The phenotype and neural correlates of language in autism: An integrative review

Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews

Volumn 32, Issue 8, 2008, Pages 1416-1425

  Groen, Wouter B ^a,b,c   Zwiers, Marcel P ^b,c   van der Gaag, Rutger Jan ^a,b   Buitelaar, Jan K ^a,b  

^a Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre   (Netherlands)

^b RADBOUD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (Netherlands)

^c RADBOUD UNIVERSITY NIJMEGEN   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Autism; Brain; Connectivity; Language; Neural; Phenotype

Indexed keywords

AUTISM; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN MAPPING; CELL ACTIVATION; COMPREHENSION; DIAGNOSTIC AND STATISTICAL MANUAL OF MENTAL DISORDERS; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY; FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; HEARING; HUMAN; LANGUAGE ABILITY; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; LANGUAGE PROCESSING; MAGNETOENCEPHALOGRAPHY; NERVE CELL; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHENOTYPE; PHONETICS; POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; REVIEW; SEMANTICS; SOCIAL INTERACTION; TASK PERFORMANCE;

AUTISTIC DISORDER; BRAIN MAPPING; HUMANS; LANGUAGE; LANGUAGE DISORDERS; PHENOTYPE;

EID: 52049118074     PISSN: 01497634     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.05.008     Document Type: Review

References (116)

1. Abell F., Krams M., Ashburner J., Passingham R., Friston K., Frackowiak R., Happe F., Frith C., and Frith U. The neuroanatomy of autism: a voxel-based whole brain analysis of structural scans. Neuroreport 10 (1999) 1647-1651
2. Adolphs R. The neurobiology of social cognition. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11 (2001) 231-239
3. Alexander A.L., Lee J.E., Lazar M., Boudos R., Dubray M.B., Oakes T.R., Miller J.N., Lu J., Jeong E.K., McMahon W.M., Bigler E.D., and Lainhart J.E. Diffusion tensor imaging of the corpus callosum in Autism. Neuroimage 34 (2007) 61-73
4. Allen G., Muller R.A., and Courchesne E. Cerebellar function in autism: functional magnetic resonance image activation during a simple motor task. Biol. Psychiatry 56 (2004) 269-278
5. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (1994), American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC
6. Asperger H. Autistic psychopathy (translation of the original paper by U. Frith). In: Frith U. (Ed). Autism and Aspger Syndrome (1991), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
7. Barnea-Goraly N., Kwon H., Menon V., Eliez S., Lotspeich L., and Reiss A.L. White matter structure in autism: preliminary evidence from diffusion tensor imaging. Biol. Psychiatry 55 (2004) 323-326
8. Baron-Cohen S., Leslie A.M., and Frith U. Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"?. Cognition 21 (1985) 37-46
9. Baron-Cohen S. Hey! It was just a joke! Understanding propositions and propositional attitudes by normally developing children and children with autism. Isr. J. Psychiatry Relat. Sci. (1997) 178
10. Bartak L., Rutter M., and Cox A. A comparative study of infantile autism and specific development receptive language disorder. I. The children. Br. J. Psychiatry 126 (1975) 127-145
11. Bartolucci G., and Albers R.J. Deictic categories in the language of autistic children. J. Autism Child Schizophr. 4 (1974) 131-141
12. Bartolucci G., Pierce S., Streiner D., and Eppel P.T. Phonological investigation of verbal autistic and mentally retarded subjects. J. Autism Child Schizophr. 6 (1976) 303-316
13. Bartolucci G., Pierce S.J., and Streiner D. Cross-sectional studies of grammatical morphemes in autistic and mentally retarded children. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 10 (1980) 39-50
14. Belmonte M.K., Allen G., Beckel-Mitchener A., Boulanger L.M., Carper R.A., and Webb S.J. Autism and abnormal development of brain connectivity. J. Neurosci. 24 (2004) 9228-9231
15. Belmonte M.K., Cook Jr. E.H., Anderson G.M., Rubenstein J.L., Greenough W.T., Beckel-Mitchener A., Courchesne E., Boulanger L.M., Powell S.B., Levitt P.R., Perry E.K., Jiang Y.H., DeLorey T.M., and Tierney E. Autism as a disorder of neural information processing: directions for research and targets for therapy. Mol. Psychiatry 9 (2004) 646-663
16. Bertone A., Mottron L., Jelenic P., and Faubert J. Enhanced and diminished visuo-spatial information processing in autism depends on stimulus complexity. Brain 128 (2005) 2430-2441
17. Bishop D.V. Speech and language difficulties. In: Rutter M., and Taylor E. (Eds). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2002), Blackwell, Malden
18. Boddaert N., Belin P., Chabane N., Poline J.B., Barthelemy C., Mouren-Simeoni M.C., Brunelle F., Samson Y., and Zilbovicius M. Perception of complex sounds: abnormal pattern of cortical activation in autism. Am. J. Psychiatry 160 (2003) 2057-2060
19. Boddaert N., Chabane N., Belin P., Bourgeois M., Royer V., Barthelemy C., Mouren-Simeoni M.C., Philippe A., Brunelle F., Samson Y., and Zilbovicius M. Perception of complex sounds in autism: abnormal auditory cortical processing in children. Am. J. Psychiatry 161 (2004) 2117-2120
20. Boddaert N., Chabane N., Gervais H., Good C.D., Bourgeois M., Plumet M.H., Barthelemy C., Mouren M.C., Artiges E., Samson Y., Brunelle F., Frackowiak R.S., and Zilbovicius M. Superior temporal sulcus anatomical abnormalities in childhood autism: a voxel-based morphometry MRI study. Neuroimage 23 (2004) 364-369
21. Bookheimer S. Functional MRI of language: new approaches to understanding the cortical organization of semantic processing. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 25 (2002) 151-188
22. Boucher J. Language development in autism. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 67 Suppl. 1 (2003) S159-S163
23. Bruneau N., Roux S., Adrien J.L., and Barthelemy C. Auditory associative cortex dysfunction in children with autism: evidence from late auditory evoked potentials (N1 wave-T complex). Clin. Neurophysiol. 110 (1999) 1927-1934
24. Buitelaar J.K., and van der Gaag R.J. Diagnostic rules for children with PDD-NOS and multiple complex developmental disorder. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 39 (1998) 911-919
25. Buitelaar J.K., van der Gaag R.J., Klin A., and Volkmar F. Exploring the boundaries of pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified: analyses of data from the DSM-IV Autistic Disorder Field Trial. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 29 (1999) 33-43
26. Cantwell D., Baker L., and Rutter M. A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder-IV. Analysis of syntax and language function. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 19 (1978) 351-362
27. Carper R.A., Moses P., Tigue Z.D., and Courchesne E. Cerebral lobes in autism: early hyperplasia and abnormal age effects. Neuroimage 16 (2002) 1038-1051
28. Casanova M.F. Neuropathological and genetic findings in autism: the significance of a putative minicolumnopathy. Neuroscientist 12 (2006) 435-441
29. Casanova M.F., Buxhoeveden D., and Gomez J. Disruption in the inhibitory architecture of the cell minicolumn: implications for autisim. Neuroscientist 9 (2003) 496-507
30. Ceponiene R., Lepisto T., Shestakova A., Vanhala R., Alku P., Naatanen R., and Yaguchi K. Speech-sound-selective auditory impairment in children with autism: they can perceive but do not attend. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 5567-5572
31. Chiron C., Leboyer M., Leon F., Jambaque I., Nuttin C., and Syrota A. SPECT of the brain in childhood autism: evidence for a lack of normal hemispheric asymmetry. Dev. Med. Child Neurol. 37 (1995) 849-860
32. Colle L., Baron-Cohen S., and Hill J. Do children with autism have a theory of mind? A non-verbal test of autism vs. specific language impairment. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 37 (2007) 716-723
33. Courchesne E., Karns C.M., Davis H.R., Ziccardi R., Carper R.A., Tigue Z.D., Chisum H.J., Moses P., Pierce K., Lord C., Lincoln A.J., Pizzo S., Schreibman L., Haas R.H., Akshoomoff N.A., and Courchesne R.Y. Unusual brain growth patterns in early life in patients with autistic disorder: an MRI study. Neurology 57 (2001) 245-254
34. Courchesne E., and Pierce K. Why the frontal cortex in autism might be talking only to itself: local over-connectivity but long-distance disconnection. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 15 (2005) 225-230
35. Courchesne E., Redcay E., Morgan J.T., and Kennedy D.P. Autism at the beginning: microstructural and growth abnormalities underlying the cognitive and behavioral phenotype of autism. Dev. Psychopathol. 17 (2005) 577-597
36. Cox A., Rutter M., Newman S., and Bartak L. A comparative study of infantile autism and specific developmental receptive language disorder. II. Parental characteristics. Br. J. Psychiatry 126 (1975) 146-159
37. Cromer R.F. Developmental language disorders: cognitive processes, semantics, pragmatics, phonology, and syntax. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 11 (1981) 57-74
38. Dawson G., Finley C., Phillips S., and Lewy A. A comparison of hemispheric asymmetries in speech-related brain potentials of autistic and dysphasic children. Brain Lang. 37 (1989) 26-41
39. Dawson G., Meltzoff A.N., Osterling J., Rinaldi J., and Brown E. Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 28 (1998) 479-485
40. De Villiers J., and De Villiers P. Steps in the mastery of sentence complements. Paper Presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development (1995)
41. DeFosse L., Hodge S.M., Makris N., Kennedy D.N., Caviness Jr. V.S., McGrath L., Steele S., Ziegler D.A., Herbert M.R., Frazier J.A., Tager-Flusberg H., and Harris G.J. Language-association cortex asymmetry in autism and specific language impairment. Ann. Neurol. 56 (2004) 757-766
42. Dollaghan C., and Campbell T.F. Nonword repetition and child language impairment. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 41 (1998) 1136-1146
43. Dunn L., Dunn L., Whetton C., and Burley J. British Picture Vocabulary Scale: Revised (1997), NFER Nelson Publishing Co., Slough, Bucks
44. Dunn L.M., and Dunn M. Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (1997), American Guidance Service, Circel Pines, MN
45. Eigsti I.M., Bennetto L., and Dadlani M.B. Beyond pragmatics: morphosyntactic development in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 37 (2007) 1007-1023
46. Eskes G.A., Bryson S.E., and McCormick T.A. Comprehension of concrete and abstract words in autistic children. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 20 (1990) 61-73
47. Fine J., Bartolucci G., Szatmari P., and Ginsberg G. Cohesive discourse in pervasive developmental disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 24 (1994) 315-329
48. Flagg E.J., Cardy J.E., Roberts W., and Roberts T.P. Language lateralization development in children with autism: insights from the late field magnetoencephalogram. Neurosci. Lett. 386 (2005) 82-87
49. Frith U. Cognitive explanations of autism. Acta Paediatr. Suppl. 416 (1996) 63-68
50. Frith U., and Snowling M. Reading for meaning and reading for sound in autistic and dyslexic children. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. (1983)
51. Gardner M. Expressive One Word Vocabulary Test (1982), Western Psychological Services, Los Angeles
52. Gendry-Meresse I., Zilbovicius M., Boddaert N., Robel L., Philippe A., Sfaello I., Laurier L., Brunelle F., Samson Y., Mouren M.C., and Chabane N. Autism severity and temporal lobe functional abnormalities. Ann. Neurol. 58 (2005) 466-469
53. Gervais H., Belin P., Boddaert N., Leboyer M., Coez A., Sfaello I., Barthelemy C., Brunelle F., Samson Y., and Zilbovicius M. Abnormal cortical voice processing in autism. Nat. Neurosci. 7 (2004) 801-802
54. Gillberg C. Outcome in autism and autistic-like conditions. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 30 (1991) 375-382
55. Groen W.B., Swinkels S.H., van der Gaag R.J., and Buitelaar J.K. Finding effective screening instruments for autism using bayes theorem. Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med. 161 (2007) 415-416
56. Gustafsson L. Inadequate cortical feature maps: a neural circuit theory of autism. Biol. Psychiatry 42 (1997) 1138-1147
57. Hagoort P., Hald L., Bastiaansen M., and Petersson K.M. Integration of word meaning and world knowledge in language comprehension. Science 304 (2004) 438-441
58. Happe F., and Frith U. The weak coherence account: detail-focused cognitive style in autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 36 (2006) 5-25
59. Happe F., Ronald A., and Plomin R. Time to give up on a single explanation for autism. Nat. Neurosci. 9 (2006) 1218-1220
60. Happe F.G. Communicative competence and theory of mind in autism: a test of relevance theory. Cognition 48 (1993) 101-119
61. Happe F.G.E. Central coherence and theory of mind in autism: reading homographs in context. Br. J. Dev. Psychol. 15 (1997) 1-12
62. Harris G.J., Chabris C.F., Clark J., Urban T., Aharon I., Steele S., McGrath L., Condouris K., and Tager-Flusberg H. Brain activation during semantic processing in autism spectrum disorders via functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Cogn. 61 (2006) 54-68
63. Herbert M.R., Harris G.J., Adrien K.T., Ziegler D.A., Makris N., Kennedy D.N., Lange N.T., Chabris C.F., Bakardjiev A., Hodgson J., Takeoka M., Tager-Flusberg H., and Caviness Jr. V.S. Abnormal asymmetry in language association cortex in autism. Ann. Neurol. 52 (2002) 588-596
64. Hickok G. Functional anatomy of speech perception and speech production: psycholinguistic implications. J. Psycholinguist. Res. 30 (2001) 225-235
65. Hobson R.P., and Lee A. Emotion-related and abstract concepts in autistic people: evidence from the British Picture Vocabulary Scale. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 19 (1989) 601-623
66. Howlin P. Outcome in high-functioning adults with autism with and without early language delays: implications for the differentiation between autism and Asperger syndrome. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 33 (2003) 3-13
67. International Molecular Genetic Study of Autism Consortium. A full genome screen for autism with evidence for linkage to a region on chromosome 7q. Hum. Mol. Genet. 7 (1998) 571-578
68. Jolliffe T., and Baron-Cohen S. Linguistic processing in high-functioning adults with autism or Asperger's syndrome. Is global coherence impaired?. Psychol. Med. 30 (2000) 1169-1187
69. Just M.A., Cherkassky V.L., Keller T.A., and Minshew N.J. Cortical activation and synchronization during sentence comprehension in high-functioning autism: evidence of underconnectivity. Brain 127 (2004) 1811-1821
70. Kana R.K., Keller T.A., Cherkassky V.L., Minshew N.J., and Just M.A. Sentence comprehension in autism: thinking in pictures with decreased functional connectivity. Brain (2006)
71. Kanner L. Autistic disturbances of affective contact. Nervous Child (1943)
72. Kasai K., Hashimoto O., Kawakubo Y., Yumoto M., Kamio S., Itoh K., Koshida I., Iwanami A., Nakagome K., Fukuda M., Yamasue H., Yamada H., Abe O., Aoki S., and Kato N. Delayed automatic detection of change in speech sounds in adults with autism: a magnetoencephalographic study. Clin. Neurophysiol. 116 (2005) 1655-1664
73. Keller T.A., Kana R.K., and Just M.A. A developmental study of the structural integrity of white matter in autism. Neuroreport 18 (2007) 23-27
74. Kjelgaard M.M., and Tager-Flusberg H. An investigation of language impairment in autism: implications for genetic subgroups. Lang. Cogn. Process 16 (2001) 287-308
75. Klauck S.M. Genetics of autism spectrum disorder. Eur. J. Hum. Genet. 14 (2006) 714-720
76. Klin A. Young autistic children's listening preferences in regard to speech: a possible characterization of the symptom of social withdrawal. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 21 (1991) 29-42
77. Klin A., Pauls D., Schultz R., and Volkmar F. Three diagnostic approaches to Asperger syndrome: implications for research. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 35 (2005) 221-234
78. Kuhl P.K., Tsao F.M., and Liu H.M. Foreign-language experience in infancy: effects of short-term exposure and social interaction on phonetic learning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 9096-9101
79. Levitt J.G., Blanton R.E., Smalley S., Thompson P.M., Guthrie D., McCracken J.T., Sadoun T., Heinichen L., and Toga A.W. Cortical sulcal maps in autism. Cereb. Cortex 13 (2003) 728-735
80. Lord C., and Paul R. Language and communication in autism. In: Cohen D., and Volkmar F.R. (Eds). Handbook of Autism and Pervasive Developmental Disorders (1997), John Wiley, New York
81. Martin I., and McDonald S. An exploration of causes of non-literal language problems in individuals with Asperger Syndrome. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 34 (2004) 311-328
82. Muller R.A., Behen M.E., Rothermel R.D., Chugani D.C., Muzik O., Mangner T.J., and Chugani H.T. Brain mapping of language and auditory perception in high-functioning autistic adults: A PET study. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 29 (1999) 19-31
83. Muller R.A., Chugani D.C., Behen M.E., Rothermel R.D., Muzik O., Chakraborty P.K., and Chugani H.T. Impairment of dentato-thalamo-cortical pathway in autistic men: language activation data from positron emission tomography. Neurosci. Lett. 245 (1998) 1-4
84. Murias M., Swanson J.M., and Srinivasan R. Functional connectivity of frontal cortex in healthy and ADHD children reflected in EEG coherence. Cereb. Cortex 17 (2007) 1788-1799
85. Newbury D.F., Bishop D.V., and Monaco A.P. Genetic influences on language impairment and phonological short-term memory. Trends Cogn. Sci. 9 (2005) 528-534
86. Oram Cardy J.E., Flagg E.J., Roberts W., and Roberts T.P. Delayed mismatch field for speech and non-speech sounds in children with autism. Neuroreport 16 (2005) 521-525
87. Palmen S.J., and van Engeland H. Review on structural neuroimaging findings in autism. J. Neural. Transm. 111 (2004) 903-929
88. Paul R., Augustyn A., Klin A., and Volkmar F.R. Perception and production of prosody by speakers with autism spectrum disorders. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 35 (2005) 205-220
89. Perkins M.R., Dobbinson S., Boucher J., Bol S., and Bloom P. Lexical knowledge and lexical use in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 36 (2006) 795-805
90. Piven J., and Palmer P. Cognitive deficits in parents from multiple-incidence autism families. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 38 (1997) 1011-1021
91. Rapin I., and Dunn M. Update on the language disorders of individuals on the autistic spectrum. Brain Dev. 25 (2003) 166-172
92. Redcay E., and Courchesne E. When is the brain enlarged in autism? A meta-analysis of all brain size reports. Biol. Psychiatry 58 (2005) 1-9
93. Rippon G., Brock J., Brown C., and Boucher J. Disordered connectivity in the autistic brain: challenges for the 'new psychophysiology'. Int. J. Psychophysiol. (2007) 164-172
94. Roberts J.A., Rice M.L., and Tager-Flusberg H. Tense marking in children with autism. Appl. Psycholinguist. 25 (2004) 429-448
95. Ronald A., Happe F., Price T.S., Baron-Cohen S., and Plomin R. Phenotypic and genetic overlap between autistic traits at the extremes of the general population. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry 45 (2006) 1206-1214
96. Rutherford M.D., Baron Cohen S., and Wheelwright S. Reading the mind in the voice: a study with normal adults and adults with Asperger syndrome and high functioning autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 32 (2002) 189-194
97. Shriberg L.D., Paul R., McSweeny J.L., Klin A.M., Cohen D.J., and Volkmar F.R. Speech and prosody characteristics of adolescents and adults with high-functioning autism and Asperger syndrome. J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res. 44 (2001) 1097-1115
98. Smitz C. New aspects in the neuropathology of the forebrain in autism. Paper Presented at the Integrating the Clinical and Basic Sciences of Autism: A Developmental Biology Workshop (2005)
99. Snook L., Paulson L.A., Roy D., Phillips L., and Beaulieu C. Diffusion tensor imaging of neurodevelopment in children and young adults. Neuroimage 26 (2005) 1164-1173
100. Tager Flusberg H. On the nature of linguistic functioning in early infantile autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 11 (1981) 45-56
101. Tager Flusberg H. Brief report: current theory and research on language and communication in autism. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 26 (1996) 169-172
102. Tager Flusberg H., and Sullivan K. Attributing mental states to story characters: a comparison of narratives produced by autistic and mentally retarded individuals. Appl. Psycholinguist. (1995)
103. Tager-Flusberg H. Language and understanding minds: connections in autism. In: Baron-Cohen S., Tager-Flusberg H., and Cohen D. (Eds). Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives From Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (2000), Oxford
104. Takeuchi M., Harada M., Matsuzaki K., Nishitani H., and Mori K. Difference of signal change by a language task on autistic patients using functional MRI. J. Med. Invest. 51 (2004) 59-62
105. Tantam D., Holmes D., and Cordess C. Nonverbal expression in autism of Asperger type. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 23 (1993) 111-133
106. Tomblin J.B., Hafeman L.L., and O'Brien M. Autism and autism risk in siblings of children with specific language impairment. Int. J. Lang. Commun. Disord. 38 (2003) 235-250
107. Tomblin J.B., and Zhang X. Language patterns and etiology in children with specific language impairment. In: Tager-Flusberg H. (Ed). Neurodevelopmental Disorders (1999), MIT Press/Bradford Books, Cambridge, MA
108. Toth K., Munson J., Meltzoff A.N., and Dawson G. Early predictors of communication development in young children with autism spectrum disorder: joint attention, imitation, and toy play. J. Autism Dev. Disord. 36 (2006) 993-1005
109. Vargas D.L., Nascimbene C., Krishnan C., Zimmerman A.W., and Pardo C.A. Neuroglial activation and neuroinflammation in the brain of patients with autism. Ann. Neurol. 57 (2005) 67-81
110. Venter A., Lord C., and Schopler E. A follow-up study of high-functioning autistic children. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 33 (1992) 489-507
111. Vigneau M., Beaucousin V., Herve P.Y., Duffau H., Crivello F., Houde O., Mazoyer B., and Tzourio-Mazoyer N. Meta-analyzing left hemisphere language areas: phonology, semantics, and sentence processing. Neuroimage 30 (2006) 1414-1432
112. Volkmar F.R., Lord C., Bailey A., Schultz R.T., and Klin A. Autism and pervasive developmental disorders. J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry 45 (2004) 135-170
113. Wang A.T., Lee S.S., Sigman M., and Dapretto M. Neural basis of irony comprehension in children with autism: the role of prosody and context. Brain 129 (2006) 932-943
114. Wang A.T., Lee S.S., Sigman M., and Dapretto M. Reading affect in the face and voice: neural correlates of interpreting communicative intent in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 64 (2007) 698-708
115. Williams K.T. Expressive Vocabulary Test (1997), American Guidance Service, Circle Pines, MN
116. Wilson T.W., Rojas D.C., Reite M.L., Teale P.D., and Rogers S.J. Children and adolescents with autism exhibit reduced MEG steady-state gamma responses. Biol. Psychiatry (2006)