Anti-beta-glucan-like immunoprotective candidacidal antiidiotypic antibodies

Frontiers in Bioscience

Volumn 13, Issue 18, 2008, Pages 6920-6937

  Magliani, Walter ^a   Conti, Stefania ^a   Giovati, Laura ^a   Maffei, Domenico Leonardo ^a   Polonelli, Luciano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PARMA   (Italy)

Author keywords

Anti Beta Glucan Antibodies; Anti Beta Glucan Like Antibodies; Beta Glucans; Candidacidal Antibodies; Candidacidal Peptides; Killer Peptides; Microbicidal Antibodies; Microbicidal Peptides; Review

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA; EUKARYOTA; PROKARYOTA;

ANTIIDIOTYPIC ANTIBODY; BETA GLUCAN; FUNGUS ANTIBODY; FUNGUS VACCINE;

ARTICLE; CANDIDA; CANDIDIASIS; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; HUMAN; IMMUNITY; IMMUNOLOGY;

ANTIBODIES, ANTI-IDIOTYPIC; ANTIBODIES, FUNGAL; BETA-GLUCANS; CANDIDA; CANDIDIASIS; FUNGAL VACCINES; HUMANS; IMMUNITY;

EID: 52049125434     PISSN: 27686701     EISSN: 27686698     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2741/3199     Document Type: Review

References (176)

1. McNeil, M. M., S. L. Nash, R. A. Hajjeh, M. A. Phelan, L. A. Conn, B. D. Plikaytis and D. W. Warnock: Trends in mortality due to invasive mycotic diseases in the United States, 1980-1997. Clin Infect Dis 33, 641-647 (2001) (Pubitemid 32762937)
2. Marr, K. A., R. A. Carter, F. Crippa, A. Wald and L. Corey: Epidemiology and outcome of mould infections in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 34, 909-917 (2002) (Pubitemid 34229758)
3. Fleming, R. V., T. J. Walsh and E. J. Anaissie: Emerging and less common fungal pathogens. Infect Dis Clin North Am 16, 915-933 (2002) (Pubitemid 35477519)
4. Bouza, E., P. Munoz and J. Guinea: Mucormycosis: an emerging disease? Clin Microbiol Infect 12 (s7), 7-23 (2006) (Pubitemid 44756307)
5. Pagano, L., M. Caira, A. Candoni, M. Offidani, L. Fianchi, B. Martino, D. Pastore, M. Picardi, A. Bonini, A. Chierichini, R. Fanci, C. Caramatti, R. Invernizzi, D. Mattei, M. E. Mitra, L. Melillo, F. Aversa, M. T. Van Lint, P. Falcucci, C. G. Valentini, C. Girmenia and A. Nosari: The epidemiology of fungal infections in patients with hematologic malignancies: the SEIFEM-2004 study. Haematologica 91, 1068-1075 (2006) (Pubitemid 44208634)
6. Pagano, L., M. Caira, M. Picardi, A. Candoni, L. Melillo, L. Fianchi, M. Offidani and A. Nosari: Invasive Aspergillosis in patients with acute leukemia: update on morbidity and mortality-SEIFEM-C Report. Clin Infect Dis 44, 1524-1525 (2007) (Pubitemid 46801604)
7. Eggimann, P., J. Garbino and D. Pittet: Epidemiology of Candida species infections in critically ill non-immunosuppressed patients. Lancet Infect Dis 3, 685-702 (2003) (Pubitemid 37345347)
8. Fridkin, S. K.: The changing face of fungal infections in health care settings. Clin Infect Dis 41, 1455-1460 (2005) (Pubitemid 41579989)
9. Fridkin, S. K., D. Kaufman, J. R. Edwards, S. Shetty and T. Horan: Changing incidence of Candida bloodstream infections among NICU patients in the United States: 1995-2004. Pediatrics 117, 1680-1687 (2006) (Pubitemid 46071397)
10. Morgan, J.: Global trends in candidemia: review of reports from 1995-2005. Curr Infect Dis Rep 7, 429-439 (2005) (Pubitemid 41671586)
11. Pappas, P. G.: Invasive Candidiasis. Infect Dis Clin North Am 20, 485-506 (2006) (Pubitemid 44375119)
12. Pfaller, M. A. and D. J. Diekema: Epidemiology of invasive candidiasis: a persistent public health problem. Clin Microbiol Rev 20, 133-163 (2007) (Pubitemid 46167771)
13. Richardson, M. D.: Changing patterns and trends in systemic fungal infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 56 Suppl 1, i5-i11 (2005) (Pubitemid 41236084)
14. Dan, M., R. Segal, V. Marder and A. Leibovitz: Candida colonization of the vagina in elderly residents of a long-term-care hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 25, 394-396 (2006) (Pubitemid 43885684)
15. Farmaki, E., J. Evdoridou, T. Pouliou, E. Bibashi, P. Panagopoulou, J. Filioti, A. Benos, D. Sofianou, G. Kremenopoulos and E. Roilides: Fungal colonization in the neonatal intensive care unit: risk factors, drug susceptibility, and association with invasive fungal infections. Am J Perinatol 24, 127-135 (2007) (Pubitemid 46363830)
16. Mukherjee, P. K., G. Zhou, R. Munyon and M. A. Ghannoum: Candida biofilm: a well-designed protected environment. Med Mycol 43, 191-208 (2005) (Pubitemid 40867493)
17. Ramage, G., J. P. Martinez and J. L. Lopez-Ribot: Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically significant problem. FEMS Yeast Res 6, 979-986 (2006) (Pubitemid 44568854)
18. Shin, J. H., S. J. Kee, M. G. Shin, S. H. Kim, D. H. Shin, S. K. Lee, S. P. Suh and D. W. Ryang: Biofilm production by isolates of Candida species recovered from nonneutropenic patients: comparison of bloodstream isolates with isolates from other sources. J Clin Microbiol 40, 1244-1248 (2002) (Pubitemid 34279883)
19. Westbrook, S. D., W. R. Kirkpatrick, C. O. Freytes, J. J. Toro, S. Bernardo, T. F. Patterson, S. W. Redding and S. A. Lee: Candida krusei sepsis secondary to oral colonization in a hemopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. Med Mycol 45, 187-190 (2007) (Pubitemid 46371962)
20. de Repentigny, L., D. Lewandowski and P. Jolicoeur: Immunopathogenesis of oropharyngeal candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 17, 729-759 (2004) (Pubitemid 39372514)
21. Eckert, L. O.: Clinical practice. Acute vulvovaginitis. N Engl J Med 355, 1244-1252 (2006)
22. Loh, K. Y. and N. Sivalingam: Recurrent vaginal candidiasis. Med J Malaysia 58, 788-792 (2003) (Pubitemid 38480502)
23. Nyirjesy, P.: Chronic vulvovaginal candidiasis. Am Fam Physician 63, 697-702 (2001) (Pubitemid 32178694)
24. Pankhurst, C. L.: Candidiasis (oropharyngeal). Clin Evid 15, 1849-1863 (2006)
25. Sobel, J. D.: Vulvovaginal candidiasis: a comparison of HIV-positive and -negative women. Int J STD AIDS 13, 358-362 (2002) (Pubitemid 34587609)
26. Blumberg, H. M., W. R. Jarvis, J. M. Soucie, J. E. Edwards, J. E. Patterson, M. A. Pfaller, M. S. Rangel-Frausto, M. G. Rinaldi, L. Saiman, R. T. Wiblin, R. P. Wenzel and National Epidemiology of Mycoses Survey (NEMIS) Study Group: Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: The NEMIS Prospective Multicenter Study. Clin Infect Dis 33, 177-186 (2001) (Pubitemid 32643332)
27. Saiman, L., E. Ludington, M. Pfaller, S. Rangel-Frausto, R. T. Wiblin, J. Dawson, H. M. Blumberg, J. E. Patterson, M. Rinaldi, J. E. Edwards, R. P. Wenzel and W. Jarvis: Risk factors for candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit patients. Pediatr Infect Dis J 19, 319-324 (2000) (Pubitemid 30213071)
28. Benson, C. A., J. E. Kaplan, H. Masur, A. Pau, K. K. Holmes, CDC, National Institutes of Health and Infectious Diseases Society of America: Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 53 (RR-15), 1-112 (2004)
29. Masur, H., J. E. Kaplan, K. K. Holmes, U.S. Public Health Service and Infectious Diseases Society of America: Guidelines for preventing opportunistic infections among HIV-infected persons -2002. Recommendations of the U.S. Public Health Service and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Ann Intern Med 137, 435-478 (2002)
30. Mofenson, L. M., J. Oleske, L. Serchuck, R. Van Dyke and C. Wilfert: Treating opportunistic infections among HIV-exposed and infected children: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 40 Suppl 1, S1-84 (2005)
31. Pienaar, E. D., T. Young and H. Holmes: Interventions for the prevention and management of oropharyngeal candidiasis associated with HIV infection in adults and children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3, CD003940 (2006)
32. Gudlaugsson, O., S. Gillespie, K. Lee, J. Vande Berg, J. Hu, S. Messer, L. Herwaldt, M. Pfaller and D. Diekema: Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 37, 1172-1177 (2003) (Pubitemid 37372504)
33. Magill, S. S., S. M. Swoboda, E. A. Johnson, W. G. Merz, R. K. Pelz, P. A. Lipsett and C. W. Hendrix: The association between anatomic site of Candida colonization, invasive candidiasis, and mortality in critically ill surgical patients. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 55, 293-301 (2006) (Pubitemid 44137494)
34. Morgan, J., M. I. Meltzer, B. D. Plikaytis, A. N. Sofair, S. Huie-White, S. Wilcox, L. H. Harrison, E. C. Seaberg, R. A. Hajjeh and S. M. Teutsch: Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26, 540-547 (2005) (Pubitemid 40896144)
35. Segal, B. H., N. G. Almyroudis, M. Battiwalla, R. Herbrecht, J. R. Perfect, T. J. Walsh and J. R. Wingard: Prevention and early treatment of invasive fungal infection in patients with cancer and neutropenia and in stem cell transplant recipients in the era of newer broad-spectrum antifungal agents and diagnostic adjuncts. Clin Infect Dis 44, 402-409 (2007) (Pubitemid 46147624)
36. Ashman, R. B., C. S. Farah, S. Wanasaengsakul, Y. Hu, G. Pang and R. L. Clancy: Innate versus adaptive immunity in Candida albicans infection. Immunol Cell Biol 82, 196-204 (2004) (Pubitemid 38594652)
37. Cassone, A., F. De Bernardis and A. Torososantucci: An outline of the role of anti-Candida antibodies within the context of passive immunization and protection from candidiasis. Curr Mol Med 5, 377-382 (2005) (Pubitemid 40846918)
38. Fidel, P. L. Jr.: Candida-host interactions in HIV disease: relationships in oropharyngeal candidiasis. Adv Dent Res 19, 80-84 (2006)
39. Fidel, P. L. Jr.: History and update on host defense against vaginal candidiasis. Am J Reprod Immunol 57, 2-12 (2007) (Pubitemid 44911601)
40. Shoham, S. and S. M. Levitz: The immune response to fungal infections. Br J Haematol 129, 569-582 (2005) (Pubitemid 40825818)
41. Vonk, A. G., M. G. Netea, J. W. van der Meer and B. J. Kullberg: Host defence against disseminated Candida albicans infection and implications for antifungal immunotherapy. Expert Opin Biol Ther 6, 891-903 (2006)
42. Zelante, T., C. Montagnoli, S. Bozza, R. Gaziano, S. Bellocchio, P. Bonifazi, S. Moretti, F. Fallarino, P. Puccetti and L. Romani: Receptors and pathways in innate antifungal immunity: the implication for tolerance and immunity to fungi. Adv Exp Med Biol 590, 209-221 (2007)
43. Rivera, A., H. L. Van Epps, T. M. Hohl, G. Rizzuto and E. G. Pamer: Distinct CD4+-T-cell responses to live and heat-inactivated Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Infect Immun 73, 7170-7179 (2005) (Pubitemid 41587614)
44. Casadevall, A., A. Cassone, F. Bistoni, J. E. Cutler, W. Magliani, J. W. Murphy, L. Polonelli and L. Romani: Antibody and/or cell-mediated immunity, protective mechanisms in fungal disease: an ongoing dilemma or an unnecessary dispute? Med Mycol 36 Suppl 1, 95-105 (1998)
45. Polonelli, L., A. Casadevall, Y. Han, F. De Bernardis, T. N. Kirkland, R. C. Matthews, D. Adriani, M. Boccanera, J. P. Burnie, A. Cassone, S. Conti, J. E. Cutler, R. Frazzi, C. Gregory, S. Hodgetts, C. Illidge, W. Magliani, G. Rigg and G. Santoni: The efficacy of acquired humoral and cellular immunity in the prevention and therapy of experimental fungal infections. Med Mycol 38 Suppl 1, 281-292 (2000) (Pubitemid 32094076)
46. Casadevall, A.: Antibody immunity and invasive fungal infections. Infect Immun 63, 4211-4218 (1995)
47. Bromuro, C., R. La Valle, S. Sandini, F. Urbani, C. M. Ausiello, L. Morelli, C. Fe D'Ostiani, L. Romani and A. Cassone: A 70-kilodalton recombinant heat shock protein of Candida albicans is highly immunogenic and enhances systemic murine candidiasis. Infect Immun 66, 2154-2162 (1998) (Pubitemid 28194115)
48. Bromuro, C., A. Torosantucci, P. Chiani, S. Conti, L. Polonelli and A. Cassone: Interplay between protective and inhibitory antibodies dictates the outcome of experimentally disseminated candidiasis in recipients of a Candida albicans vaccine. Infect Immun 70, 5462-5470 (2002)
49. Han, Y., T. Kanbe, R. Cherniak and J. E. Cutler: Biochemical characterization of Candida albicans epitopes that can elicit protective and nonprotective antibodies. Infect Immun 65, 4100-4107 (1997) (Pubitemid 27422065)
50. De Bernardis, F., M. Boccanera, D. Adriani, E. Spreghini, G. Santoni and A. Cassone: Protective role of antimannan and anti-aspartyl proteinase antibodies in an experimental model of Candida albicans vaginitis in rats. Infect Immun 65, 3399-3405 (1997) (Pubitemid 27342428)
51. Fidel, P. L. Jr.: Immunity to Candida. Oral Dis 8 Suppl. 2, 69-75 (2002) (Pubitemid 41758944)
52. Han, Y. M., R. P. Morrison and J. E. Cutler: A vaccine and monoclonal antibodies that enhance mouse resistance to Candida albicans vaginal infection. Infect Immun 66, 5771-5776 (1998) (Pubitemid 28531833)
53. Matthews, R. and J. Burnie: Antifungal antibodies: a new approach to the treatment of systemic candidiasis. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2, 472-476 (2001) (Pubitemid 32401133)
54. Magliani, W., S. Conti, S. Arseni, A. Salati, L. Ravanetti, D. L. Maffei, L. Giovati and L. Polonelli: Antibody-mediated protective immunity in fungal infections. New Microbiol 28, 299-309 (2005) (Pubitemid 41820614)
55. Matthews, R. C., G. Rigg, S. Hodgetts, T. Carter, C. Chapman, C. Gregory, C. Illidge and J. P. Burnie: Preclinical assessment of the efficacy of Mycograb, a human recombinant antibody against fungal HSP90. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47, 2208-2216 (2003) (Pubitemid 36753574)
56. Matthews, R. C. and J. P. Burnie: Human recombinant antibody to HSP90: a natural partner in combination therapy. Curr Mol Med 5, 403-411 (2005) (Pubitemid 40846921)
57. Nooney, L., R. C. Matthews and J. P. Burnie: Evaluation of Mycograb, amphotericin B, caspofungin, and fluconazole in combination against Cryptococcus neoformans by checkerboard and timekill methodologies. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 51, 19-29 (2005) (Pubitemid 40040564)
58. Pachl, J., P. Svoboda, F. Jacobs, K. Vandewoude, B. van der Hoven, P. Spronk, G. Masterson, M. Malbrain, M. Aoun, J. Garbino, J. Takala, L. Drgona, J. Burnie, R. Matthews and Mycograb Invasive Candidiasis Study Group: A randomized, blinded, multicenter trial of lipid-associated amphotericin B alone versus in combination with an antibody-based inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 in patients with invasive candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 42, 1404-1413 (2006)
59. Rowlands, H. E., K. Morris and C. Graham: Human recombinant antibody against Candida. Pediatr Infect Dis J 25, 959-960 (2006) (Pubitemid 44510601)
60. Doc. Ref. EMEA/454649/2006, London, 16 November (2006) www.emea.europa.eu/pdfs/human/opinion/45464906en.pdf
61. Moragues, M. D., M. J. Omaetxebarria, N. Elguezabal, M. J. Sevilla, S. Conti, L. Polonelli and J. Ponton: A monoclonal antibody directed against a Candida albicans cell wall mannoprotein exerts three anti-C. albicans activities. Infect Immun 71, 5273-5279 (2003) (Pubitemid 37070774)
62. Omaetxebarria, M. J., M. D. Moragues, N. Elguezabal, A. Rodríguez-Alejandre, S. Brena, J. Schneider, L. Polonelli and J. Ponton: Antifungal and antitumor ativities of a monoclonal antibody directed against a stress mannoprotein of Candida albicans. Curr Mol Med 5, 393-401 (2005) (Pubitemid 40846920)
63. Sevilla, M. J., B. Robledo, A. Rementería, M. D. Moragues and J. Ponton: A fungicidal monoclonal antibody protects against murine invasive candidiasis. Infect Immun 74, 3042-3045 (2006) (Pubitemid 43673020)
64. Brena, S., M. J. Omaetxebarria, N. Elguezabal, J. Cabezas, M. D. Moragues and J. Ponton: The fungicidal monoclonal antibody C7 binds to andida albicans Als3. Infect Immun 75, 3680-3682 (2007) (Pubitemid 47040972)
65. Kavishwar, A. and P. K. Shukla: Candidacidal activity of a monoclonal antibody that binds with glycosyl moieties of proteins of Candida albicans. Med Mycol 44, 159-167 (2006) (Pubitemid 43135543)
66. Torosantucci, A., C. Bromuro, P. Chiani, F. De Bernardis, F. Berti, C. Galli, F. Norelli, C. Bellucci, L. Polonelli, P. Costantino, R. Rappuoli and A. Cassone: A novel glyco-conjugate vaccine against fungal pathogens. J Exp Med 202, 597-606 (2005) (Pubitemid 41258184)
67. Bedirli, A., M. Kerem, H. Pasaoglu, N. Akyurek, T. Tezcaner, S. Elbeg, L. Memis and O. Sakrak: Betaglucan attenuates inflammatory cytokine release and prevents acute lung injury in an experimental model of sepsis. Shock 27, 397-401 (2007) (Pubitemid 46594971)
68. Brown, G. D. and S. Gordon: Immune recognition of fungal beta-glucans. Cell Microbiol 7, 471-479 (2005)
69. Demir, G., H. O. Klein, N. Mandel-Molinas and N. Tuzuner: Beta glucan induces proliferation and activation of monocytes in peripheral blood of patients with advanced breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol 7, 113-116 (2007) (Pubitemid 44856386)
70. Descroix, K., V. Ferrieres, F. Jamois, J. C. Yvin and D. Plusquellec: Recent progress in the field of beta-(1,3)-glucans and new applications. Mini Rev Med Chem 6, 1341-1349 (2006) (Pubitemid 44890541)
71. Sandvik, A., Y. Y. Wang, H. C. Morton, A. O. Aasen, J. E. Wang and F. E. Johansen: Oral and systemic administration of beta-glucan protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced shock and organ injury in rats. Clin Exp Immunol 148, 168-177 (2007) (Pubitemid 46364988)
72. Yan, J., D. J. Allendorf and B. Brandley: Yeast whole glucan particle (WGP) beta-glucan in conjunction with antitumour monoclonal antibodies to treat cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther 5, 691-702 (2005) (Pubitemid 40780552)
73. Zekovic, D. B., S. Kwiatkowski, M. M. Vrvic, D. Jakovljevic and C. A. Moran: Natural and modified (1->3)-beta-D-glucans in health promotion and disease alleviation. Crit Rev Biotechnol 25, 205-230 (2005) (Pubitemid 41759220)
74. Kapteyn, J. C., L. L. Hoyer, J. E. Hecht, W. H. Muller, A. Andel, A. J. Verkleij, M. Makarow, H. Van Den Ende and F. M. Klis: The cell wall architecture of Candida albicans wild-type cells and cell wall-defective mutants. Mol Microbiol 35, 601-611 (2000) (Pubitemid 30085277)
75. Masuoka, J.: Surface glycans of Candida albicans and other pathogenic fungi: physiological roles, clinical uses, and experimental challenges. Clin Microbiol Rev 17, 281-310 (2004) (Pubitemid 38534031)
76. Denning, D. W.: Echinocandin antifungal drugs. Lancet 362, 1142-1151 (2003) (Pubitemid 37222342)
77. Nakagawa, Y., N. Ohno and T. Murai: Suppression by Candida albicans beta-glucan of cytokine release from activated human monocytes and from T cells in the presence of monocytes. J Infect Dis 187, 710-713 (2003) (Pubitemid 36250040)
78. Obayashi, T., M. Yoshida, T. Mori, H. Goto, A. Yasuoka, H. Iwasaki, H. Teshima, S. Kohno, A. Horiuchi and A. Ito: Plasma (1,3)-beta-D-glucan measurement in diagnosis of invasive deep mycosis and fungal febrile episodes. Lancet 345, 17-20 (1995)
79. Kedzierska, A.: (1,3)-beta-D-glucan-a new marker for the early serodiagnosis of deep-seated fungal infections in humans. Pol J Microbiol 56, 3-9 (2007) (Pubitemid 46814164)
80. Kondori, N., L. Edebo and I. Mattsby-Baltzer: Circulating beta (1-3) glucan and immunoglobulin G subclass antibodies to Candida albicans cell wall antigens in patients with systemic candidiasis. Clin Diagn Lab Immun 11, 344-350 (2004) (Pubitemid 38380816)
81. Marty, F. M., S. Koo, J. Bryar and L. R. Baden: (1->3)beta-D-glucan assay positivity in patients with Pneumocystis (carinii) jiroveci pneumonia. Ann Intern Med 147, 70-72 (2007) (Pubitemid 351664641)
82. Ostrosky-Zeichner, L., B. D. Alexander, D. H. Kett, J. Vazquez, P. G. Pappas, F. Saeki, P. A. Ketchum, J. Wingard, R. Schiff, H. Tamura, M. A. Finkelman and J. H. Rex: Multicenter clinical evaluation of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan assay as an aid to diagnosis of fungal infections in humans. Clin Infect Dis 41, 654-659 (2005) (Pubitemid 41170353)
83. Pazos, C., M. D. Moragues, G. Quindos, J. Ponton and A. del Palacio: Diagnostic potential of (1,3)-beta-D-glucan and anti-Candida albicans germ tube antibodies for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of invasive candidiasis in neutropenic adult patients. Rev Iberoam Micol 23, 209-215 (2006) (Pubitemid 44735884)
84. Yoshida, M.: Usefulness of determination of beta-D-glucan in the diagnosis of deep mycosis -experience in Japan. Med Mycol 44 Suppl, 185-189 (2006) (Pubitemid 44524103)
85. Gantner, B. N., R. M. Simmons and D. M. Underhill: Dectin-1 mediates macrophage recognition of Candida albicans yeast but not filaments. EMBO J 24, 1277-1286 (2005) (Pubitemid 40516610)
86. Poulain, D. and T. Jouault: Candida albicans cell wall glycans, host receptors and responses: Elements for a decisive crosstalk. Curr Opin Microbiol 7, 342-349 (2004) (Pubitemid 39091117)
87. Romani, L.: Immunity to fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 4, 1-23 (2004)
88. Ruiz-Herrera, J., M. V. Elorza, E. Valentín and R. Sentandreu: Molecular organization of the cell wall of Candida albicans and its relation to pathogenicity. FEMS Yeast Res 6, 14-29 (2006)
89. Wheeler, R. T. and G. R. Fink: A drug-sensitive genetic network masks fungi from the immune system. PLoS Pathog 2, e35 (2006)
90. Netea, M. G., N. A. R. Gow, C. A. Munro, S. Bates, C. Collins, G. Ferwerda, R. P. Hobson, G. Bertram, H. B. Hughes, T. Jansen, L. Jacobs, E. T. Buurman, K. Gijzen, D. L. Williams, R. Torensma, A. McKinnon, D. M. MacCallum, F. C. Odds, J. W. M. Van der Meer, A. J. P. Brown, and B. J. Kullberg: Immune sensing of Candida albicans requires cooperative recognition of mannans and glucans by lectin and Toll-like receptors. J Clin Invest 116, 1642-1650 (2006)
91. Adachi, Y., T. Ishii, Y. Ikeda, A. Hoshino, H. Tamura, J. Aketagawa, S. Tanaka and N. Ohno: Characterization of beta-glucan recognition site on Ctype lectin, dectin 1. Infect Immun 72, 4159-4171 (2004) (Pubitemid 38821931)
92. Brown, J., C. A. O'Callaghan, A. S. Marshall, R. J. Gilbert, C. Siebold, S. Gordon, G. D. Brown and E. Y. Jones: Structure of the fungal beta-glucan-binding immune receptor dectin-1: Implications for function. Protein Sci 16, 1042-1052 (2007) (Pubitemid 46849214)
93. Dennehy, K. M. and G. D. Brown: The role of the {beta}-glucan receptor Dectin-1 in control of fungal infection. J Leukoc Biol 82, 253-258 (2007) (Pubitemid 47230634)
94. Gantner, B. N., R. M. Simmons, S. J. Canavera, S. Akira and D. M. Underhill: Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. J Exp Med 197, 1107-1117 (2003) (Pubitemid 36570066)
95. Goodridge, H. S., R. M. Simmons and D. M. Underhill: Dectin-1 stimulation by Candida albicans yeast or zymosan triggers NFAT activation in macrophages and dendritic cells. J Immunol 178, 3107-3115 (2007) (Pubitemid 46333192)
96. Herre, J., S. Gordon and G. D. Brown: Dectin-1 and its role in the recognition of beta-glucans by macrophages. Mol Immunol 40, 869-876 (2004) (Pubitemid 38032810)
97. Taylor, P. R., S. V. Tsoni, J. A. Willment, K. M. Dennehy, M. Rosas, H. Findon, K. Haynes, C. Steele, M. Botto, S. Gordon and G. D. Brown: Dectin-1 is required for beta-glucan recognition and control of fungal infection. Nat Immunol 8, 31-38 (2007) (Pubitemid 46242356)
98. Willment, J. A., A. S. Marshall, D. M. Reid, D. L. Williams, S. Y. Wong, S. Gordon and G. D. Brown: The human b-glucan receptor is widely expressed and functionally equivalent to murine Dectin-1 on primary cells. Eur J Immunol 35, 1539-1547 (2005) (Pubitemid 40691434)
99. Ikeda, Y., Y. Adachi, T. Ishii, H. Tamura, J. Aketagawa, S. Tanaka and N. Ohno: Blocking effect of anti-Dectin-1 antibodies on the anti-tumor activity of 1,3-beta-glucan and the binding of Dectin-1 to 1,3-beta-glucan. Biol Pharm Bull 30, 1384-1389 (2007) (Pubitemid 47282181)
100. Breuel, K. F., P. Kougias, P. J. Rice, D. Wei, K. De Ponti, J. Wang, J. J. Laffan, C. Li, J. Kalbfleisch and D. L. Williams: Anterior pituitary cells express pattern recognition receptors for fungal glucans: implications for neuroendocrine immune involvement in response to fungal infections. Neuroimmunomodulation 11, 1-9 (2004) (Pubitemid 37256090)
101. Adachi, Y., N. Ohno and T. Yadomae: Preparation and antigen specificity of an anti-(1-3)-beta-D-glucan antibody. Biol Pharm Bull 17, 1508-1512 (1994) (Pubitemid 24368077)
102. Hirata, A., Y. Adachi, W. Itoh, M. Komoda, K. Tabata and I. Sugawara: Monoclonal antibody to proteoglycan derived from Grifola frondosa (Maitake). Biol Pharm Bull 17, 539-542 (1994) (Pubitemid 24146614)
103. Czop, J. K., M. F. Gurish and J. L. Kadish: Production and isolation of rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies directed against the human monocyte receptor for yeast beta-glucans. J Immunol 145, 995-1001 (1990) (Pubitemid 20231294)
104. Harada, T., N. N. Miura, Y. Adachi, M. Nakajima, T. Yadomae and N. Ohno: Antibody to soluble 1,3/1,6-beta-Dglucan, SCG in sera of naïve DBA/2 mice. Biol Pharm Bull 26, 1225-1228 (2003) (Pubitemid 40012598)
105. Masuzawa, S., M. Yoshida, K. Ishibsahi, N. Saito, M. Akashi, N. Yoshikawa, T. Suzuki, S. Nameda, N. N. Miura, Y. Adachi and N. Ohno: Solubilized Candida cell wall b-glucan, CSBG, is epitope of natural human antibody. Drug Dev Res 58, 179-189 (2003) (Pubitemid 36438141)
106. Miura, T., N. Ohno, N. N. Miura, Y. Adachi, S. Shimada and T. Yadomae: Antigen-specific response of murine immune system toward a yeast beta-glucan preparation, zymosan. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 24, 131-139 (1999) (Pubitemid 29219382)
107. Uchiyama, M., N. Ohno, N. N. Miura, Y. Adachi, H. Tamura, S. Tanaka and T. Yadomae: Solubilized cell wall beta-glucan, CSBG, is an epitope of Candida immune mice. Biol Pharm Bull 23, 672-676 (2000) (Pubitemid 30321297)
108. Ishibashi, K., M. Yoshida, I. Nakabayashi, H. Shinohara, N. N. Miura, Y. Adachi and N. Ohno: Role of anti-beta-glucan antibody in host defense against fungi. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 44, 99-109 (2005) (Pubitemid 40380906)
109. Casadevall, A. and L. A. Pirofski: Polysaccharide-containing conjugate vaccines for fungal diseases. Trends Mol Med 12, 6-9 (2006) (Pubitemid 43089650)
110. Magliani, W., S. Conti, M. Gerloni, D. Bertolotti and L. Polonelli: Yeast killer systems. Clin Microbiol Rev 10, 369-400 (1997) (Pubitemid 27359257)
111. Magliani, W., S. Conti, S. Arseni, R. Frazzi, A. Salati and L. Polonelli: Killer anti-idiotypes in the control of fungal infections. Curr Opin Invest Drugs 2, 477-479 (2001) (Pubitemid 32401134)
112. Magliani, W., S. Conti, A. Cassone, F. De Bernardis and L. Polonelli: New immunotherapeutic strategies to control vaginal candidiasis. Trends Mol Med 8, 121-126 (2002) (Pubitemid 34532637)
113. Magliani, W., S. Conti, A. Salati, S. Arseni, R. Frazzi, L. Ravanetti and L. Polonelli: New strategies for treatment of Candida vaginal infections. Rev Iberoam Micol 19, 144-148 (2002) (Pubitemid 35333957)
114. Magliani, W., S. Conti, R. Frazzi, G. Pozzi, M. Oggioni and L. Polonelli: Engineered commensal bacteria as delivery systems of anti-infective mucosal protectants. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev 19, 139-156 (2002) (Pubitemid 36018949)
115. Magliani, W., S. Conti, A. Salati, S. Vaccari, L. Ravanetti, D. L. Maffei and L. Polonelli: Therapeutic potential of yeast killer toxin-like antibodies and mimotopes. FEMS Yeast Res 5, 11-18 (2004) (Pubitemid 39285981)
116. Magliani, W., S. Conti, R. Frazzi, L. Ravanetti, D. L. Maffei and L. Polonelli: Protective antifungal yeast killer toxin-like antibodies. Curr Mol Med 5, 443-452 (2005) (Pubitemid 40846925)
117. Schmitt, M. J. and F. Breinig. Yeast viral killer toxins: lethality and self-protection. Nat Rev Microbiol 4, 212-221 (2006)
118. Polonelli, L., S. Conti, M. Gerloni, W. Magliani, C. Chezzi and G. Morace: Interfaces of the yeast killer phenomenon. Crit Rev Microbiol 18, 47-87 (1991)
119. Kimura, T., N. Kitamoto, K. Matsuoka, K. Nakamura, Y. Iimura and Y. Kito: Isolation and nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding killer toxins from Hansenula mrakii and H. saturnus. Gene 137, 265-270 (1993) (Pubitemid 24071645)
120. Komiyama, T., T. Ohta, Y. Furuichi, Y. Ohta and Y. Tsukada: Structure and activity of HYI killer toxin from Hansenula saturnus. Biol Pharm Bull 18, 1057-1059 (1995)
121. Komiyama, T., T. Shirai, T. Ohta, H. Urakami, Y. Furuichi, Y. Ohta and Y. Tsukada: Action properties of HYI killer toxin from Williopsis saturnus var. saturnus, and antibiotics, aculeacin A and papulacandin B. Biol Pharm Bull 21, 1013-1019 (1998) (Pubitemid 28513975)
122. Komiyama, T., T. Ohta, H. Urakami, Y. Shiratori, T. Takasuka, M. Satoh, T. Watanabe and Y. Furuichi: Pore formation on proliferating yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell buds by HM-1 killer toxin. J Biochem 119, 731-736 (1996) (Pubitemid 26135149)
123. Takasuka, T., T. Komiyama, Y. Furuichi and T. Watanabe: Cell wall synthesis specific cytocidal effect of Hansenula mrakii toxin-1 on Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell Mol Biol Res 41, 575-581 (1995) (Pubitemid 26124143)
124. Guyard, C., E. Dehecq, J. P. Tissier, L. Polonelli, E. Dei-Cas, J. C. Cailliez and F. D. Menozzi: Involvement of [beta]-glucans in the widespectrum antimicrobial activity of Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii MUCL 41968 killer toxin. Mol Med 8, 686-694 (2002) (Pubitemid 36337495)
125. Guyard, C., N. Séguy, J. C. Cailliez, H. Drobecq, L. Polonelli, E. Dei-Cas, A. Mercenier and F. D. Menozzi: Characterization of a Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii high molecular weight secreted killer toxin with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 49, 961-971 (2002) (Pubitemid 34692890)
126. Guyard, C., P. Evrard, A. M. Corbisier-Colson, H. Louvart, E. Dei-Cas, F. D. Menozzi, L. Polonelli and J. C. Cailliez: Immuno-crossreactivity of an anti-Pichia anomala killer toxin monoclonal antibody with a Williopsis saturnus var. mrakii killer toxin. Med Mycol 39, 395-400 (2001)
127. Cailliez, J. C., M. Gerloni, G. Morace, S. Conti, C. Cantelli and L. Polonelli: Ultrastructural immunodetection of a Pichia anomala killer toxin: a preliminary study. Biol Cell 75, 19-23 (1992)
128. Cailliez, J. C., C. Cantelli, S. Conti, M. Gerloni, W. Magliani, G. Morace and L. Polonelli: Pichia anomala killer toxin secretion in the presence of tunicamycin. J Med Vet Mycol 31, 337-342 (1993) (Pubitemid 23269956)
129. Cailliez, J. C., C. Cantelli, N. Séguy, S. Conti, M. Gerloni, G. Morace and L. Polonelli: Killer toxin secretion through the cell wall of the yeast Pichia anomala. Mycopathologia 126, 173-177 (1994) (Pubitemid 2117940)
130. Polonelli, L., R. Lorenzini, F. De Bernardis and G. Morace: Potential therapeutic effect of yeast killer toxin. Mycopathologia 96, 103-107 (1986) (Pubitemid 17197247)
131. Yamamoto, T., K. Uchida and T. Hiratani: In vitro activity of the killer toxin from yeast Hansenula mrakii against yeasts and molds. J Antibiot 41, 398-403 (1988) (Pubitemid 18096569)
132. Pettoello-Mantovani, M., A. Nocerino, L. Polonelli, G. Morace, S. Conti, L. Di Martino, G. De Ritis, M. Iafusco and S. Guandalini. Hansenula anomala killer toxin induces secretion, and severe acute injury in the rat intestine. Gastroenterology 109, 1900-1906 (1995)
133. Selvakumar, D., Q. Z. Zhang, M. Miyamoto, Y. Furuichi and T. Komiyama: Identification and characterization of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody for the epitope on HM-1 killer toxin. J Biochem (Tokyo) 139, 399-406 (2006) (Pubitemid 43667104)
134. Selvakumar, D., N. Karim, M. Miyamoto, Y. Furuichi and T. Komiyama: Recombinant singlechain anti-idiotypic antibody: an effective fungal beta-1,3-glucan synthase inhibitor. Biol Pharm Bull 29, 1848-1853 (2006) (Pubitemid 44338406)
135. Selvakumar, D., M. Miyamoto, Y. Furuichi and T. Komiyama: Inhibition of fungal beta-1,3-glucan synthase and cell growth by HM-1 killer toxin singlechain anti-idiotypic antibodies. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 50, 3090-3097 (2006) (Pubitemid 44396416)
136. Polonelli, L., S. Conti, M. Gerloni, W. Magliani, M. Castagnola, G. Morace and C. Chezzi: "Antibiobodies": antibiotic-like anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Med Vet Mycol 29, 235-242 (1991)
137. Polonelli, L., F. De Bernardis, S. Conti, M. Boccanera, W. Magliani, M. Gerloni, C. Cantelli and A. Cassone. Human natural yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal antibodies. J Immunol 156, 1880-1885 (1996) (Pubitemid 26072556)
138. Polonelli, L., and G. Morace: Yeast killer toxinlike anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Clin Microbiol 26, 602-604 (1988) (Pubitemid 18062134)
139. Polonelli, L., F. Fanti, S. Conti, L. Campani, M. Gerloni, M. Castagnola, G. Morace and C. Chezzi: Detection by immunofluorescent anti-idiotypic antibodies of yeast killer toxin cell wall receptors of Candida albicans. J Immunol Methods 132, 205-209 (1990) (Pubitemid 20281879)
140. Polonelli, L., R. Lorenzini, F. De Bernardis, M. Gerloni, S. Conti, G. Morace, W. Magliani and C. Chezzi: Idiotypic vaccination: immunoprotection mediated by anti-idiotypic antibodies with antibiotic activity. Scand J Immunol 37, 105-110 (1993) (Pubitemid 23020908)
141. Polonelli, L., F. De Bernardis, S. Conti, M. Boccanera, M. Gerloni, G. Morace, W. Magliani, C. Chezzi and A. Cassone: Idiotypic intravaginal vaccination to protect against candidal vaginitis by secretory, yeast killer toxin-like anti-idiotypic antibodies. J Immunol 152, 3175-3182 (1994) (Pubitemid 24098016)
142. Magliani, W., S. Conti, F. De Bernardis, M. Gerloni, D. Bertolotti, P. Mozzoni, A. Cassone and L. Polonelli: Therapeutic potential of antiidiotypic single chain antibodies with yeast killer toxin activity. Nat Biotechnol 15, 155-158 (1997) (Pubitemid 27081781)
143. Polonelli, L., N. Seguy, S. Conti, M. Gerloni, D. Bertolotti, C. Cantelli, W. Magliani and J. C. Cailliez: Monoclonal yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal anti-idiotypic antibodies. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 4, 142-146 (1997) (Pubitemid 27130225)
144. Beninati, C., M. R. Oggioni, M. Boccanera, M. R. Spinosa, T. Maggi, S. Conti, W. Magliani, F. De Bernardis, G. Teti, A. Cassone, G. Pozzi and L. Polonelli: Therapy of mucosal candidiasis by expression of an anti-idiotype in human commensal bacteria. Nat Biotechnol 18, 1060-1064 (2000)
145. Oggioni, M. R., C. Beninati, M. Boccanera, D. Medaglini, M. R. Spinosa, T. Maggi, S. Conti, W. Magliani, F. De Bernardis, G. Teti, A. Cassone, G. Pozzi and L. Polonelli: Recombinant Streptococcus gordonii for mucosal delivery of a scFv microbicidal antibody. Int Rev Immunol 20, 275-287 (2001) (Pubitemid 33119081)
146. Polonelli, L., W. Magliani, S. Conti, L. Bracci, L. Lozzi, P. Neri, D. Adriani, F. De Bernardis and A. Cassone: Therapeutic activity of an engineered synthetic killer antiidiotypic antibody fragment against experimental mucosal and systemic candidiasis. Infect Immun 71, 6205-6212 (2003) (Pubitemid 37337676)
147. Magliani, W., S. Conti, A. Salati, S. Arseni, L. Ravanetti, R. Frazzi and L. Polonelli: Biotechnological approaches to the production of idiotypic vaccines and antiidiotypic antibiotics. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 4, 91-97 (2003) (Pubitemid 36416866)
148. Magliani, W., S. Conti, A. Salati, S. Arseni, L. Ravanetti, R. Frazzi and L. Polonelli: Engineered killer mimotopes: new synthetic peptides for antimicrobial therapy. Curr Med Chem 11, 1793-1800 (2004) (Pubitemid 38821344)
149. Donini, M., C. Lico, S. Banchieri, S. Conti, W. Magliani, L. Polonelli and E. Benvenuto: Production of an engineered killer peptide in Nicotiana benthamiana by using a potato virus X expression system. Appl Environ Microbiol 71, 6360-6367 (2005) (Pubitemid 41456937)
150. Cenci, E., A. Mencacci, A. Spreca, C. Montagnoli, A. Bacci, K. Perruccio, A. Velardi, W. Magliani, S. Conti, L. Polonelli and L. Romani: Protection of killer antiidiotypic antibodies against early invasive aspergillosis in a murine model of allogeneic T-cell-depleted bone marrow transplantation. Infect Immun 70, 2375-2382 (2002) (Pubitemid 34408378)
151. Cenci, E., F. Bistoni, A. Mencacci, S. Perito, W. Magliani, S. Conti, L. Polonelli and Vecchiarelli A. A synthetic peptide as a novel anticryptococcal agent. Cell Microbiol 6, 953-961 (2004) (Pubitemid 39255608)
152. Travassos, L. R., L. S. Silva , E. G. Rodrigues, S. Conti, A. Salati, W. Magliani and L. Polonelli: Therapeutic activity of a killer peptide against experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 54, 956-958 (2004) (Pubitemid 39529994)
153. Séguy, N., J. C. Cailliez, P. Delcourt, S. Conti, D. Camus, E. Dei-Cas and L. Polonelli: Inhibitory effect of human natural yeast killer toxin-like candidacidal antibodies on Pneumocystis carinii. Mol Med 3, 544-552 (1997) (Pubitemid 127499167)
154. Séguy, N., L. Polonelli, E. Dei-Cas and J. C. Cailliez: Monoclonal killer toxin-like antiidiotypic antibodies to control rat-pneumocystosis. J Eukaryot Microbiol 44, 37S (1997) (Pubitemid 28037849)
155. Manfredi, M., M. J. McCullough, S. Conti, L. Polonelli, P. Vescovi, Z. M. Al-karaawi and S. R. Porter: In vitro activity of a monoclonal killer antiidiotypic antibody and a synthetic killer peptide against oral isolates of Candida spp. Differently susceptible to conventional antifungals. Oral Microbiol Immunol 20, 226-232 (2005) (Pubitemid 40868396)
156. Conti, S., F. Fanti, W. Magliani, M. Gerloni, D. Bertolotti, A. Salati, A. Cassone and L. Polonelli: Mycobactericidal activity of human natural, monoclonal, and recombinant yeast killer toxin-like antibodies. J Infect Dis 177, 807-811 (1998) (Pubitemid 28099906)
157. Conti, S., W. Magliani, S. Arseni, E. Dieci, R. Frazzi, A. Salati, P. E. Varaldo & L. Polonelli: In vitro activity of monoclonal and recombinant yeast killer toxin-like antibodies against antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive cocci. Mol Med 6/7, 613-619 (2000)
158. Conti, S., W. Magliani, S. Arseni, R. Frazzi, A. Salati, L. Ravanetti and L. Polonelli: Inhibition by yeast killer toxin-like antibodies of oral streptococci adhesion to tooth surfaces in an ex vivo model. Mol Med 8, 313-317 (2002)
159. Savoia, D., C. Avanzini, S. Conti, W. Magliani, R. Frazzi and L. Polonelli: In vitro leishmanicidal activity of a monoclonal antibody mimicking a yeast killer toxin. J Eukaryot Microbiol 49, 319-323 (2002) (Pubitemid 34915255)
160. Savoia, D., S. Scutera, S. Raimondo, S. Conti, W. Magliani and L. Polonelli: Activity of an engineered synthetic killer peptide on Leishmania major and Leishmania infantum promastigotes. Exp Parasitol 113, 186-192 (2006) (Pubitemid 43817976)
161. Fiori, P. L., A. Mattana, D. Dessì, S. Conti, W. Magliani and L. Polonelli: In vitro acanthamoebicidal activity of a killer monoclonal antibody and a synthetic peptide. J Antimicrob Chemother 57, 891-898 (2006)
162. Conti, S., W. Magliani, L. Giovati, I. Libri, D. L. Maffei, A. Salati and L. Polonelli: Screening of a Saccharomyces cerevisiae nonessential gene deletion collection for altered susceptibility to a killer peptide. New Microbiol 31, 157-159 (2008)
163. Rachini, A., D. Pietrella, P. Lupo, A. Torosantucci, P. Chiani, C. Bromuro, C. Proietti, F. Bistoni, A. Cassone and A. Vecchiarelli: An anti-beta glucan monoclonal antibody inhibits growth and capsule formation of Cryptococcus neoformans in vitro and exerts therapeutic, anti-cryptococcal activity in vivo. Infect Immun 75, 5085-5094 (2007) (Pubitemid 350033595)
164. Conti, C., W. Magliani, M. Gerloni, A. Salati, E. Dieci, S. Arseni, P. Fisicaro and L. Polonelli: A transphyletic anti-infectious control strategy based on the killer phenomenon. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 22, 151-61 (1998) (Pubitemid 28464511)
165. Cenci, E., E. Pericolini, A. Mencacci, S. Conti, W. Magliani, F. Bistoni, L. Polonelli and A. Vecchiarelli: Modulation of phenotype and function of dendritic cells by a therapeutic synthetic killer peptide. J Leukoc Biol 79, 40-45 (2006) (Pubitemid 43054248)
166. Casoli, C., E. Pilotti, C. F. Perno, E. Balestra, E. Polverini, A. Cassone, S. Conti, W. Magliani and L. Polonelli: A killer mimotope with therapeutic activity against AIDS-related opportunistic microorganisms inhibits ex vivo HIV-1 replication. AIDS 20, 975-980 (2006)
167. Magliani, W., S. Conti, D. L. Maffei, L. Ravanetti and L. Polonelli: Antiidiotype-derived killer peptides as new potential tools to combat HIV-1 and AIDS-related opportunistic pathogens. Anti-Infective Agents Med Chem 6, 263-272 (2007) (Pubitemid 47629309)
168. Casadevall, A. and L.-A. Pirofski: Antibodymediated protection through cross-reactivity introduces a fungal heresy into immunological dogma. Infect Immun 75, 5074-5078 (2007) (Pubitemid 350033593)
169. Young, S. H., G. R. Ostroff, P. C. Zeidler-Erdely, J. R. Roberts, J. M. Antonini and V. Castranova: A comparison of the pulmonary inflammatory potential of different components of yeast cell wall. J Toxicol Environ Health A 70, 1116-1124 (2007) (Pubitemid 46897797)
170. Al-Fattani, M. A. and L. J. Douglas. Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: chemical composition and role in drug resistance. J Med Microbiol 55, 999-1008 (2006) (Pubitemid 44215557)
171. Nett, J., L. Lincoln, K. Marchillo, R. Massey, K. Holoyda, B. Hoff, M. VanHandel and D. Andes: Putative role of beta-1,3 glucans in Candida lbicans biofilm resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 51, 510-520 (2007) (Pubitemid 46185268)
172. Mah, T. F., B. Pitts, B. Pellock, G. C. Walker, P. S. Stewart and G. A. O'Toole: A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance. Nature 426, 306-310 (2003) (Pubitemid 37463151)
173. Singla, M.: Antibody based target tailored antimicrobial chemotherapy -A new approach. Med Hypotheses 68, 957-959 (2007) (Pubitemid 46274059)
174. Dadachova, E., R. A. Bryan, C. Apostolidis, A. Morgenstern, T. Zhang, T. Moadel, M. Torres, X. Huang, E. Revskaya and A. Casadevall: Interaction of radiolabeled antibodies with fungal cells and components of the immune system in vitro and during radioimmunotherapy for experimental fungal infection. J Infect Dis 193, 1427-1436 (2006) (Pubitemid 43673391)
175. Dijkgraaf, I., O. C. Boerman, W. J. Oyen, F. H. Corstens and M. Gotthardt: Development and application of peptide-based radiopharmaceuticals. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 7, 543-551 (2007)
176. Casadevall, A.: The third age of antimicrobial therapy. Clin Infect Dis 42, 1414-1416 (2006)