메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 587-597

AAS, growth hormone, and insulin abuse: Psychological and neuroendocrine effects

Author keywords

AAS; Cosmesis; Growth hormone; Insulin; Performance; Strength

Indexed keywords

ACIPIMOX; ANABOLIC ANDROGENIC STEROID; ESTRADIOL; GROWTH HORMONE RECEPTOR; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; INSULIN; LEUCINE; LEUCINE[13 CYSTEINE]; MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE; MYOSTATIN; PLACEBO; RECOMBINANT GROWTH HORMONE; SOMATREM; STEROID; TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 47849122935     PISSN: 11766336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (21)

References (110)
  • 1
    • 0027179365 scopus 로고
    • Identification of JAK2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase
    • Argetsinger LS, Campbell GS, Yang X, et al. 1993. Identification of JAK2 as a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase. Cell, 74:237-44.
    • (1993) Cell , vol.74 , pp. 237-244
    • Argetsinger, L.S.1    Campbell, G.S.2    Yang, X.3
  • 2
    • 33847169878 scopus 로고
    • The influence of growth hormone on sleep in adults with growth hormone deficiency
    • Astrom C, Pedersen SA, Lindholm J. 1990. The influence of growth hormone on sleep in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Clinical Endocrinol (Oxf), 43:143-9.
    • (1990) Clinical Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.43 , pp. 143-149
    • Astrom, C.1    Pedersen, S.A.2    Lindholm, J.3
  • 3
    • 33746542100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Steroid and prescription medicine abuse in the health and fitness community; a regional study
    • Baker JS, Graham MR, Davies B. 2006. "Steroid" and prescription medicine abuse in the health and fitness community; a regional study. Eur J Intern Med, 17:479-84.
    • (2006) Eur J Intern Med , vol.17 , pp. 479-484
    • Baker, J.S.1    Graham, M.R.2    Davies, B.3
  • 4
    • 0025999498 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone heterogeneity: Genes, isohormones, variants, and binding proteins
    • Baumann G. 1991. Growth hormone heterogeneity: genes, isohormones, variants, and binding proteins. Endocr Rev, 12:424-49.
    • (1991) Endocr Rev , vol.12 , pp. 424-449
    • Baumann, G.1
  • 5
    • 21244453198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term administration of supraphysiological recombinant human growth hormone (GB) does not increase maximum endurance exercise capacity in healthy, active young men and females with normal GB-insulin-like growth factor I axes
    • Berggren A, Ehrnborg C, Rosen T, et al. 2005. Short-term administration of supraphysiological recombinant human growth hormone (GB) does not increase maximum endurance exercise capacity in healthy, active young men and females with normal GB-insulin-like growth factor I axes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 90:3268-73.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 3268-3273
    • Berggren, A.1    Ehrnborg, C.2    Rosen, T.3
  • 6
    • 8944233864 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men
    • Bhasin S, Storer TW, Berman N, et al, 1996. The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men. N Engl J Med, 335:1-7.
    • (1996) N Engl J Med , vol.335 , pp. 1-7
    • Bhasin, S.1    Storer, T.W.2    Berman, N.3
  • 7
    • 0028837394 scopus 로고
    • Physiologic hyperinsulinaemia stimulates protein synthesis and enhances transport of selected amino acids in human skeletal muscle
    • Biolo G, Fleming RYD, Wolfe RD. 1995. Physiologic hyperinsulinaemia stimulates protein synthesis and enhances transport of selected amino acids in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest, 95:811-19.
    • (1995) J Clin Invest , vol.95 , pp. 811-819
    • Biolo, G.1    Fleming, R.Y.D.2    Wolfe, R.D.3
  • 8
    • 20244372225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men
    • Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Münzer T, et al. 2002. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men. J Am Med Assoc, 288:2282-92.
    • (2002) J Am Med Assoc , vol.288 , pp. 2282-2292
    • Blackman, M.R.1    Sorkin, J.D.2    Münzer, T.3
  • 9
    • 0027392869 scopus 로고
    • Effect of Insulin on System A Amino Acid Transport in Human Skeletal Muscle
    • Bonadonna RC, Saccomani MP, Cobelli C, et al. 1993. Effect of Insulin on System A Amino Acid Transport in Human Skeletal Muscle. J Clin Invest, 91:514-21.
    • (1993) J Clin Invest , vol.91 , pp. 514-521
    • Bonadonna, R.C.1    Saccomani, M.P.2    Cobelli, C.3
  • 10
    • 0028931246 scopus 로고
    • A simulation model for glucose kinetics and estimates of glucose utilization rate in type I diabetic patients
    • Boroujerdi MA, Umpleby AM, Jones RH, et al. 1995. A simulation model for glucose kinetics and estimates of glucose utilization rate in type I diabetic patients. Am J Physiol, 268:766-74.
    • (1995) Am J Physiol , vol.268 , pp. 766-774
    • Boroujerdi, M.A.1    Umpleby, A.M.2    Jones, R.H.3
  • 11
    • 0036924729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single and combined effects of growth hormone and testosterone administration on measures of body composition, physical performance, mood, sexual function, bone turnover, and muscle gene expression in healthy older men
    • Brill KT, Weltman AL, Gentili A, et al. 2002. Single and combined effects of growth hormone and testosterone administration on measures of body composition, physical performance, mood, sexual function, bone turnover, and muscle gene expression in healthy older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87:5649-57.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 5649-5657
    • Brill, K.T.1    Weltman, A.L.2    Gentili, A.3
  • 12
    • 26944493862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Model for growth hormone receptor activation based on subunit rotation within a receptor dimer
    • Brown RJ, Adams JJ, Pelekanos RA, et al. 2005. Model for growth hormone receptor activation based on subunit rotation within a receptor dimer. Nat Struct Mol Biol, 12:814-21.
    • (2005) Nat Struct Mol Biol , vol.12 , pp. 814-821
    • Brown, R.J.1    Adams, J.J.2    Pelekanos, R.A.3
  • 13
    • 0033610753 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin as a substance of misuse in a patient with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
    • Cassidy EM, O'Halloran DJ, Barry S. 1999. Insulin as a substance of misuse in a patient with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. BMJ, 319:1417-18.
    • (1999) BMJ , vol.319 , pp. 1417-1418
    • Cassidy, E.M.1    O'Halloran, D.J.2    Barry, S.3
  • 14
    • 47849093172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Athletes may be increasingly abusing insulin [online]
    • August 8. Accessed on December 12, 2007. URL
    • Coghlan A. 2001. Athletes may be increasingly abusing insulin [online]. New Scientist, August 8. Accessed on December 12, 2007. URL: http://www.newscientist.com/article/ dn1129-athletes-may-be-increasingly-abusing-insulin.html.
    • (2001) New Scientist
    • Coghlan, A.1
  • 15
    • 0023807075 scopus 로고
    • Body composition response to exogenous GH during training in highly conditioned adults
    • Crist DM, Peake GT, Egan PA, et al. 1988. Body composition response to exogenous GH during training in highly conditioned adults. J Appl Physiol, 65:579-84.
    • (1988) J Appl Physiol , vol.65 , pp. 579-584
    • Crist, D.M.1    Peake, G.T.2    Egan, P.A.3
  • 16
    • 0034669411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in child depression
    • Dahl RE, Birmaher B, Williamson DE, et al. 2000. Low growth hormone response to growth hormone-releasing hormone in child depression. Biol Psychiatry, 48:981-8.
    • (2000) Biol Psychiatry , vol.48 , pp. 981-988
    • Dahl, R.E.1    Birmaher, B.2    Williamson, D.E.3
  • 17
    • 0034913092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drugs in sport. The role of the physician
    • Dawson RT. 2001. Drugs in sport. The role of the physician. J Endocrinol, 170:55-61.
    • (2001) J Endocrinol , vol.170 , pp. 55-61
    • Dawson, R.T.1
  • 18
    • 0027256107 scopus 로고
    • Effect of growth hormone treatment on hormonal parameters, body composition and strength in athletes
    • Deyssig R, Frisch H, Blum WF, et al. 1993. Effect of growth hormone treatment on hormonal parameters, body composition and strength in athletes. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh), 128:313-18.
    • (1993) Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) , vol.128 , pp. 313-318
    • Deyssig, R.1    Frisch, H.2    Blum, W.F.3
  • 19
    • 22744435144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone and connective tissue in exercise
    • Doessing M, Kjaer M. 2005. Growth hormone and connective tissue in exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 15:202-10.
    • (2005) Scand J Med Sci Sports , vol.15 , pp. 202-210
    • Doessing, M.1    Kjaer, M.2
  • 20
  • 21
    • 17044383342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supraphysiological growth hormone: Less fat, more extracellular fluid but uncertain effects on muscles in healthy, active young adults
    • Ehrnborg C, Ellegard L, Bosaeus I, et al. 2005. Supraphysiological growth hormone: less fat, more extracellular fluid but uncertain effects on muscles in healthy, active young adults. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 62:449-57.
    • (2005) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.62 , pp. 449-457
    • Ehrnborg, C.1    Ellegard, L.2    Bosaeus, I.3
  • 22
    • 0030936032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bodybuilders find it easy to obtain insulin to help them in training
    • Elkin SL, Brady S, Williams IP. 1997. Bodybuilders find it easy to obtain insulin to help them in training. BMJ, 314:1280.
    • (1997) BMJ , vol.314 , pp. 1280
    • Elkin, S.L.1    Brady, S.2    Williams, I.P.3
  • 23
    • 26444443048 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids
    • Eriksson A, Kadi F, Malm C, et al. 2005. Skeletal muscle morphology in power-lifters with and without anabolic steroids. Histochem. Cell Biol, 124:167-75.
    • (2005) Histochem. Cell Biol , vol.124 , pp. 167-175
    • Eriksson, A.1    Kadi, F.2    Malm, C.3
  • 24
    • 0042570402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin as a drug of abuse in body building
    • Evans PJ, Lynch RM. 2003. Insulin as a drug of abuse in body building. Br J Sports Med, 37:356-7.
    • (2003) Br J Sports Med , vol.37 , pp. 356-357
    • Evans, P.J.1    Lynch, R.M.2
  • 25
    • 0025818655 scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone acutely stimulates forearm muscle protein synthesis in normal humans
    • Fryburg DA, Gelfand RA, Barrett EJ. 1991. Growth hormone acutely stimulates forearm muscle protein synthesis in normal humans. Am J Physiol, 260:499-504.
    • (1991) Am J Physiol , vol.260 , pp. 499-504
    • Fryburg, D.A.1    Gelfand, R.A.2    Barrett, E.J.3
  • 26
    • 0002805456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emotional, social and behavioural implications of insulininduced hypoglycemia
    • GonderFreerick LA, Clarke WL, Cox DJ. 1997. The emotional, social and behavioural implications of insulininduced hypoglycemia. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry, 2:57-65.
    • (1997) Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry , vol.2 , pp. 57-65
    • GonderFreerick, L.A.1    Clarke, W.L.2    Cox, D.J.3
  • 27
    • 0024570382 scopus 로고
    • Mood changes associated with fluctuations in insulindependent diabetes mellitus
    • GonderFreerick LA, Cox DJ, Bobbitt SA. 1989. Mood changes associated with fluctuations in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Health Psychol, 8:45-9.
    • (1989) Health Psychol , vol.8 , pp. 45-49
    • GonderFreerick, L.A.1    Cox, D.J.2    Bobbitt, S.A.3
  • 28
    • 13044265837 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting
    • Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Taylor WE, Yarasheski K, et al. 1998. Organization of the human myostatin gene and expression in healthy men and HIV-infected men with muscle wasting. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:14938-43.
    • (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA , vol.95 , pp. 14938-14943
    • Gonzalez-Cadavid, N.F.1    Taylor, W.E.2    Yarasheski, K.3
  • 29
    • 13144306100 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of five-year growth hormone replacement therapy on muscle strength in elderly hypopituitary patients
    • Gotherstrom G, Bengtsson BA, Sunnerhagen KS, et al. 2005. The effects of five-year growth hormone replacement therapy on muscle strength in elderly hypopituitary patients. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf), 62:105-13.
    • (2005) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.62 , pp. 105-113
    • Gotherstrom, G.1    Bengtsson, B.A.2    Sunnerhagen, K.S.3
  • 30
    • 0020393218 scopus 로고
    • Insulin increases the maximum velocity of glucose uptake without altering the Michaelis constant in man
    • Gottesman I, Mandarino L, Verdonk C, et al. 1982. Insulin increases the maximum velocity of glucose uptake without altering the Michaelis constant in man. J Clin Invest, 70:1310-14.
    • (1982) J Clin Invest , vol.70 , pp. 1310-1314
    • Gottesman, I.1    Mandarino, L.2    Verdonk, C.3
  • 31
    • 33847159235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use in recreational gym users - A regional sample of the Mid-Glamorgan area
    • Grace FM, Baker JS, Davies B. 2001. Anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) use in recreational gym users - A regional sample of the Mid-Glamorgan area. J Substance Use, 12:145-53.
    • (2001) J Substance Use , vol.12 , pp. 145-153
    • Grace, F.M.1    Baker, J.S.2    Davies, B.3
  • 32
    • 33847131582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant human growth hormone in abstinent androgenic-anabolic steroid use: Psychological, endocrine, and trophic factor effects
    • Graham MR, Baker JS, Evans P, et al. 2007a. Recombinant human growth hormone in abstinent androgenic-anabolic steroid use: Psychological, endocrine, and trophic factor effects. Curr Neurovasc Res, 4:9-18.
    • (2007) Curr Neurovasc Res , vol.4 , pp. 9-18
    • Graham, M.R.1    Baker, J.S.2    Evans, P.3
  • 33
    • 34250014759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration improves respiratory function in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users
    • Graham MR, Davies B, Hullin D, et al. 2007b. Short-term recombinant human growth hormone administration improves respiratory function in abstinent anabolic-androgenic steroid users. Growth Horm IGF Res, 17:201-9.
    • (2007) Growth Horm IGF Res , vol.17 , pp. 201-209
    • Graham, M.R.1    Davies, B.2    Hullin, D.3
  • 34
    • 0033057038 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Compulsive weight lifting and anabolic drug abuse among women rape victims
    • Gruber AJ, Pope HG Jr. 1999. Compulsive weight lifting and anabolic drug abuse among women rape victims. Compr Psychiatry, 40:273-7.
    • (1999) Compr Psychiatry , vol.40 , pp. 273-277
    • Gruber, A.J.1    Pope Jr., H.G.2
  • 35
    • 0033991904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women Psycother
    • Gruber AJ, Pope HG Jr. 2000. Psychiatric and medical effects of anabolic-androgenic steroid use in women Psycother Psychosom, 69:19-26.
    • (2000) Psychosom , vol.69 , pp. 19-26
    • Gruber, A.J.1    Pope Jr., H.G.2
  • 36
    • 0032459922 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exercise capacity and hormonal response in adults with childhood Onset growth hormone deficiency during long-term somatropin treatment
    • Gullestad L, Birkeland K, Bjonerheim R. 1998. Exercise capacity and hormonal response in adults with childhood Onset growth hormone deficiency during long-term somatropin treatment. Growth Horm IGF Res, 8:377-84.
    • (1998) Growth Horm IGF Res , vol.8 , pp. 377-384
    • Gullestad, L.1    Birkeland, K.2    Bjonerheim, R.3
  • 37
    • 0025727821 scopus 로고
    • Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for psychiatric disorders in people presenting with deliberate self-harm
    • Hamer D, Sanjeev D, Butterworth E, et al. 1991. Using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale to screen for psychiatric disorders in people presenting with deliberate self-harm. Br J Psychiatry, 158:782-4.
    • (1991) Br J Psychiatry , vol.158 , pp. 782-784
    • Hamer, D.1    Sanjeev, D.2    Butterworth, E.3
  • 38
    • 0033031934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of depressiveness with blunted growth hormone response to maximal physical exercise in young healthy men
    • Harro J, Rimm H, Harro M, et al. 1999. Association of depressiveness with blunted growth hormone response to maximal physical exercise in young healthy men. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 24:505-17.
    • (1999) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.24 , pp. 505-517
    • Harro, J.1    Rimm, H.2    Harro, M.3
  • 39
    • 0031840523 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Causes, management and morbidity of acute hypoglycaemia in adults requiring a hospital admission
    • Hart SP, Frier BM. 1998. Causes, management and morbidity of acute hypoglycaemia in adults requiring a hospital admission. Quart J Med, 91:505-10.
    • (1998) Quart J Med , vol.91 , pp. 505-510
    • Hart, S.P.1    Frier, B.M.2
  • 40
    • 2942541820 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes
    • Hartgens F, Kuipers, H. 2004. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids in athletes. Sports Med, 34:513-14.
    • (2004) Sports Med , vol.34 , pp. 513-514
    • Hartgens, F.1    Kuipers, H.2
  • 41
    • 2942544174 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids on apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a)
    • Hartgens F, Rietjens G, Keizer HA, et al. 2004. Effects of androgenic-anabolic steroids on apolipoproteins and lipoprotein (a). Br J Sports Med, 38:253-9.
    • (2004) Br J Sports Med , vol.38 , pp. 253-259
    • Hartgens, F.1    Rietjens, G.2    Keizer, H.A.3
  • 42
    • 0021735872 scopus 로고
    • Anabolic steroids: A review of the literature
    • Haupt HA, Rovere GD. 1984. Anabolic steroids: a review of the literature. Am J Sports Med, 12:469-84.
    • (1984) Am J Sports Med , vol.12 , pp. 469-484
    • Haupt, H.A.1    Rovere, G.D.2
  • 43
    • 0344011438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High dose growth hormone exerts an anabolic effect at rest and during exercise in endurance-trained athletes
    • Healy ML, Gibney J, Russell-Jones DL, et al. 2003. High dose growth hormone exerts an anabolic effect at rest and during exercise in endurance-trained athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 11:5221-6.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.11 , pp. 5221-5226
    • Healy, M.L.1    Gibney, J.2    Russell-Jones, D.L.3
  • 44
    • 30344439508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of high-dose growth hormone on glucose and glycerol metabolism at rest and during exercise in endurance-trained athletes
    • Healy ML, Gibney J, Pentecost C, et al. 2006. Effects of high-dose growth hormone on glucose and glycerol metabolism at rest and during exercise in endurance-trained athletes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 9:320-7.
    • (2006) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.9 , pp. 320-327
    • Healy, M.L.1    Gibney, J.2    Pentecost, C.3
  • 45
    • 0031051247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, a review of validation data and clinical results
    • Herrmann C. 1997. International experiences with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, a review of validation data and clinical results. J Psychosom Res, 42:17-41.
    • (1997) J Psychosom Res , vol.42 , pp. 17-41
    • Herrmann, C.1
  • 46
    • 0025330710 scopus 로고
    • Human growth hormone prevents the protein catabolic side effects of prednisone in humans
    • Horber FF, Haymond MW. 1990. Human growth hormone prevents the protein catabolic side effects of prednisone in humans. J Clin Invest, 86:265-72.
    • (1990) J Clin Invest , vol.86 , pp. 265-272
    • Horber, F.F.1    Haymond, M.W.2
  • 47
    • 0025787687 scopus 로고
    • Age and relative adiposity are specific negative determinants of the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone secretory bursts and the half-life of endogenous GH in healthy men
    • Iranmanesh A, Lizarralde G, Velduis JD. 1991. Age and relative adiposity are specific negative determinants of the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone secretory bursts and the half-life of endogenous GH in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 73:1081-8.
    • (1991) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.73 , pp. 1081-1088
    • Iranmanesh, A.1    Lizarralde, G.2    Velduis, J.D.3
  • 48
    • 4544246996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of time following acute growth hormone administration on metabolic and power output measures during acute exercise
    • Irving BA, Patrie JT, Anderson SM, et al. 2004. The effects of time following acute growth hormone administration on metabolic and power output measures during acute exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:4298-305.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 4298-4305
    • Irving, B.A.1    Patrie, J.T.2    Anderson, S.M.3
  • 49
    • 0028224276 scopus 로고
    • Anxiety and depression in relation to respiratory symptoms and asthma
    • Janson C, Bjornsson E, Hetta J, et al. 1994. Anxiety and depression in relation to respiratory symptoms and asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 149:930-4.
    • (1994) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.149 , pp. 930-934
    • Janson, C.1    Bjornsson, E.2    Hetta, J.3
  • 50
    • 0035379031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone and exercise: Physiology, use and abuse
    • Jenkins PJ. 2001. Growth hormone and exercise: physiology, use and abuse. Growth Horm IGF Res, 11:71-7.
    • (2001) Growth Horm IGF Res , vol.11 , pp. 71-77
    • Jenkins, P.J.1
  • 51
    • 0030882826 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Two years of growth hormone (GH) treatment increases isometric and isokinetic muscle strength in GH-deficient adults
    • Johannsson G, Grimby G, Sunnerhagen KS, et al. 1997. Two years of growth hormone (GH) treatment increases isometric and isokinetic muscle strength in GH-deficient adults. JClin Endocrinol Metab, 82:2877-84.
    • (1997) JClin Endocrinol Metab , vol.82 , pp. 2877-2884
    • Johannsson, G.1    Grimby, G.2    Sunnerhagen, K.S.3
  • 52
    • 0024588991 scopus 로고
    • Insulin misuse: A review of an over-looked psychiatric problem
    • Kaminer Y, Robbins DR. 1989. Insulin misuse: a review of an over-looked psychiatric problem. Psychosomatics, 30:19-24.
    • (1989) Psychosomatics , vol.30 , pp. 19-24
    • Kaminer, Y.1    Robbins, D.R.2
  • 53
    • 0029803258 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in psychosomatic disorders
    • Karakula H, Grzywa A, Spila B, et al 1996. Use of Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in psychosomatic disorders. Psychiatr Pol, 30:653-67.
    • (1996) Psychiatr Pol , vol.30 , pp. 653-667
    • Karakula, H.1    Grzywa, A.2    Spila, B.3
  • 56
    • 0031024224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: Rates and risk factors
    • Kovacs M, Goldston D, Obrosky DS, et al. 1997. Psychiatric disorders in youths with IDDM: rates and risk factors. Diabetes Care, 20:36-44.
    • (1997) Diabetes Care , vol.20 , pp. 36-44
    • Kovacs, M.1    Goldston, D.2    Obrosky, D.S.3
  • 57
    • 0036845399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute growth hormone administration causes exaggerated increases in plasma lactate and glycerol during moderate to high intensity bicycling in trained young men
    • Lange KH, Larsson B, Flyvberg A, et al. 2002a. Acute growth hormone administration causes exaggerated increases in plasma lactate and glycerol during moderate to high intensity bicycling in trained young men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87:4966-75.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 4966-4975
    • Lange, K.H.1    Larsson, B.2    Flyvberg, A.3
  • 58
    • 0036174075 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GH admin changes myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle but does not augment muscle strength or hypertrophy, either alone or combined with resistance exercise training in healthy elderly men
    • Lange KH, Andersen JL, Beyer N, et al. 2002b. GH admin changes myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle but does not augment muscle strength or hypertrophy, either alone or combined with resistance exercise training in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 87:513-23.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 513-523
    • Lange, K.H.1    Andersen, J.L.2    Beyer, N.3
  • 60
    • 0042821652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin is protein-anabolic in chronic renal failure patients
    • Lim VS, Yarasheski KB, Crowley JR, et al. 2003. Insulin is protein-anabolic in chronic renal failure patients. J Am Soc Nephrol, 14:2297-304.
    • (2003) J Am Soc Nephrol , vol.14 , pp. 2297-2304
    • Lim, V.S.1    Yarasheski, K.B.2    Crowley, J.R.3
  • 61
    • 0344011124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myostatin is a skeletal muscle target of growth hormone anabolic action
    • 88:5490-b
    • Liu W, Thomas SG, Asa SL, et al. 2003. Myostatin is a skeletal muscle target of growth hormone anabolic action. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88:5490-b.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab
    • Liu, W.1    Thomas, S.G.2    Asa, S.L.3
  • 62
    • 0030938705 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes
    • Lustman PJ, Griffith LS, Clouse RE, et al. 1997. Effects of nortriptyline on depression and glycemic control in diabetes. Psychosom Med, 59:241-50.
    • (1997) Psychosom Med , vol.59 , pp. 241-250
    • Lustman, P.J.1    Griffith, L.S.2    Clouse, R.E.3
  • 63
    • 4744376440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Atypical depression in growth hormone deficient adults, and the beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment on depression and quality of life
    • Mahajan T, Crown A, Checkley S, et al. 2004. Atypical depression in growth hormone deficient adults, and the beneficial effects of growth hormone treatment on depression and quality of life. Eur J Endocrinol, 151:325-32.
    • (2004) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.151 , pp. 325-332
    • Mahajan, T.1    Crown, A.2    Checkley, S.3
  • 64
    • 0141783573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction
    • Martin CR, Lewin RJ, Thompson DR. 2003. A confirmatory factor analysis of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in coronary care patients following acute myocardial infarction. Psychiatry Res, 120:85-94.
    • (2003) Psychiatry Res , vol.120 , pp. 85-94
    • Martin, C.R.1    Lewin, R.J.2    Thompson, D.R.3
  • 65
    • 13544273450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Are the metabolic effects of GH and IGB-I separable
    • Mauras N, Haymond MW. 2005. Are the metabolic effects of GH and IGB-I separable. Growth Horm IGF Res, 15:19-27.
    • (2005) Growth Horm IGF Res , vol.15 , pp. 19-27
    • Mauras, N.1    Haymond, M.W.2
  • 66
    • 0024458412 scopus 로고
    • Quality of life assessment before and after growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency
    • McGauley GA. 1989. Quality of life assessment before and after growth hormone treatment in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Acta Paediatr Scand, 356:70-2.
    • (1989) Acta Paediatr Scand , vol.356 , pp. 70-72
    • McGauley, G.A.1
  • 67
    • 4243153928 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary development of a new individualised questionnaire measuring quality of life in older men with age-related hormonal decline: The A-RHDQoL
    • McMillan CV, Bradley C, Giannoulis M, et al. 2003. Preliminary development of a new individualised questionnaire measuring quality of life in older men with age-related hormonal decline: the A-RHDQoL. Health Qual Life Outcomes, 1:51.
    • (2003) Health Qual Life Outcomes , vol.1 , pp. 51
    • McMillan, C.V.1    Bradley, C.2    Giannoulis, M.3
  • 68
    • 33845491265 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medical progress: Acromegaly
    • Melmed S. 2006. Medical progress: Acromegaly. N Engl J Med, 14:2558-73.
    • (2006) N Engl J Med , vol.14 , pp. 2558-2573
    • Melmed, S.1
  • 69
    • 2442589444 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variability and reliability of single serum IGF-I measurements: Impact on determining predictability of risk ratios in disease development
    • Milani D, Carmichael JD, Welkowitz J, et al. 2004. Variability and reliability of single serum IGF-I measurements: impact on determining predictability of risk ratios in disease development. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89:2271-4.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 2271-2274
    • Milani, D.1    Carmichael, J.D.2    Welkowitz, J.3
  • 70
    • 0031590552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adherence to insulin treatment, glycaemic control, and ketoacidosis in insulindependent diabetes mellitus
    • Morris AD, Boyle DI, McMahon AD, et al. 1997. Adherence to insulin treatment, glycaemic control, and ketoacidosis in insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Lancet, 350:1505-10.
    • (1997) Lancet , vol.350 , pp. 1505-1510
    • Morris, A.D.1    Boyle, D.I.2    McMahon, A.D.3
  • 71
    • 0141675990 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The decisive role of free fatty acids for protein conservation during fasting in humans with and without growth hormone
    • Nørrelund H, Nair KS, Nielsen S, et al. 2003. The decisive role of free fatty acids for protein conservation during fasting in humans with and without growth hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 88:4371-8.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 4371-4378
    • Nørrelund, H.1    Nair, K.S.2    Nielsen, S.3
  • 72
    • 84965271951 scopus 로고
    • Insulin habituation and psychopathy
    • Odie ELA. 1968. Insulin habituation and psychopathy. BMJ, 2:346.
    • (1968) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 346
    • Odie, E.L.A.1
  • 73
    • 32944457518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates
    • O'Reilly KE, Rojo F, She QB, et al. 2006. mTOR inhibition induces upstream receptor tyrosine kinase signaling and activates Akt Cancer Res, 66:1500-8.
    • (2006) Akt Cancer Res , vol.66 , pp. 1500-1508
    • O'Reilly, K.E.1    Rojo, F.2    She, Q.B.3
  • 74
    • 33845232475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric and hostility factors related to use of anabolic steroids in monozygotic twins
    • Pagonis TA, Angelopoulos NV, Koukoulis GN, et al. 2006a. Psychiatric and hostility factors related to use of anabolic steroids in monozygotic twins. Eur Psychiatry, 21:563-9.
    • (2006) Eur Psychiatry , vol.21 , pp. 563-569
    • Pagonis, T.A.1    Angelopoulos, N.V.2    Koukoulis, G.N.3
  • 75
    • 33845215787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Psychiatric side effects induced by supraphysiological doses of combinations of anabolic steroids correlates to the severity of abuse
    • Pagonis TA, Angelopoulos NV, Koukoulis GN, et al. 2006b. Psychiatric side effects induced by supraphysiological doses of combinations of anabolic steroids correlates to the severity of abuse. Eur Psychiatry, 21:551-62.
    • (2006) Eur Psychiatry , vol.21 , pp. 551-562
    • Pagonis, T.A.1    Angelopoulos, N.V.2    Koukoulis, G.N.3
  • 76
    • 0029993686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability
    • Papadakis MA, Grady D, Black D, et al. 1996. Growth hormone replacement in healthy older men improves body composition but not functional ability. Ann Intern Med, 124:708-16.
    • (1996) Ann Intern Med , vol.124 , pp. 708-716
    • Papadakis, M.A.1    Grady, D.2    Black, D.3
  • 77
    • 33847035570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse and mood disorder: A case report
    • Papazisis G, Kouvelas D, Mastrogianni A, et al. 2007. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse and mood disorder: a case report. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 10:291-3.
    • (2007) Int J Neuropsychopharmacol , vol.10 , pp. 291-293
    • Papazisis, G.1    Kouvelas, D.2    Mastrogianni, A.3
  • 78
    • 0027451320 scopus 로고
    • Anorexia nervosa and "reverse anorexia" among 108 male bodybuilders
    • Pope HG Jr, Katz DL, Hudson JI. 1993. Anorexia nervosa and "reverse anorexia" among 108 male bodybuilders. Compr Psychiatry, 34:406-9.
    • (1993) Compr Psychiatry , vol.34 , pp. 406-409
    • Pope Jr, H.G.1    Katz, D.L.2    Hudson, J.I.3
  • 79
    • 0019944338 scopus 로고
    • Insulininduced hypoglycaemia in an accident and emergency department: The tip of an iceberg?
    • Potter J, Clarke P, Gale EA, et al. 1982. Insulininduced hypoglycaemia in an accident and emergency department: the tip of an iceberg? BMJ, 285:1182-90.
    • (1982) BMJ , vol.285 , pp. 1182-1190
    • Potter, J.1    Clarke, P.2    Gale, E.A.3
  • 81
    • 0037387194 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Claims for the anabolic effect of growth hormone. A case for the Emperor's new clothes
    • Rennie MJ. 2003. Claims for the anabolic effect of growth hormone. A case for the Emperor's new clothes. Br J Sports Med, 37:100-5.
    • (2003) Br J Sports Med , vol.37 , pp. 100-105
    • Rennie, M.J.1
  • 82
    • 0015530308 scopus 로고
    • Insulin abuse by a drug addict
    • Retsas S. 1972. Insulin abuse by a drug addict. BMJ, 4:792-3.
    • (1972) BMJ , vol.4 , pp. 792-793
    • Retsas, S.1
  • 84
    • 0029319702 scopus 로고
    • Body image and social attitude in growth-hormone-deficient adults
    • Riva G, Molinari B. 1995. Body image and social attitude in growth-hormone-deficient adults. Percept Mot Skills, 80:1083-8.
    • (1995) Percept Mot Skills , vol.80 , pp. 1083-1088
    • Riva, G.1    Molinari, B.2
  • 85
    • 84982340555 scopus 로고
    • Sexual hormone VIII Darstellung von Testosterone unter Anwendung gemischter Ester.
    • Ruckzika L, Wettstein A, Kaegi H. 1935. Sexual hormone VIII Darstellung von Testosterone unter Anwendung gemischter Ester. Helv Chim Acta, 18:1478.
    • (1935) Helv Chim Acta , vol.18 , pp. 1478
    • Ruckzika, L.1    Wettstein, A.2    Kaegi, H.3
  • 86
    • 0025368959 scopus 로고
    • Effect of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old
    • Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, et al. 1990. Effect of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med, 323:1-6.
    • (1990) N Engl J Med , vol.323 , pp. 1-6
    • Rudman, D.1    Feller, A.G.2    Nagraj, H.S.3
  • 87
    • 0026331981 scopus 로고
    • Effect of human growth hormone on body composition in elderly men
    • Rudman D, Feller AG, Cohn L, et al. 1991. Effect of human growth hormone on body composition in elderly men. Horm Res, 36:73-81.
    • (1991) Horm Res , vol.36 , pp. 73-81
    • Rudman, D.1    Feller, A.G.2    Cohn, L.3
  • 88
    • 0022976289 scopus 로고
    • Improved insulin sensitivity in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after physical training
    • Sato Y, Hayamizu S, Yamamoto C, et al. 1986. Improved insulin sensitivity in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism after physical training. Int J Sports Med, 7:307-10.
    • (1986) Int J Sports Med , vol.7 , pp. 307-310
    • Sato, Y.1    Hayamizu, S.2    Yamamoto, C.3
  • 89
    • 17544404567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Growth hormone - hormone replacement for the somatopause?
    • Savine R, Sönksen P. 2000. Growth hormone - hormone replacement for the somatopause? Horm Res, 53:37-41.
    • (2000) Horm Res , vol.53 , pp. 37-41
    • Savine, R.1    Sönksen, P.2
  • 90
    • 0029997083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin abuse in an adolescent with insulindependent diabetes mellitus
    • Scaramuzza A, Castellani G, Lorini R. 1996. Insulin abuse in an adolescent with insulindependent diabetes mellitus. Eur J Pediatr, 155:526.
    • (1996) Eur J Pediatr , vol.155 , pp. 526
    • Scaramuzza, A.1    Castellani, G.2    Lorini, R.3
  • 91
    • 0017698211 scopus 로고
    • Factitious hypoglycemia. Diagnosis by measurement of serum Cpeptide immunoreactivity and insulinbinding antibodies
    • Scarlett JA, Mako ME, Rubenstein AH, et al. 1977. Factitious hypoglycemia. Diagnosis by measurement of serum Cpeptide immunoreactivity and insulinbinding antibodies, N Engl J Med, 297:1029-32.
    • (1977) N Engl J Med , vol.297 , pp. 1029-1032
    • Scarlett, J.A.1    Mako, M.E.2    Rubenstein, A.H.3
  • 93
    • 2942735123 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child
    • Schuelke M, Wagner KR, Stolz LE, et al. 2004. Myostatin mutation associated with gross muscle hypertrophy in a child. N Engl J Med, 350:2682-8.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 2682-2688
    • Schuelke, M.1    Wagner, K.R.2    Stolz, L.E.3
  • 94
    • 0034811303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids
    • Shahidi NT. 2001. A review of the chemistry, biological action, and clinical applications of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Clin Ther, 23:1355-90.
    • (2001) Clin Ther , vol.23 , pp. 1355-1390
    • Shahidi, N.T.1
  • 95
    • 0029664838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of insulin on body composition in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes
    • Sinha A, Formica C, Tsalamandris C, et al. 1996. Effects of insulin on body composition in patients with insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Diabet Med, 13:40-6.
    • (1996) Diabet Med , vol.13 , pp. 40-46
    • Sinha, A.1    Formica, C.2    Tsalamandris, C.3
  • 96
    • 0034922208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin, growth hormone and sport
    • Sonksen PH. 2001. Insulin, growth hormone and sport. J Endocrinol, 170:13-25.
    • (2001) J Endocrinol , vol.170 , pp. 13-25
    • Sonksen, P.H.1
  • 97
    • 0034083772 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Insulin: Understanding its action in health and disease
    • Sonksen PH, Sonksen J. 2000. Insulin: Understanding its action in health and disease. Br J Anaesthesia, 85:69-79.
    • (2000) Br J Anaesthesia , vol.85 , pp. 69-79
    • Sonksen, P.H.1    Sonksen, J.2
  • 98
    • 0026573811 scopus 로고
    • Reactivity to stress and psychological adjustment in adults with pituitary insufficiency
    • Stabler B, Turner JR, Girdler SS, et al. 1992. Reactivity to stress and psychological adjustment in adults with pituitary insufficiency. Clin Endocrinol, 6:467-73.
    • (1992) Clin Endocrinol , vol.6 , pp. 467-473
    • Stabler, B.1    Turner, J.R.2    Girdler, S.S.3
  • 99
    • 0242499905 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quality of life of growth hormone (GH) deficient young adults during discontinuation and restart of GH therapy
    • Stouthart PJ, Deijen JB, Roffel M, et al. 2003. Quality of life of growth hormone (GH) deficient young adults during discontinuation and restart of GH therapy. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 28:612-26.
    • (2003) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.28 , pp. 612-626
    • Stouthart, P.J.1    Deijen, J.B.2    Roffel, M.3
  • 100
    • 0028116813 scopus 로고
    • Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men
    • Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, et al. 1994. Effects of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 79:1361-6.
    • (1994) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.79 , pp. 1361-1366
    • Taaffe, D.R.1    Pruitt, L.2    Reim, J.3
  • 101
    • 0033539018 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults
    • Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. 1999. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med, 341:785-92.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.341 , pp. 785-792
    • Takala, J.1    Ruokonen, E.2    Webster, N.R.3
  • 102
    • 0018602538 scopus 로고
    • Insulin action on adipocytes. Evidence that the anti-lipolytic and lipogenic effects of insulin are medicated by the same receptor
    • Thomas SHL, Wisher MH, Brandenburg D, et al. 1979. Insulin action on adipocytes. Evidence that the anti-lipolytic and lipogenic effects of insulin are medicated by the same receptor. Biochem J, 184:355-60.
    • (1979) Biochem J , vol.184 , pp. 355-360
    • Thomas, S.H.L.1    Wisher, M.H.2    Brandenburg, D.3
  • 103
    • 0033305308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Responses of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor axis to exercise, GH administration and GH withdrawal in trained adult males: A potential test for GH abuse in sport
    • Wallace JD, Cuneo RC, Baxter R, et al. 1999. Responses of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor axis to exercise, GH administration and GH withdrawal in trained adult males: a potential test for GH abuse in sport. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 84:3591-601.
    • (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.84 , pp. 3591-3601
    • Wallace, J.D.1    Cuneo, R.C.2    Baxter, R.3
  • 104
    • 0031970552 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Medication compliance among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder
    • Weiss RD, Greenfield SF, Najavits LM, et al. 1998. Medication compliance among patients with bipolar disorder and substance use disorder. J Clin Psychiatry, 59:172-4.
    • (1998) J Clin Psychiatry , vol.59 , pp. 172-174
    • Weiss, R.D.1    Greenfield, S.F.2    Najavits, L.M.3
  • 105
    • 0344889067 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of doping with human growth hormone
    • Wu Z, Bidlingmaier M, Dall R, et al. 1999. Detection of doping with human growth hormone. Lancet, 353:895.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 895
    • Wu, Z.1    Bidlingmaier, M.2    Dall, R.3
  • 106
    • 0026558014 scopus 로고
    • Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in young men
    • Yarasheki KE, Campbell JA, Smith K. 1992. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in young men. Am J Physiol, 262:261-7.
    • (1992) Am J Physiol , vol.262 , pp. 261-267
    • Yarasheki, K.E.1    Campbell, J.A.2    Smith, K.3
  • 107
    • 0027246422 scopus 로고
    • Short-term growth hormone treatment does not increase muscle protein synthesis in experienced weight lifters
    • Yarasheki KE, Zachwieja JJ, Angelopoulos TJ. 1993. Short-term growth hormone treatment does not increase muscle protein synthesis in experienced weight lifters. J Appl Physiol, 74:3073-6.
    • (1993) J Appl Physiol , vol.74 , pp. 3073-3076
    • Yarasheki, K.E.1    Zachwieja, J.J.2    Angelopoulos, T.J.3
  • 108
    • 0028900940 scopus 로고
    • Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men
    • Yarasheki KE, Zachwieja JJ, Campbell JA, et al. 1995. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am J Physiol, 268:268-76.
    • (1995) Am J Physiol , vol.268 , pp. 268-276
    • Yarasheki, K.E.1    Zachwieja, J.J.2    Campbell, J.A.3
  • 109
    • 0032930432 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does growth hormone therapy in conjunction with resistance exercise increase muscle force production and muscle mass in men and women aged 60 years or older?
    • Zachwieja JJ, Yarasheki KE. 1999. Does growth hormone therapy in conjunction with resistance exercise increase muscle force production and muscle mass in men and women aged 60 years or older? Phys Ther, 79:76-82.
    • (1999) Phys Ther , vol.79 , pp. 76-82
    • Zachwieja, J.J.1    Yarasheki, K.E.2
  • 110
    • 0020527558 scopus 로고
    • The hospital anxiety and depression scale
    • Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. 1983. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 67:361-70.
    • (1983) Acta Psychiatr Scand , vol.67 , pp. 361-370
    • Zigmond, A.S.1    Snaith, R.P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.