A PCR-based method for monitoring Legionella pneumophila in water samples detects viable but noncultivable legionellae that can recover their cultivability

Applied and Environmental Microbiology

Volumn 74, Issue 15, 2008, Pages 4817-4824

  Dusserre, Eric ^a,b,c   Ginevra, Christophe ^a,b,c   Hallier Soulier, Sylvie ^d   Vandenesch, François ^a,b,c   Festoc, Gabriel ^d   Etienne, Jerome ^a,b,c   Jarraud, Sophie ^a,b,c   Molmeret, Maëlle ^a,b,c  

^a UNIVERSITÉ LYON 1   (France)

^b INSERM   (France)

^c HOSPICES CIVILS DE LYON   (France)

^d Centre d'Affaires CICEA   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIA; CHLORINE; ENZYME ACTIVITY;

AFTER-TREATMENT; AQUEOUS ENVIRONMENT; CAUSATIVE AGENTS; CHLORINE CONCENTRATION; CULTURABLE BACTERIA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; RAPID DETECTION; TOTAL VIABLE COUNTS;

POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

BACTERIAL DNA; WATER;

BACTERIUM; CHLORINATION; DETECTION METHOD; IMMUNOASSAY; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REAL TIME;

ACANTHAMOEBA; ACANTHAMOEBA POLYPHAGA; ARTICLE; CONTROLLED STUDY; GENOME; IMMUNODETECTION; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; WATER SAMPLING;

ACANTHAMOEBA POLYPHAGA; BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); LEGIONELLA; LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA;

EID: 49449117637     PISSN: 00992240     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.02899-07     Document Type: Article

References (37)

1. Albert-Weissenberger, C., C. Cazalet, and C. Buchrieser. 2007. Legionella pneumophila - a human pathogen that co-evolved with fresh water protozoa. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 64:432-448.
2. Behets, J., P. Declerck, Y. Delaedt, B. Creemers, and F. Ollevier. 2007. Development and evaluation of a TaqMan duplex real-time PCR quantification method for reliable enumeration of Legionella pneumophila in water samples. J. Microbiol. Methods 68:137-144.
3. Catalan, V., F. Garcia, C. Moreno, M. J. Vila, and D. Apraiz. 1997. Detection of Legionella pneumophila in wastewater by nested polymerase chain reaction. Res. Microbiol. 148:71-78.
4. Chang, C. W., Y. H. Hwang, W. Y. Cheng, and C. P. Chang. 2007. Effects of chlorination and heat disinfection on long-term starved Legionella pneumophila in warm water. J. Appl. Microbiol. 102:1636-1644.
5. Cimino, M., L. Alamo, and L. Salazar. 2006. Permeabilization of the mycobacterial envelope for protein cytolocalization studies by immunofluorescence microscopy. BMC Microbiol. 6:35.
6. Cools, I., E. D'Haese, M. Uyttendaele, E. Storms, H. J. Nelis, and J. Debevere. 2005. Solid phase cytometry as a tool to detect viable but non-culturable cells of Campylobacter jejuni. J. Microbiol. Methods 63:107-114.
7. Declerck, P., J. Behets, E. Lammertyn, I. Lebeau, J. Anne, and F. Ollevier. 2006. Detection and quantification of Legionella pneumophila in water samples using competitive PCR. Can. J. Microbiol. 52:584-590.
8. Delgado-Viscogliosi, P., T. Simonart, V. Parent, G. Marchand, M. Dobbelaere, E. Pierlot, V. Pierzo, F. Menard-Szczebara, E. Gaudard-Ferveur, K. Delabre, and J. M. Delattre. 2005. Rapid method for enumeration of viable Legionella pneumophila and other Legionella spp. in water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:4086-4096.
9. Dukan, S., and D. Touati. 1996. Hypochlorous acid stress in Escherichia coli: resistance, DNA damage, and comparison with hydrogen peroxide stress. J. Bacteriol. 178:6145-6150.
10. European Working Group for Legionella Infections. January 2005. European guidelines for control and prevention of travel associated Legionnaires' disease, supplement 1B. Treatment methods. http://www.ewgli.org/data/european_juidelines/eg_supplementlb.pdf.
11. Gao, L. Y., O. S. Harb, and Y. Abu Kwaik. 1997. Utilization of similar mechanisms by Legionella pneumophila to parasitize two evolutionarily distant host cells, mammalian macrophages and protozoa. Infect. Immun. 65:4738-4746.
12. Gao, L. Y., O. S. Harb, and Y. Abu Kwaik. 1998. Identification of macrophage-specific infectivity loci (mil) of Legionella pneumophila that are not required for infectivity of protozoa. Infect. Immun. 66:883-892.
13. Garcia, M. T., S. Jones, C. Pelaz, R. D. Millar, and Y. Abu Kwaik. 2007. Acanthamoeba polyphaga resuscitates viable non-culturable Legionella pneumophila after disinfection. Environ. Microbiol. 9:1267-1277.
14. Ghrebi, S. S., G. R. Owen, and D. M. Brunette. 2007. Triton X-100 pretreatment of LR-white thin sections improves immunofluorescence specificity and intensity. Microsc. Res. Tech. 70:555-562.
15. Joly, P., P. A. Falconnet, J. Andre, N. Weill, M. Reyrolle, F. Vandenesch, M. Maurin, J. Etienne, and S. Jarraud. 2006. Quantitative real-time Legionella PCR for environmental water samples: data interpretation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72:2801-2808.
16. Jules, M., and C. Buchrieser. 2007. Legionella pneumophila adaptation to intracellular life and the host response: clues from genomics and transcriptomics. FEBS Lett. 581:2829-2838.
17. La Scola, B., G. Michel, and D. Raoult. 1999. Isolation of Legionella pneumophila by centrifugation of shell vial cell cultures from multiple liver and lung abscesses. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:785-787.
18. Lemarchand, K., N. Parthuisot, P. Catala, and P. Lebaron. 2001. Comparative assessment of epifluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and solid-phase cytometry used in the enumeration of specific bacteria in water. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 25:301-309.
19. Leoni, E., and P. P. Legnani. 2001. Comparison of selective procedures for isolation and enumeration of Legionella species from hot water systems. J. Appl. Microbiol. 90:27-33.
20. Leoni, E., P. P. Legnani, M. A. Bucci Sabattini, and F. Righi. 2001. Prevalence of Legionella spp. in swimming pool environment. Water Res. 35:3749-3753.
21. Masson, C., C. Bouniol, N. Fomproix, M. S. Szollosi. P. Debey, and D. Hernandez-Verdun. 1996. Conditions favoring RNA polymerase I transcription in permeabilized cells. Exp. Cell Res. 226:114-125.
22. Meenhorst, P. L., A. L. Reingold, D. G. Groothuis, G. W. Gorman, H. W. Wilkinson, R. M. McKinney, J. C. Feeley, D. J. Brenner, and R. van Furth. 1985. Water-related nosocomial pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroups 1 and 10. J. Infect. Dis. 152:356-364.
23. Molmeret, M., M. Santic, R. Asare, R. A. Carabeo, and Y. Abu Kwaik. 2007. Rapid escape of the dot/icm mutants of Legionella pneumophila into the cytosol of mammalian and protozoan cells. Infect. Immun. 75:3290-3304.
24. Morio, F., S. Corvee, N. Caroff, F. Le Gallou, H. Drugeon, and A. Reynaud. 2007. Real-time PCR assay for the detection and quantification of Legionella pneumophila in environmental water samples: utility for daily practice. Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health. doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2007.06.002.
25. Ng, D. L., B. B. Koh, L. Tay, and B. H. Heng. 1997. Comparison of polymerase chain reaction and conventional culture for the detection of legionellae in cooling tower waters in Singapore. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 24:214-216.
26. Nintasen, R., F. Utrarachkij, K. Siripanichgon, A. Bhumiratana, Y. Suzuki, and O. Suthienkul. 2007. Enhancement of Legionella pneumophila culture isolation from microenvironments by macrophage infectivity potentiator (mip) gene-specific nested polymerase chain reaction. Microbiol. Immunol. 51:777-785.
27. Parthuisot, N., P. Catala, K. Lemarchand, J. Baudart, and P. Lebaron. 2000. Evaluation of ChemChrome V6 for bacterial viability assessment in waters. J. Appl. Microbiol. 89:370-380.
28. Patterson, W. J., D. V. Seal, E. Curran, T. M. Sinclair, and J. C. McLuckie. 1994. Fatal nosocomial Legionnaires' disease: relevance of contamination of hospital water supply by temperature-dependent buoyancy-driven flow from spur pipes. Epidemiol. Infect. 112:513-525.
29. Phe, M. H., M. Dossot, H. Guilloteau, and J. C. Block. 2005. Nucleic acid fluorochromes and flow cytometry prove useful in assessing the effect of chlorination on drinking water bacteria. Water Res. 39:3618-3628.
30. Shang, C., and E. R. Blatchley III. 2001. Chlorination of pure bacterial cultures in aqueous solution. Water Res. 35:244-254.
31. Steinert, M., L. Emody, R. Amann, and J. Hacker. 1997. Resuscitation of viable but nonculturable Legionella pneumophila Philadelphia JR32 by Acanthamoeba castellanii. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 63:2047-2053.
32. Steinert, M., K. Heuner, C. Buchrieser, C. Albert-Weissenberger, and G. Glockner. 2007. Legionella pathogenicity: genome structure, regulatory networks and the host cell response. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297:577-587.
33. Trejo-Tapia, G., J. Cuevas-Celis, G. Salcedo-Morales, J. L. Trejo-Espino, M. L. Arenas-Ocampo, and A. Jimenez-Aparicio. 2007. Beta vulgaris L. suspension cultures permeabilized with Triton X-100 retain cell viability and betacyanines production ability: a digital image analysis study. Biotechnol. Prog. 23:359-363.
34. Virto, R., P. Manas, I. Alvarez, S. Condon, and J. Raso. 2005. Membrane damage and microbial inactivation by chlorine in the absence and presence of a chlorine-demanding substrate. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:5022-5028.
35. Wellinghausen, N., C. Frost, and R. Marre. 2001. Detection of legionellae in hospital water samples by quantitative real-time LightCycler PCR. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3985-3993.
36. Yanez, M. A., C. Carrasco-Serrano, V. M. Barbera, and V. Catalan. 2005. Quantitative detection of Legionella pneumophila in water samples by immunomagnetic purification and real-time PCR amplification of the dotA gene. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 71:3433-3441.
37. Yaradou, D. F., S. Hallier-Soulier, S. Moreau, F. Poty, Y. Hillion, M. Reyrolle, J. Andre, G. Festoc, K. Delabre, F. Vandenesch, J. Etienne, and S. Jarraud. 2007. Integrated real-time PCR for detection and monitoring of Legionella pneumophila in water systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 73:1452-1456.