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4
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1942518184
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note
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Although for Frege (1), reference was established relative to objects in the world, here we follow Jackendoff's suggestion (3) that this is done relative to objects and the state of affairs as mentally represented.
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7
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0004225459
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Harper & Row, New York
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J. Katz, Semantic Theory (Harper & Row, New York, 1972).
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(1972)
Semantic Theory
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Katz, J.1
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8
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0004293614
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Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA
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D. Sperber, D. Wilson, Relevance (Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1986).
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(1986)
Relevance
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Sperber, D.1
Wilson, D.2
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9
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0002746694
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W. E. Cooper, C. T. Walker, Eds. (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ)
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K. I. Forster, in Sentence Processing, W. E. Cooper, C. T. Walker, Eds. (Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ, 1989), pp. 27-85.
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Forster, K.I.1
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1842653460
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Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge
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H. H. Clark, Using Language (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1996).
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(1996)
Using Language
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Clark, H.H.1
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11
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1942486206
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note
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Often word meanings can only be fully determined by invoking world knowledge. For instance, the meaning of "flat" in a "flat road" implies the absence of holes. However, in the expression "a flat tire," it indicates the presence of a hole. The meaning of "finish" in the phrase "Bill finished the book" implies that Bill completed reading the book. However, the phrase "the goat finished the book" can only be interpreted as the goat eating or destroying the book. The examples illustrate that word meaning is often underdetermined and necessarily intertwined with general world knowledge. In such cases, it is hard to see how the integration of lexical meaning and general world knowledge could be strictly separated (3, 31).
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13
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1942486204
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note
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ERPs for 30 subjects were averaged time-locked to the onset of the critical words, with 40 items per condition. Sentences were presented word by word on the center of a computer screen, with a stimulus onset asynchrony of 600 ms. While subjects were reading the sentences, their EEG was recorded and amplified with a high-cutoff frequency of 70 Hz, a time constant of 8 s, and a sampling frequency of 200 Hz.
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14
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1942518183
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note
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Materials and methods are available as supporting material on Science Online.
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17
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0002425416
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M. W. Crocker, M. Pickering, C. Clifton Jr., Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge)
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C. M. Brown, P. Hagoort, in Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing, M. W. Crocker, M. Pickering, C. Clifton Jr., Eds. (Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1999), pp. 213-237.
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Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing
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Brown, C.M.1
Hagoort, P.2
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19
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1942422044
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note
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We obtained TFRs of the single-trial EEG data by convolving complex Morlet wavelets with the EEG data and computing the squared norm for the result of the convolution. We used wavelets with a 7-cycle width, with frequencies ranging from 1 to 70 Hz, in 1-Hz steps. Power values thus obtained were expressed as a percentage change relative to the power in a baseline interval, which was taken from 150 to 0 ms before the onset of the critical word. This was done in order to normalize for individual differences in EEG power and differences in baseline power between different frequency bands. Two relevant time-frequency components were identified: (i) a theta component, ranging from 4 to 7 Hz and from 300 to 800 ms after word onset, and (ii) a gamma component, ranging from 35 to 45 Hz and from 400 to 600 ms after word onset.
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21
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0033521910
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W. H. R. Miltner et al., Nature 397, 434 (1999).
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(1999)
Nature
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Miltner, W.H.R.1
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24
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1942453674
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3) T1-weighted magnetization-prepared rapid gradient-echo pulse sequence. The fMRI data were preprocessed and analyzed by statistical parametric mapping with SPM99 software (http//www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm99)
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25
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0023856319
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S. E. Petersen et al., Nature 331, 585 (1988).
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(1988)
Nature
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Petersen, S.E.1
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32
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1942453672
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note
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We thank P. Indefrey, P. Fries, P. A. M. Seuren, and M. van Turennout for helpful discussions. Supported by the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, grant no. 400-56-384 (P.H.).
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