 55(Suppl B): 8-14.
96. Yoshino T, Nisijima K, Shioda K, Yui K, Katoh S (2004). Perospirone, a novel atypical antipsychotic drug, potentiates fluoxetine-induced increases in dopamine levels via multireceptor actions in the rat medial prefrontal cortex. Neurosci Lett 364: 16-21.
97. Zhang W, Perry KW, Wong DT, Potts BD, Bao J, Tollefson GD et al (2000). Synergistic effects of olanzapine and other antipsychotic agents in combination with fluoxetine on norepinephrine and dopamine release in rat prefrontal cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 23: 250-262.