Vaccination against paratuberculosis

Expert Review of Vaccines

Volumn 7, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 817-832

  Rosseels, Valérie ^a   Huygen, Kris ^a  

^a PASTEUR INSTITUTE OF BRUSSELS   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Johne's disease; Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis; Paratuberculosis; Vaccine

Indexed keywords

ALKYL HYDROPEROXIDE REDUCTASE C; ALKYL HYDROPEROXIDE REDUCTASE D; AQUAVAX; BACTERIAL ANTIGEN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; DIMETHYLDIOCTADECYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE; DNA VACCINE; GUDAIR; HYBRID PROTEIN; ID LELYSTAD; MYCOBACTERIAL LIPOPROTEIN P22; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS 0586C; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS 4608C; MYCOBACTERIUM VACCINE; MYCOPAR; NEOPARASEC; PARATUBERKULOSE VAKSINE; PLASMID DNA; RECOMBINANT HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 70; RECOMBINANT INTERLEUKIN 12; RECOMBINANT PROTEIN; SILIRUM; SUPEROXIDE DISMUTASE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VIRUS VECTOR;

ANTIBODY PRODUCTION; BACTERIAL TRANSMISSION; CACHEXIA; CATTLE DISEASE; CHRONIC DIARRHEA; CLINICAL FEATURE; CROSS REACTION; DISEASE MODEL; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; DNA IMMUNIZATION; DRUG EFFECT; DRUG EFFICACY; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; IMMUNE RESPONSE; INFECTION PREVENTION; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM PARATUBERCULOSIS; NONHUMAN; PARATUBERCULOSIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SERODIAGNOSIS; SPHEROPLAST; T LYMPHOCYTE; TUBERCULIN TEST;

ANIMALS; BACTERIAL VACCINES; CATTLE; MYCOBACTERIUM AVIUM SUBSP. PARATUBERCULOSIS; PARATUBERCULOSIS; VACCINES, ATTENUATED; VACCINES, INACTIVATED; VACCINES, SUBUNIT;

EID: 49449101286     PISSN: 14760584     EISSN: 17448395     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.6.817     Document Type: Review

References (121)

1. Harris NB, Barletta RG. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in veterinary medicine. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 14(3), 489-512 (2001). •• Good starter course.
2. Hasanova L, Pavlik I. Economic impact of paratuberculosis in dairy cattle herds: a review. Vet. Med. Czech. 51, 193-211 (2006).
3. Sweeney RW. Transmission of paratuberculosis. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 12(2), 305-512 (1996).
4. Tiwari A, VanLeeuwen JA, McKenna SL, Keefe GP, Barkema HW. Johne's disease in Canada. Part I: clinical symptoms, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and prevalence in dairy herds. Can. Vet. J. 47(9), 874-882 (2006).
5. Buergelt C, Williams E. In utero infection of pregnant cattle by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis detected by nested polymerase chain reaction. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 1, 4 (2003).
6. Buergelt CD, Donovan GA, Williams JE. Identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction in blood and semen of a bull with clinical paratuberculosis. Intern. J. Appl. Res. Vet. Med. 2(2), 130-134 (2004).
7. Whittington R, Marshall D, Nicholls P, Marsh I, Reddacliff L. Survival and dormancy of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in the environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70(5), 2989-3004 (2004).
8. Chacon O, Bermudez LE, Barletta RG. Johne's disease, inflammatory bowel disease, and Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 58, 329-363 (2004). •• Provides a clear picture of a controversial issue.
9. Bull TJ, McMinn EJ, Sidi-Boumedine K et al. Detection and verification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in fresh ileocolonic mucosal biopsy specimens from individuals with and without Crohn's disease. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41(7), 2915-2923 (2003).
10. Naser SA, Ghobrial G, Romero C, Valentine JF. Culture of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from the blood of patients with Crohn's disease. Lancet 364(9439), 1039-1044 (2004).
11. Economou M, Pappas G. New global map of Crohn's disease: genetic, environmental, and socioeconomic correlations. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 14(5), 709-720 (2008).
12. Whitlock RH, Buergelt C. Preclinical and clinical manifestations of paratuberculosis (including pathology). Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 12(2), 345-356 (1996).
13. Rideout B, Brown S, Davis WC et al. Diagnosis and Control of Johne's Disease. The National Academies Press, Washington, DC, USA (2003).
14. Chiodini RJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Merkal RS. Ruminant paratuberculosis (Johne's disease): the current status and future prospects. Cornell Vet. 74(3), 218-262 (1984).
15. Feola RP, Collins MT, Czuprynski CJ. Hormonal modulation of phagocytosis and intracellular growth of Mycobacterium avium ss. paratuberculosis in bovine peripheral blood monocytes. Microb. Pathog. 26(1), 1-11 (1999).
16. Kennedy DJ, Benedictus G. Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in agricultural species. Rev. Sci. Tech. 20(1), 151-179 (2001).
17. Larsen AB, Merkal RS, Cutlip RC. Age of cattle as related to resistance to infection with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 36(3), 255-257 (1975).
18. Hines II ME, Stabel JR, Sweeney RW et al. Experimental challenge models for Johne's disease: a review and proposed international guidelines. Vet. Microbiol. 122(3-4), 197-222 (2007). •• Reviews experimental infection models for Johne's disease, important for harmonization of future vaccine studies.
19. Morein B, Blomqvist G, Hu K. Immune responsiveness in the neonatal period. J. Comp. Pathol. 137(Suppl. 1), S27-S31 (2007).
20. Morein B, Abusugra I, Blomqvist G. Immunity in neonates. Vet. Immunol Immunopathol. 87(3-4), 207-213 (2002).
21. Pravieux JJ, Poulet H, Charreyre C, Juillard V. Protection of newborn animals through maternal immunization. J. Comp. Pathol. 137(Suppl. 1), S32-S34 (2007).
22. Barrington GM, Parish SM. Bovine neonatal immunology. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 17(3), 463-476 (2001).
23. Moore M, Tyler JW, Chigerwe M, Dawes ME, Middleton JR. Effect of delayed colostrum collection on colostral IgG concentration in dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 226(8), 1375-1377 (2005).
24. Kelleher SL, Lonnerdal B. Immunological activities associated with milk. Adv. Nutr. Res. 10, 39-65 (2001).
25. Tuboly S, Bernath S. Intestinal absorption of colostral lymphoid cells in newborn animals. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 503, 107-114 (2002).
26. Reddacliff LA, Beh K, McGregor H, Whittington RJ. A preliminary study of possible genetic influences on the susceptibility of sheep to Johne's disease. Aust. Vet. J. 83(7), 435-441 (2005).
27. Roupie V, Rosseels V, Piersoel V, Zinniel DK, Barletta RG, Huygen K. Genetic resistance of mice to Mycobacterium paratuberculosis is influenced by Slc11a1 at the early but not at the late stage of infection. Infect. Immun. 76(5), 2099-2105 (2008).
28. Mortensen H, Nielsen SS, Berg P. Genetic variation and heritability of the antibody response to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in Danish Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 87(7), 2108-2113 (2004).
29. Gonda MG, Kirkpatrick BW, Shook GE, Collins MT. Identification of a QTL on BTA20 affecting susceptibility to Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis infection in US Holsteins. Anim. Genet. 38(4), 389-396 (2007).
30. Sigurethardottir OG, Valheim M, Press CM. Establishment of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in the intestine of ruminants. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 56(6), 819-834 (2004).
31. Sigurdardottir OG, Bakke-McKellep AM, Djonne B, Evensen O. Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis enters the small intestinal mucosa of goat kids in areas with and without Peyer's patches as demonstrated with the everted sleeve method. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 28(3), 223-230 (2005).
32. Kuehnel MP, Goethe R, Habermann A et al. Characterization of the intracellular survival of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis: phagosomal pH and fusogenicity in J774 macrophages compared with other mycobacteria. Cell Microbiol. 3(8), 551-566 (2001).
33. Woo SR, Heintz JA, Albrecht R, Barletta RG, Czuprynski CJ. Life and death in bovine monocytes: the fate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Microb. Pathog. 43(2-3), 106-113 (2007).
34. Chiang SK, Sommer S, Aho AD et al. Relationship between Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis, IL-1α, and TRAF1 in primary bovine monocytederived macrophages. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 116(3-4), 131-144 (2007).
35. Corpa JM, Garrido J, Garcia Marin JF, Perez V. Classification of lesions observed in natural cases of paratuberculosis in goats. J. Comp. Pathol. 122(4), 255-265 (2000).
36. Buergelt CD, Hall C, McEntee K, Duncan JR. Pathological evaluation of paratuberculosis in naturally infected cattle. Vet. Pathol. 15(2), 196-207 (1978).
37. Waters WR, Miller JM, Palmer MV et al. Early induction of humoral and cellular immune responses during experimental Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection of calves. Infect. Immun. 71(9), 5130-5138 (2003).
38. Bannantine JP, Bayles DO, Waters WR, Palmer MV, Stabel JR, Paustian ML. Early antibody response against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis antigens in subclinical cattle. Proteome Sci. 6, 5 (2008).
39. Coussens PM. Model for immune responses to Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in cattle. Infect. Immun. 72(6), 3089-3096 (2004).
40. Koo HC, Park YH, Hamilton MJ et al. Analysis of the immune response to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally infected calves. Infect. Immun. 72(12), 6870-6883 (2004).
41. Stabel JR. Production of ? -interferon by peripheral blood mononuclear cells: an important diagnostic tool for detection of subclinical paratuberculosis. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest. 8(3), 345-350 (1996).
42. Begg DJ, Griffin JF. Vaccination of sheep against M. paratuberculosis: immune parameters and protective efficacy. Vaccine 23(42), 4999-5008 (2005). • Comprehensive study of immune responses developed in sheep during vaccination and infection.
43. Hostetter J, Zhang W, Simutis F. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection of cattle does not diminish peripheral blood-derived macrophage mycobactericidal activity. Immunol. Lett. 107(1), 76-79 (2006).
44. Simutis FJ, Cheville NF, Jones DE. Investigation of antigen-specific T-cell responses and subcutaneous granuloma development during experimental sensitization of calves with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66(3), 474-482 (2005).
45. Uzonna JE, Chilton P, Whitlock RH, Habecker PL, Scott P, Sweeney RW. Efficacy of commercial and field-strain Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccinations with recombinant IL-12 in a bovine experimental infection model. Vaccine 21(23), 3101-3109 (2003).
46. Hasvold HJ, Valheim M, Berntsen G, Storset AK. In vitro responses to purified protein derivate of caprine T lymphocytes following vaccination with live strains of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 90(1-2), 79-89 (2002).
47. + memory T lymphocyte populations. Eur. J. Immunol. 37, 3089-3100 (2007).
48. Coussens PM. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and the bovine immune system. Anim. Health Res. Rev. 2(2), 141-161 (2001).
49. Beard PM, Rhind SM, Sinclair MC et al. Modulation of ? ? T cells and CD1 in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 77(3-4), 311-319 (2000).
50. + T cells from sensitized cattle to upregulate nitric oxide and mycobactericidal activity of autologous Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis-infected macrophages. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 116(1-2), 1-12 (2007).
51. Tanaka S, Itohara S, Sato M, Taniguchi T, Yokomizo Y. Reduced formation of granulomata in γδT cell knockout BALB/c mice inoculated with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet. Pathol. 37(5), 415-421 (2000).
52. Adams JL, Collins MT, Czuprynski CJ. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of TNF-? and IL-6 mRNA levels in whole blood from cattle naturally or experimentally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Can. J. Vet. Res. 60(4), 257-262 (1996).
53. Alzuherri HM, Woodall CJ, Clarke CJ. Increased intestinal TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression in ovine paratuberculosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 49(4), 331-345 (1996).
54. Coussens PM, Verman N, Coussens A, McNulty AM. Cytokine gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and tissues of cattle infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis evidence for inherent proinflammatory gene expression pattern. Infect. Immun. 72, 1409-1422 (2004).
55. Khalifeh MS, Stabel JR. Effects of ? interferon, interleukin-10, and transforming growth factor β on the survival of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in monocyte-derived macrophages from naturally infected cattle. Infect. Immun. 72, 1974-1982 (2004).
56. Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Souza CD. Expression of interleukin-10 and suppressor of cytokine signaling-3 associated with susceptibility of cattle to infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 66, 1114-1120 (2005).
57. Buza JJ, Hikono H, Mori Y et al. Neutralization of interleukin-10 significantly enhances ? interferon expression in peripheral blood by stimulation with Johnin purified protein derivative and by infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally infected cattle with paratuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 72(4), 2425-2428 (2004).
58. Weiss DJ, Evanson OA, Souza CD. Mucosal immune response in cattle with subclinical Johne's disease. Vet. Pathol. 43(2), 127-135 (2006).
59. + T cells, increased frequency of γδT cells, and related changes in T-cell function. Infect. Immun. 70(7), 3856-3864 (2002).
60. Stabel JR. Cytokine secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cows infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Am. J. Vet. Res. 61(7), 754-760 (2000).
61. Vallée H, Rinjard P. Etudes sur l'entérite paratuberculeuse des bovidés. Res. Gen. Med. Vet. 35(1) (1926).
62. Bakker D, Willemsen PT, van Zijderveld FG. Paratuberculosis recognized as a problem at last: a review. Vet. Q. 22(4), 200-204 (2000).
63. Gilmour NJ. The pathogenesis, diagnosis and control of Johne's disease. Vet. Rec. 99(22), 433-434 (1976).
64. Chiodini RJ. Abolish Mycobacterium paratuberculosis strain 18. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31(7), 1956-8 (1993).
65. Spangler E, Heider LE, Bech-Nielsen S, Dorn CR. Serologic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay responses of calves vaccinated with a killed Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 52(8), 1197-1200 (1991).
66. Nedrow AJ, Gavalchin J, Smith MC et al. Antibody and skin-test responses of sheep vaccinated against Johne's Disease. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 116(1-2), 109-112 (2007).
67. Wentink GH, Bongers JH, Zeeuwen AA, Jaartsveld FH. Incidence of paratuberculosis after vaccination against M. paratuberculosis in two infected dairy herds. J. Vet. Med. B. 41(7-8), 517-522 (1994).
68. Muskens J, van Zijderveld F, Eger A, Bakker D. Evaluation of the long-term immune response in cattle after vaccination against paratuberculosis in two Dutch dairy herds. Vet. Microbiol. 86(3), 269-278 (2002).
69. Corpa JM, Perez V, Garcia Marin JF. Differences in the immune responses in lambs and kids vaccinated against paratuberculosis, according to the age of vaccination. Vet. Microbiol. 77(3-4), 475-485 (2000).
70. Reddacliff L, Eppleston J, Windsor P, Whittington R, Jones S. Efficacy of a killed vaccine for the control of paratuberculosis in Australian sheep flocks. Vet. Microbiol. 115(1-3), 77-90 (2006).
71. Windsor P. Research into vaccination against ovine Johne's disease in Australia. Small Rum. Res. 62, 139-142 (2006).
72. Kormendy B. The effect of vaccination on the prevalence of paratuberculosis in large dairy herds. Vet. Microbiol. 41(1-2), 117-125 (1994).
73. Kohler H, Gyra H, Zimmer K et al. Immune reactions in cattle after immunization with a Mycobacterium paratuberculosis vaccine and implications for the diagnosis of M. paratuberculosis and M. bovis infections. J. Vet. Med. B. Infect. Dis. Vet. Public Health 48(3), 185-195 (2001).
74. Molina JM, Anguiano A, Ferrer O. Study on immune response of goats vaccinated with a live strain of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Comp. Immunol. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 19(1), 9-15 (1996).
75. Begg DJ, O'Brien R, Mackintosh CG, Griffin JF. Experimental infection model for Johne's disease in sheep. Infect. Immun. 73(9), 5603-5611 (2005).
76. Juste RA, Garcia Marin JF, Peris B, Saez de Ocariz CS, Badiola JJ. Experimental infection of vaccinated and non-vaccinated lambs with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. J. Comp. Pathol. 110(2), 185-194 (1994).
77. Mackintosh CG, Labes RE, Griffin JF. The effect of Johne's vaccination on tuberculin testing in farmed red deer (Cervus elaphus). NZ Vet. J. 53(4), 216-222 (2005).
78. Gwozdz JM, Thompson KG, Manktelow BW, Murray A, West DM. Vaccination against paratuberculosis of lambs already infected experimentally with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Aust. Vet. J. 78(8), 560-566 (2000).
79. Saxegaard F, Fodstad FH. Control of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in goats by vaccination. Vet. Rec. 116(16), 439-441 (1985).
80. Munoz M, Garcia Marin JF, Garcia-Pariente C et al. Efficacy of a killed vaccine (Silirum) in calves challenged with MAP. In: Eighth International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Manning EJ, Nielsen SS (Eds). International Association for Paratuberculsois, Inc., Copenhagen, Denmark 208-217 (2005).
81. Garrido JM, Geijo MV, Molina E et al. Preliminary evaluation of a field trial on the use of vaccination in dairy cattle farms with paratuberculosis. In: Nine International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Nielsen SS (Ed.). International Association for Paratuberculsois Inc., Tsukuba, Japan 204-207 (2007).
82. Park AY, Scott P. Il-12: keeping cellmediated immunity alive. Scand. J. Immunol. 53(6), 529-532 (2001).
83. Hines ME 2nd, Stiver S, Giri D et al. Efficacy of spheroplastic and cell-wall competent vaccines for Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in experimentally-challenged baby goats. Vet. Microbiol. 120(3-4), 261-283 (2007).
84. Singh SV, Singh PK, Singh AV, Sohal JS, Gupta VK, Vihan VS. Comparative efficacy of an indigenous 'inactivated vaccine' using highly pathogenic field strain of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis 'bison type' with a commercial vaccine for the control of Capri-paratuberculosis in India. Vaccine 25(41), 7102-7110 (2007).
85. Emery DL, Whittington RJ. An evaluation of mycophage therapy, chemotherapy and vaccination for control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Vet. Microbiol. 104(3-4), 143-155 (2004).
86. Meeusen EN, Walker J, Peters A, Pastoret PP, Jungersen G. Current status of veterinary vaccines. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 20(3), 489-510 (2007).
87. Li L, Bannantine JP, Zhang Q et al. The complete genome sequence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 102(35), 12344-12349 (2005). •• Complete sequence of the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) K-10 genome.
88. Andersen P, Gicquel B, Huygen K. Tuberculosis vaccine science. In: Tuberculosis Science (2nd Edition). Rom WN, Garay SM (Eds). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, PA, USA 885-898 (2004).
89. McShane H, Pathan AA, Sander C et al. Recombinant modified Vaccinia Ankara expressing antigen 85A boosts BCGprimed and naturally acquired antimycobacterial immunity in humans. Nat. Med. 10, 1240-1244 (2004).
90. Rosseels V, Marche S, Roupie V et al. Members of the 30- to 32-kilodalton mycolyl transferase family (Ag85) from culture filtrate of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis are immunodominant Th1-type antigens recognized early upon infection in mice and cattle. Infect. Immun. 74(1), 202-212 (2006).
91. Shin SJ, Chang CF, Chang CD et al. In vitro cellular immune responses to recombinant antigens of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 73(8), 5074-5085 (2005).
92. Mullerad J, Michal I, Fishman Y, Hovav AH, Barletta RG, Bercovier H. The immunogenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis 85B antigen. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 190(4), 179-187 (2002).
93. Rosseels V, Scanlan V, Vanonckelen A et al. Development of plasmid DNA based Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis vaccine encoding immunodominant T cell antigens identified in mycobacterial culture filtrate. In: Seventh International Colloquium on Paratuberculosis. Juste RA, Geijo MV, Garrido JBM (Eds). International Association for Paratuberculosis Inc., Bilbao, Spain 108-113 (2002).
94. Rosseels V, Roupie V, Zinniel DK, Barletta RG, Huygen K. Development of luminescent Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for rapid screening of vaccine candidates in mice. Infect. Immun. 74(6), 3684-3686 (2006).
95. Koets AP, Rutten VP, Hoek A et al. Heat-shock protein-specific T-cell responses in various stages of bovine paratuberculosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 70(1-2), 105-115 (1999).
96. Dupont C, Thompson K, Heuer C, Gicquel B, Murray A. Identification and characterization of an immunogenic 22 kDa exported protein of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis. J. Med. Microbiol. 54(Pt 11), 1083-1092 (2005).
97. Rigden RC, Jandhyala DM, Dupont C et al. Humoral and cellular immune responses in sheep immunized with a 22 kilodalton exported protein of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. J. Med. Microbiol. 55(Pt 12), 1735-1740 (2006).
98. Huntley JF, Stabel JR, Bannantine JP. Immunoreactivity of the Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis 19-kDa lipoprotein. BMC Microbiol. 5(1), 3 (2005).
99. Nagata R, Muneta Y, Yoshihara K, Yokomizo Y, Mori Y. Expression cloning of ? interferon-inducing antigens of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 73(6), 3778-3782 (2005).
100. Vipond J, Vipond R, Allen-Vercoe E et al. Selection of novel TB vaccine candidates and their evaluation as DNA vaccines against aerosol challenge. Vaccine 24, 37-39 (2006).
101. Hinchey J, Lee S, Jeon BY et al. Enhanced priming of adaptive immunity by a proapoptotic mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J. Clin. Invest. 117(8), 2279-2288 (2007).
102. Mullerad J, Hovav AH, Fishman Y, Barletta RG, Bercovier H. Antigenicity of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis superoxide dismutase in mice. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 34(1), 81-88 (2002).
103. Olsen I, Storset AK. Innate IFN-γ production in cattle in response to MPP14, a secreted protein from Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Scand. J. Immunol. 54(3), 306-313 (2001).
104. Olsen I, Reitan LJ, Holstad G, Wiker HG. Alkyl hydroperoxide reductases C and D are major antigens constitutively expressed by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Infect. Immun. 68(2), 801-808 (2000).
105. Shin SJ, Wu CW, Steinberg H, Talaat AM. Identification of novel virulence determinants in Mycobacterium paratuberculosis by screening a library of insertional mutants. Infect. Immun. 74, 3825-3833 (2006).
106. Park KT, Dahl JL, Bannantine JP et al. Demonstration of allelic exchange in the slow growing Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and the generation of deletion mutants at the pknG, relA and lsr2 loci. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 74(6), 1687-1695 (2008). •• First report on targeted generation of deletion mutants of MAP by allelic exchange.
107. Wu C-W, Schmoller SK, Shin SJ, Talaat AM. Defining the stressome of Mycobacterium avum subsp. paratuberculosis in vitro and in naturally infected cows. J. Bact. 189(21), 7877-7886 (2007). •• Transcriptional profiling of MAP exposed to different stress conditions.
108. Leyten EM, Lin MY, Franken KL et al. Human T-cell responses to 25 novel antigens encoded by genes of the dormancy regulon of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Microbes Infect. 8(8), 2052-2060 (2006).
109. Roupie V, Romano M, Zhang L et al. Immunogenicity of eight dormancy (DosR) regulon encoded proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in DNA vaccinated and tuberculosis-infected mice. Infect. Immun. 75, 941-949 (2007).
110. Huygen K. Plasmid DNA vaccination. Microbes Infect. 7(5-6), 932-938 (2005).
111. Huygen K. DNA vaccines against mycobacterial diseases. Future Microbiol. 1, 63-73 (2006).
112. Huntley JF, Stabel JR, Paustian ML, Reinhardt TA, Bannantine JP. Expression library immunization confers protection against Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection. Infect. Immun. 73(10), 6877-6884 (2005).
113. Leroy B, Roupie V, Noel-Georis I et al. Antigen discovery: a postgenomic approach to paratuberculosis diagnosis. Proteomics 7(7), 1164-1176 (2007).
114. Roupie V, Leroy B, Rosseels V et al. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines encoding MAP specific antigens MAP0586c and MAP4308c of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in mice. Vaccine (2008) (In Press).
115. Bull TJ, Gilbert SC, Sridhar S et al. A novel multi-antigen virally vectored vaccine against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. PLoS ONE 2(11), e1229 (2007).
116. Grieg A, Stevenson K, Hendserson D et al. Epidemiological study of paratuberculosis in wild rabbits in Scotland. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37, 1746-1751 (1999).
117. Mokresh AH, Czuprynski CJ, Butler DG. A rabbit model for study of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection. Infect. Immun. 57(12), 3798-3807 (1989).
118. Vaughan JA, Lenghaus C, Stewart DJ, Tizard ML, Michalski WP. Development of a Johne's disease infection model in laboratory rabbits following oral adminsitration of Mycobacetrium avium subsp paratuberculosis. Vet. Microbiol. 105, 207-213 (2005).
119. Sechi LA, Mara L, Cappai P et al. Immunization with DNA vaccines encoding different mycobacterial antigens elicits a Th1 type immune response in lambs and protects against Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis infection. Vaccine 24(3), 229-235 (2006). •• First report on DNA vaccination against paratuberculosis in sheep.
120. Koets A, Hoek A, Langelaar M et al. Mycobacterial 70 kD heat-shock protein is an effective subunit vaccine against bovine paratuberculosis. Vaccine 24(14), 2550-2559 (2006). •• First report on subunit protein vaccination against paratuberculosis in cattle.
121. Begg DJ, Whittington RJ. Experimental animal infection models for Johne's disease, an infectious enteropathy caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet. J. 176(2), 129-145 (2008).