Claims for the anabolic effects of growth hormone: A case of the emperor's new clothes?

British Journal of Sports Medicine

Volumn 37, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 100-105

  Rennie, M J ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF DUNDEE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANABOLIC AGENT; GROWTH HORMONE; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; SOMATOMEDIN;

ACIDEMIA; ACROMEGALY; ADULTHOOD; AMINO ACID TRANSPORT; ATHLETE; BIOSYNTHESIS; BODY BUILDING; BODY GROWTH; BODY WATER; BONE MASS; CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; CREUTZFELDT JAKOB DISEASE; DRUG ABUSE; DRUG EXPOSURE; DRUG INFORMATION; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; EXERCISE TOLERANCE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY; GROWTH HORMONE RELEASE; GROWTH RETARDATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART DISEASE; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOLYSIS; METABOLIC DISORDER; METABOLIC REGULATION; MUSCLE ATROPHY; MUSCLE FUNCTION; MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY; MUSCLE MASS; PROTEIN METABOLISM; PROTEIN SYNTHESIS; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEX DIFFERENCE; SUDDEN DEATH; WATER RETENTION;

ADIPOSE TISSUE; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; DOSE-RESPONSE RELATIONSHIP, DRUG; GROWTH DISORDERS; HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE; HUMANS; HYPERTROPHY; INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I; LIPOLYSIS; MUSCLE, SKELETAL; RECOMBINANT PROTEINS; STREET DRUGS;

EID: 0037387194     PISSN: 03063674     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.37.2.100     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Lewis UJ, Sinha YN, Lewis GP. Structure and properties of members of the hGH family: a review. Endocr J 2000;47(suppl):S1-8.
2. Hymer WC, Kraemer WJ, Nindl BC, et al. Characteristics of circulating growth hormone in women after acute heavy resistance exercise. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001;281:E878-87.
3. Rosen CJ. Growth hormone and aging. Endocrine 2000;12:197-201.
4. Czeisler CA, Klerman EB. Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans. Recent Prog Horm Res 1999;54:97-130.
5. Ghigo E, Arvat E, Aimaretti G, et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic uses of growth hormone-releasing substances in adult and elderly subjects. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;12:341-58.
6. Hunter WM, Fonseka CC, Passmore R. Growth hormone: important role in muscular exercise in adults. Science 1965;150:1051-3.
7. Bloom SR, Johnson RH, Park DM, et al. Differences in the metabolic and hormonal response to exercise between racing cyclists and untrained individuals. J Physiol (Lond) 1976;258:1-18.
8. Consitt LA, Copeland JL, Tremblay MS. Endogenous anabolic hormone responses to endurance versus resistance exercise and training in women. Sports Med 2002;32:1-22.
9. Copeland JL, Consitt LA, Tremblay MS. Hormonal responses to endurance and resistance exercise in females aged 19-69 years. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002;57:B158-65.
10. Pritzlaff CJ, Wideman L, Weltman JY, et al. Impact of acute exercise intensity on pulsatile growth hormone release in men. J Appl Physiol 1999;87:498-504.
11. Pritzlaff-Roy CJ, Widemen L, Weltman JY, et al. Gender governs the relationship between exercise intensity and growth hormone release in young adults. J Appl Physiol 2002;92:2053-60.
12. Kanaley JA, Weltman JY, Veldhuis JD, et al. Human growth hormone response to repeated bouts of aerobic exercise. J Appl Physiol 1997;83:1756-61.
13. Veldhuis JD, Liem AY, South S, et al. Differential impact of age, sex steroid hormones, and obesity on basal versus pulsatile growth hormone secretion in men as assessed in an ultrasensitive chemiluminescence assay. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1995;80:3209-22.
14. Vahl N, Jorgensen JO, Jurik AG, et al. Abdominal adiposity and physical fitness are major determinants of the age associated decline in stimulated GH secretion in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:2209-15.
15. Kanaley JA, Weatherup-Dentes MM, Jaynes EB, et al. Obesity attenuates the growth hormone response to exercise. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3156-61.
16. Maurer N. Metabolic effects of insulin like growth factor and growth hormone in vivo: a comparison. In: LeRoith D, Walker Z, Baker R, eds. Insulin like growth factors. Georgetown, TX: Landes Bioscience, 2002:1-12.
17. Butler AA, Le Roith D. Control of growth by the somatropic axis: growth hormone and the insulin-like growth factors have related and independent roles. Annu Rev Physiol 2001;63:141-64.
18. Pell JM, Bates PC. The nutritional regulation of growth hormone action. Nutrition Research Reviews 1990;3:163-92.
19. Gregory JW, Greene SA, Jung RT, et al. Changes in body composition and energy expenditure after six weeks' growth hormone treatment [see comments]. Arch Dis Child 1991;66:598-602.
20. Lissett CA, Shalet SM. Effects of growth hormone on bone and muscle. Growth Horm IGF Res 2000;10(suppl B):S95-101.
21. Cameron CM, Kostyo JL, Adamafio NA, et al. The acute effects of growth hormone on amino acid transport and protein synthesis are due to its insulin-like action. Endocrinology 1988;122:471-4.
22. Dardevet D, Sornet C, Attaix D, et al. InsuLin-like growth factor-1 and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles of adult and old rats. Endocrinology 1994;134:1475-84.
23. Goldspink G. Changes in muscle mass and phenotype and the expression of autocrine and systemic growth factors by muscle in response to stretch and overload. J Anat 1999;194:323-34.
24. Gravholt CH, Schmitz O, Simonsen L, et al. Effects of a physiological GH pulse on interstitial glycerol in abdominal and femoral adipose tissue. Am J Physiol 1999;277:E848-54.
25. Nielsen S, Moller N, Christiansen JS, et al. Pharmacological antilipolysis restores insulin sensitivity during growth hormone exposure. Diabetes 2001;50:2301-8.
26. Moller N, Jorgensen JO, Moller J, et al. Metabolic effects of growth hormone in humans. Metabolism 1995;44(suppl 4):33-6.
27. Bak JF, Moller N, Schmitz O. Effects of growth hormone on fuel utilization and muscle glycogen synthase activity in normal humans. Am J Physiol 1991;260:E736-42.
28. Clark RG, Mortensen D, Reifsynder D, et al. Recombinant human insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (rhlGFBP-3): effects on the glycemic and growth promoting activities of rhlGF-1 in the rat. Growth Regul 1993;3:50-2.
29. Lo JC, Mulligan K, Noor MA, et al. The effects of recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and glucose metabolism in HIV-infected patients with fat accumulation. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:3480-7.
30. Hoffman DM, Crampton L, Sernia C, et al. Short-term growth hormone (GH) treatment of GH-deficient adults increases body sodium and extracellular water, but not blood pressure. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:1123-8.
31. Moller J, Fisker S, Rosenfalck AM, et al. Long-term effects of growth hormone (GH) on body fluid distribution in GH deficient adults: a four months double blind placebo controlled trial. Eur J Endocrinol 1999;140:11-16.
32. Moller J, Moller N, Frandsen E, et al. Blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system prevents growth hormone-induced fluid retention in humans. Am J Physiol 1997;272:E803-8.
33. Rosenfeld RG, Attie K, Frane J, et al. Growth hormone therapy of Turner's syndrome: beneficial effect on adult height. J Pediatr 1998;132:319-24.
34. Fine RN, Sullivan EK, Tejani A. The impact of recombinant human growth hormone treatment on final adult height. Pediatr Nephrol 2000;14:679-81.
35. Germak JA. Growth hormone therapy in children with short stature: is bigger better or achievable? Indian J Pediatr 1996;63:591-7.
36. Haffner D, Schaefer F. Does recombinant growth hormone improve adult height in children with chronic renal failure? Semin Nephrol 2001;21:490-7.
37. Leger J, Garel C, Fjellestad-Paulsen A, et al. Human growth hormone treatment of short-stature children born small for gestational age: effect on muscle and adipose tissue mass during a 3-year treatment period and after 1 year's withdrawal. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1998;83:3512-16.
38. Gregory JW, Greene SA, Jung RT, et al. Metabolic effects of growth hormone treatment: an early predictor of growth response? Arch Dis Child 1993;68:205-9.
39. Subramanian S, Kellum JA. Limiting harm in the ICU. Minerva Anestesiol 2000;66:324-32.
40. Wolf SE, Barrow RE, Herndon DN. Growth hormone and IGF-I therapy in the hypercatabolic patient. Baillieres Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;10:447-63.
41. Ziegler TR, Leader I. Adjunctive human growth hormone therapy in nutrition support: potential to limit septic complications in intensive care unit patients. Semin Respir Infect 1994;9:240-7.
42. Takala J, Ruokonen E, Webster NR, et al. Increased mortality associated with growth hormone treatment in critically ill adults. N Engl J Med 1999;341:785-92.
43. Butterfield GE, Thompson J, Rennie MJ, et al. Effect of rhGH and rhIGF-I treatment on protein utilization in elderly women. Am J Physiol 1997;272:E94-9.
44. Cuneo RC, Salomon F, Wiles CM, et al. Histology of skeletal muscle in adults with GH deficiency: comparison with normal muscle and response to GH treatment. Horm Res 1992;37:23-8.
45. Cuneo RC, Salomon F, Wiles CM, et al. Growth hormone treatment in growth hormone-deficient adults. I. Effects on muscle mass and strength. J Appl Physiol 1991;70:688-94.
46. Salomon F, Cuneo RC, Hesp R, et al. The effects of treatment with recombinant human growth hormone on body composition and metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1797-803.
47. Christ ER, Carroll PV, Russell-Jones DL, et al. The consequences of growth hormone deficiency in adulthood, and the effects of growth hormone replacement. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1997;127:1440-9.
48. Fryburg DA, Gelfand RA, Barrett EJ. Growth hormone acutely stimulates forearm muscle protein synthesis in normal humans. Am J Physiol 1991;260:E499-504.
49. Fryburg DA, Jahn LA, Hill SA, et al. Insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 enhance human skeletal muscle protein anabolism during hyperaminoacidemia by different mechanisms. J Clin Invest 1995;96:1722-9.
50. Yarasheski KE, Campbell JA, Smith K, et al. Effect of growth hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth in young men. Am J Physiol 1992;262:E261-7.
51. Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Angelopoulos TJ, et al. Short-term growth-hormone treatment does not increase muscle protein- synthesis in experienced weight lifters. J Appl Physiol 1993;74:3073-6.
52. Deyssig R, Frisch H, Blum WF, et al. Effect of growth hormone treatment on hormonal parameters, body composition and strength in athletes. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh) 1993;128:313-18.
53. Rudman D, Feller AG, Cohn L, et al. Effects of human growth hormone on body composition in elderly men. Horm Res 1991;36(suppl 1):73-81.
54. Rudman D, Feller AG, Nagraj HS, et al. Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old. N Engl J Med 1990;323:1-6.
55. Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ. Growth hormone therapy for the elderly: the fountain of youth proves toxic. JAMA 1993;270:1694.
56. Yarasheski KE, Zachwieja JJ, Campbell JA, et al. Effect of growth-hormone and resistance exercise on muscle growth and strength in older men. Am J Physiol 1995;31:E268-76.
57. Taaffe DR, Jin IH, Vu TH, et al. Lack of effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH) on muscle morphology and GH-insulin-like growth actor expression in resistance-trained elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1996;81:421-5.
58. Taaffe DR, Pruitt L, Reim J, et al. Effect of recombinant human growth hormone on the muscle strength response to resistance exercise in elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1994;79:1361-6.
59. Lange KH, Isaksson F, Rasmussen MH, et al. GH administration and discontinuation in healthy elderly men: effects on body composition, GH-related serum markers, resting heart rate and resting oxygen uptake. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2001;55:77-86.
60. Lange KH, Andersen JL, Beyer N, et al. GH administration changes myosin heavy chain isoforms in skeletal muscle but does not augment muscle strength or hypertrophy, either alone or combined with resistance exercise training in healthy elderly men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:513-23.
61. Blackman MR, Sorkin JD, Munzer T, et al. Growth hormone and sex steroid administration in healthy aged women and men: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2002;288:2282-92.
62. Frisch H. Growth hormone and body composition in athletes. J Endocrinol Invest 1999;22(suppl 5):106-9.
63. Jenkins PJ. Growth hormone and exercise: physiology, use and abuse. Growth Horm IGF Res 2001;11 (suppl A):S71-7.
64. Yarasheski KE. Growth hormone effects on metabolism, body composition, muscle mass, and strength. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 1994;22:285-312.
65. Forbes GB. The effect of anabolic steroids on lean body mass: the dose response curve. Metabolism 1985;34:571-3.
66. Schauster AC, Geletko SM, Mikolich DJ. Diabetes mellitus associated with recombinant human growth hormone for HIV wasting syndrome. Pharmacotherapy 2000;20:1129-34.
67. Bennet WM, Connacher AA, Scrimgeour CM, et al. Euglycemic hyperinsulinemia augments amino acid uptake by human leg tissues during hyperaminoacidemia. Am J Physiol 1990;259:E185-94.
68. Biolo G, Fleming RYD, Wolfe RR. Physiologic hyperinsulinemia stimulates protein synthesis and enhances transport of selected amino acids in human skeletal muscle. J Clin Invest 1995;95:811-19.
69. 13C]leucine. Clin Sci 1989;76:447-54.
70. Wanke R, Hermanns W, Folger S, et al. Accelerated growth and visceral lesions in transgenic mice expressing foreign genes of the growth hormone family: an overview. Pediatr Nephrol 1991;5:513-21.
71. Wanke R, Milz S, Rieger N, et al. Overgrowth of skin in growth hormone transgenic mice depends on the presence of male gonads. J Invest Dermatol 1999;113:967-71.
72. Bollerslev J, Moller J, Thomas S, et al. Dose-dependent effects of recombinant human growth hormone on biochemical markers of bone and collagen metabolism in adult growth hormone deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 1996;135:666-71.
73. Wolf E, Wanke R, Schenck E, et al. Effects of growth hormone overproduction on grip strength of transgenic mice. Eur J Endocrinol 1995;133:735-40.
74. Colao A, Cuocolo A, Marzullo P, et al. Is the acromegalic cardiomyopathy reversible? Effect of 5-year normalization of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor I levels on cardiac performance. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:1551-7.
75. Khaleeli AA, Levy RD, Edwards RH, et al. The neuromuscular features of acromegaly: a clinical and pathological study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1984;47:1009-15.
76. Johnson RH, Rennie MJ. Changes in fat and carbohydrate metabolism caused by moderate exercise in patients with acromegaly. Clin Sci 1973;44:63-71.
77. Opie LH. Fatty acids and sudden death. Am Heart J 1973;85:575.
78. Deyssig R, Frisch H. Self-administration of cadaveric growth hormone in power athletes. Lancet 1993;341:768-9.
79. Longobardi S, Keay N, Ehrnborg C, et al. Growth hormone (GH) effects on bone and collagen turnover in healthy adults and its potential as a marker of GH abuse in sports: a double blind, placebo-controlled study. The GH-2000 Study Group. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2000;85:1505-12.
80. Wallace JD, Cuneo RC, Baxter R, et al. Responses of the growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor axis to exercise, GH administration, and GH withdrawal in trained adult males: a potential test for GH abuse in sport. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3591-601.