Radiation efficiency of nano-radius dipole antennas in the microwave and far-infrared regimes

IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine

Volumn 50, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 66-77

  Hanson, George W ^a  

^a University of Wisconsin   (United States)

Author keywords

Carbon nanotube; Dipole antennas; Infrared transducers; Microwave antennas; Nanoantenna; Nanotechnology; Small antennas

Indexed keywords

ANTENNAS; CARBON NANOTUBES; ELECTRIC WIRE; MICROWAVE ANTENNAS; MICROWAVE DEVICES; MICROWAVES; MULTIWALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWCN); NANOCOMPOSITES; NANOTECHNOLOGY; NANOTUBES; TRANSDUCERS; WIRE;

ANTENNA EFFICIENCIES; DISTRIBUTED RESISTANCES; EFFECTIVE CONDUCTIVITIES; ELECTRONIC DEVICES; INFRARED FREQUENCIES; INFRARED TRANSDUCERS; INTER-CONNECTS; NANOANTENNA; OHMIC LOSSES; RADIATION EFFICIENCIES; SMALL ANTENNAS; SUPERCONDUCTING NANOWIRES; WAVELENGTH ANTENNAS; WIRE ANTENNAS;

DIPOLE ANTENNAS;

EID: 48349145005     PISSN: 10459243     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1109/MAP.2008.4563565     Document Type: Article

References (55)

1. W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna Theory and Design, Second Edition, New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1998.
2. P. J. Burke, S. Li, and Z. Yu, "Quantitative Theory of Nanowire and Nanotube Antenna Performance." IEEE Trans. Nanotech., 5, July 2006, pp. 3 14 -3 34
3. V. A. Podolskiy, A. K. Sarychev, E. E. Narimanov, and V. M. Shalaev, "Resonant Light Interaction with Plasmonic Nanowire Systems," J. Opt. A, 7, 2005, pp. S32-S37.
4. D. P. Fromrn, A. Sundaramurthy, P. J. Schuck, G. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, "Gap-Dependent Optical Coupling of Single 'bowtie' Nanoantennas Resonant in the Visible," Nano Letters, 4, 5, 2004, pp. 957-961.
5. P. J. Schuck, D. P. Fromm, A. Sundaramurthy, G. S. Kino, and W. E. Moerner, "Improving the Mismatch Between Light and Nanoscale Objects with Gold Bowtie Nanoantennas," Phys. Rev. Lett., 94, 2005, pp. 017402:1-4.
6. Mühlschlegal, H.-J. Eisler, O. J. F. Martin, B. Hecht, and D. W. Poh, "Resonant Optical Antennas," Science, 308, 2005, pp. 1607-1609.
7. J. Alda, J. M. Rico-García, J. M. López, and G. Boreman, "Optical Antennas for Nano-Photonic Applications," Nanotechnology, 16 2005, pp. S230-S234.
8. L. Novotny, "Effective Wavelength Scaling for Optical Antenna," Phys. Rev. Lett., 98, 2007, pp. 266802(1-4).
9. A. Alù and N. Engheta, "Input Impedance, Nanocircuit Loading, and Radiation Tuning of Optical Nanoantennas," http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3411,2007.
10. J. Aizpurua, G. W. Bryant, L. J. Richter, and F. J. Garcia de Abajo, "Optical Properties of Coupled Metallic Nanorods for Field-Enhanced Spectroscopy," Phys. Rev. B., 71, 2005, pp. 235420(1-13).
11. R. W. P. King and T. T. Wu "The Imperfectly Conducting Cylindrical Transmitting Antenna," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation AP-14, September 1966, pp. 524-534.
12. J. H. Richmond, "Scattering by Imperfectly Conducting Wires," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-15, November 1967, pp. 802-806.
13. G. W. Hanson, "On the Applicability of the Surface Impedance Integral Equation for Optical and Near Infrared Dipoles," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-54, December 2006, pp. 3677-3685.
14. J. A. Stratton, Electromagnetic Theory, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1941.
15. T. T. Wu, "Introduction to Linear Antennas," in R. E. Collin and F. J. Zucker (eds.), Antenna Theory Part 1, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1969, Chapter 8.
16. E. Hallén, Electromagnetic Theory, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1962.
17. G. W. Hanson, "Fundamental Transmitting Properties of Carbon Nanotube Antennas," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-53, November 2005, pp. 3426-3435.
18. D. H. Werner, J. A. Huffmnan, and P. L. Werner, "Techniques for Evaluating the Uniform Current Vector Potential at the Isolated Singularity of the Cylindrical Wire Kernel," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-42, November 1994, pp. 1549-1553.
19. D. S. Jones, Methods in Electromagnetic Wave Propagation, Piscataway, NJ, IEEE Press, 1994.
20. C. Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, Sixth Edition, New York, Wiley, 1986.
21. W. Steinhögl, G. Schindler, G. Steinlesberger, M. Traving, and M. Engelhardt, "Comprehensive Study of the Resistivity of Copper Wires with Lateral Dimensions of 100 nm and Smaller," J. AppI. Phys., 97, 2005, pp. 023706:1--7
22. A. Bid, A. Bora, and A. K. Raychaudhuri, "Temperature Dependence of the Resistance of Metallic Nanowires of Diameter ≥15 nm: Applicability of Bloch-Grüneisen Theorem," Phys. Rev. B., 74, 2006, pp. 035426: 1-8.
23. M. Abramowitz and 1. A. Stegun, Handbook of Mathematical Functions National Bureau of Standards, 1964.
24. T. Van Duzer and C. W. Turner, Principles of Superconductive Devices and Circuits, New York, Elsevier, 1981.
25. D. R. Lide (ed.), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 87th Edition Boca Raton, CRC Press, 2006.
26. M. Zgirski, K-P Riikonen, V. Touboltsev, and K. Arutyunov, "Size Dependent Breakdown of Superconductivity in Ultranarrow Nanowires," Nano Lett., 5, 2005, pp. 1029-1033.
27. M. Tian, J. Wang, J. S. Kurtz, Y. Liu, M. H. W. Chan, T. S. Mayer, and T. E. Mallouk, "Dissipation in Quasi-One-Dimensional Superconducting Single-Crystal Sni Nanowires," Phys. Rev. B, 71, 2005, pp. 104521: 1-7.
28. M. Tian, J. Wang, J. Snyder, J. Kurtz, Y. Liu, P. Schiffer, T. E. Mallouk, and M. H. W. Chen, "Synthesis and Characterization of Superconducting Single-Crystal Sni Nanowires," Appl. Phys. Letts. 83, 2003, pp. 1620-1622.
29. R. C. Hansen, Electrically Small, Superdirective, and Superconducting Antennas, New York, Wiley, 2006.
30. R. R. Mansour, "Microwave Superconductivity," IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., 50, March 2002, pp. 750-759.
31. S. Wuensch, G. Benz, E. Crocoll, M. Fitsilis, M. Neuhaus, T. A. Scherer, and W. Jutzi, "Normnal and Superconductor Coplanar Waveguides with 100 run Linewidth," IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond., 11, March 2001, pp. 115-118.
32. W. Jutzi, S. Wuensch, E. Crocoll, M. Neuhaus, T. A. Scherer, T. Weimann, and J. Niemeyer, "Microwave and DC Properties of Niobiumn Coplanar Waveguides with 50-nm Linewidth on Silicon Substrates," IEEE Trans. AppI. Supercond., 13, June 2003, pp. 320-323.
33. R. Saito, G. Dresseihaus, and M. S. Dresselhaus, Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes, London, Imperial College Press, 2003.
34. C. Ryu, K-W Kwon, A. L. S. Loke, H. Lee, T. Nogami, V. M. Dubin, R. A. Kavari, G. W. Ray, and S. S. Wong, "Microstructure and Reliability of Copper Interconnects," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 46, June 1999, pp. 1113-1120.
35. M. E. T. Molares, E. M. Höhberger, Ch. Schaeflein, R. H. Blick, R. Neumann, and C. Trautmann, "Electrical Characterization of Electrochemically Grown Single Copper Nanowires," Appl. Phys. Letts. 82, 2003, pp. 2139-2141.
36. G. H. Hanson, "Current on an Infinitely-Long Carbon Nanotube Antenna Excited by a Gap Generator," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-54, January 2006, pp. 76-81.
37. G. Ya. Slepyan, M. V. Shuba, S. A. Maksimenko, and A. Lakhtakia, "Theory of Optical Scattering by Achiral Carbon Nanotubes and their Potential as Optical Nanoantennas," Phys. Rev. B, 73, 2006, p. 195416: 1-11.
38. G. Miano and F. Villone, "An Integral Formulation for the Electrodynamics of Metallic Carbon Nanotubes Based on a Fluid Model," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-54, October 2006, pp. 2713-2724.
39. G. Ya. Slepyan, S. A. Maksimenko, A. Lakhtakia, O. Yevtushenko, and A. V. Gusakov, "Electrodynamics of Carbon Nanotubes: Dynamic Conductivity, Impedance Boundary Conditions, and Surface Wave Propagation," Phys. Rev. B, 60, December 1999, pp. 17136-17149.
40. S. A. Maksimenko and G. Y. Slepyan, "Electrodynamic Properties of Carbon Nanotubes," in O. N. Singh and A. Lakhtakia (eds.), Electromagnetic Fields in Unconventional Materials and Structures, New York, Wiley, 2000.
41. T. A. Jishi, M. S. Dresselhaus, and G. Dresselhaus, "Electron-Phonon Coupling and the Electrical Conductivity of Fullerene Nanotubes," Phys. Rev. B, 48, 1993, pp. 11385-11389.
42. X. Zhou, J-Y Park, S. Huang, J. Liu, and P. L. McEuen, "Band Structure, Phonon Scattering, and the Performance Limit of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube Transistors," Phys. Rev. Lett., 95, 2005, pp. 146805:1-4.
43. P. J. Burke, "Lüttinger Liquid Theory as a Model of the GHz Electrical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes," IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol. 1, September 2002, pp. 129-144.
44. P. J. Burke, "An RF Circuit Model for Carbon Nanotubes," IEEE Trans. Nanotechnol., 2, March 2003, pp. 55-58.
45. S. Salahuddin, M. Lundstrom, and S. Datta, "Transport Effects on Signal Propagation in Quantum Wires," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 52, August 2005, pp. 1734-1742.
46. Z. Yu and P. J. Burke, "Microwave Transport in Metallic Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes," Nano Letters, 5, 2005, pp. 1403-1406.
47. A. Naeemi and J. D. Meindl, "Impact of Electron-Phonon Scattering on the Performiance of Carbon Nanotube Interconnects for GSI," IEEE Electron Device Letters, 26, July 2005, pp. 476-478.
48. A. Naeemi, R. Sarvari, and J. D. Meindi, "Performance Comparison Between Carbon Nanotube and Copper Interconnects for Gigascale Integration (GSJ)," IEEE Electron Device Letters., 26, February 2005, pp. 84-86.
49. A, Nieuwoudt and Y. Massoud, "Evaluating the Impact of Resistance in Carbon Nanotube Bundles for VLSI Interconnect Using Diameter-Dependent Modeling Techniques," IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, 53, October 2006, pp. 2460-2466.
50. Y. Massoud and A. Nieuwoudt, "Modeling and Design Challenges and Solutions for Carbon Nanotube-Based Interconnect in Future High Performance Integrated Circuits," ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems (JETC), 2, July 2006, pp. 155-196.
51. H. J. Li, W. G. Lu, J. J. Li, X. D. Bai, and C. Z. Gu, "Multichannel Ballistic Transport in Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes," Phys. Rev. Letts., 95, 2005, pp. 086601:1-4.
52. A. Naeemi and J. D. Meindl, "Compact Physical Models for Multiwall Carbon-Nanotube Interconnects," IEEE Electron Device Letters, 27, May 2006, pp. 338-340.
53. B. Q. Wei, R. Vajtai, and P. M. Ajayan. "Reliability and Current Carrying Capacity of Carbon Nanotubes," Appl. Phys. Letts., 79 2001, pp. 1172-1 174.
54. Y. Wang, K. Kemnpa, B. Kimball, J. B. Carlson, G. Benhamn, W. Z. Li, T. Kempa, A. Rybczynski, and Z. F. Ren, "Receiving and Transmitting Light-Like Radio Waves: Antenna Effect in Arrays of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes," Applied Physics Letters, 85, September 2004, pp. 2607-2609.
55. Y. Lan and B. Zeng, "Properties of Carbon Nanotube Antenna," International Conference on Microwave and Millimeter Wave Technology (ICMMT), April 2007.