The role of macrophages in osteolysis of total joint replacement

Biomaterials

Volumn 26, Issue 11, 2005, Pages 1271-1286

  Ingham, Eileen ^a   Fisher, John ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Cytokines; Hip replacement; Macrophage; Osteoclast; Osteolysis; UHMWPE

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MEMBRANES; BONE; CELLS; JOINTS (ANATOMY);

JOINT REPLACEMENTS; MACROPHAGES; OSTEOCLASTS; OSTEOLYSIS;

BIOMATERIALS;

ADENOVIRUS VECTOR; BISPHOSPHONIC ACID DERIVATIVE; CYTOKINE; DRUG CARRIER; ETANERCEPT; INTERLEUKIN 10; METAL; OSTEOPROTEGERIN; POLYETHYLENE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA; ULTRA HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYETHYLENE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

BONE ATROPHY; BONE MARROW CELL; CELL ACTIVATION; CELL DIFFERENTIATION; CELL SURVIVAL; CLINICAL TRIAL; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; GENE THERAPY; GENOTOXICITY; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; IMPLANT; INFLAMMATION; JOINT PROSTHESIS; MACROPHAGE; MACROPHAGE ACTIVATION; MECHANICAL STIMULATION; NONHUMAN; OSTEOCLAST; OSTEOLYSIS; PARTICLE SIZE; PERIARTICULAR JOINT DISEASE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTHESIS LOOSENING; REVIEW; STEM CELL; TOTAL HIP PROSTHESIS;

ANIMALS; ARTHROPLASTY, REPLACEMENT, HIP; CYTOKINES; FOREIGN-BODY REACTION; HIP PROSTHESIS; HUMANS; MACROPHAGES; OSTEOLYSIS; PROSTHESIS FAILURE; PROSTHESIS-RELATED INFECTIONS;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 4744355541     PISSN: 01429612     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2004.04.035     Document Type: Review

References (159)

1. Konttinen Y.T., Xu J.W., Patiala H., Imai S., Waris V., Li T.F., Goodman S.B., Nordsletten L., Santavirta S. Cytokines in aseptic loosening of total hip replacement. Curr Orthop. 11:1997;40-47
2. Heisel C., Silva M., Schmalzried T.P. Bearing surface options for total hip replacements in young patients. J Bone J Surg. 85A:2003;1366-1379
3. Charnley J., Cuic Z. The nine and ten year results of low friction arthroplasty of the hip. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 95:1973;9-25
4. Berry D.J., Harmesen W.S., Cabanela M.E., Morrey B.F. Twenty-five year survivorship of two thousand consecutive primary Charnley total hip replacements. J Bone J Surg. 84A:2002;171-177
5. Older J. Charnley low-friction arthroplasty. a world-wide retropective review at 15 to 20 years J Arthroplasty. 17:2002;337-353
6. Callaghan J.J., Forest E.E., Olejniczak J.P., Goetz D.D., Johnston R.C. Charnley total hip arthroplasty in patients less than fifty years old. A twenty to twenty five year follow-up note. J Bone J Surg. 80A:1998;704-714
7. Archibeck M.J., Jacobs J.J., Roebuck K.A., Glant T.T. The basic science of periprosthetic osteolysis. J Bone Joint Surg. 82A:2000;1478-1497
8. Aspenberg P., Herbertsson P. Periprosthetic bone resorption. particles versus movement J Bone J Surg. 78B:1996;641-646
9. Wroblewski B.M. Wear of the high density polyethylene socket in total hip arthroplasty and its role in endosteal cavitation. Proc Instn Mech Engrs J Eng Med. 211:1997;109-118
10. Ryd L., Albrektsson B.E.J., Carlsson L. Roentgen stereophotogrammetric analysis as a predictor of mechanical loosening of knee prostheses. J Bone J Surg. 77B:1995;377-383
11. Witt J.D., Swann M. Metal wear and tissue response in failed titanium alloy hip replacements. J Bone J Surg. 73B:1991;559-563
12. McGrath L.R., Shardlow D.L., Ingham E., Andrews M., Ivory J., Stone M.H., Fisher J.A. Retrieval study of Capital hip prostheses with titanium alloy femoral stems. J Bone J Surg. 83B:2001;1195-1201
13. Berger R.A., Jacobs J.J., Quigley L.R., Rosenberg A.G., Galante J.O. Primary cementless acetabular reconstruction in patients younger than 50 years old. 7- to 11- year results. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 344:1997;216-226
14. Devane P.A., Bourne R.B., Rorabeck C.H., Hardie R.M., Horne J.G. Measurement of polyethylene wear in metal-backed cups I. Three dimensional technique. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 319:1995;317-326
15. Nashed R.S., Becker D.A., Gustilo R.B. Are cementless acetabular components the cause of excess wear and osteolysis in total hip arthroplasty? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 317:1995;19-28
16. Schmalzried T.P., Guttmann D., Grecula M.J., Amstutz H.C. The relationship between the design position and articular wear of acetabular components inserted without cement and the development of pelvic osteolysis. J Bone J Surg. 76A:1994;677-688
17. Dowd J.E., Sychterz C.J., Young A.M., Engh C.A. Characterisation of long-term femoral-head-penetration rates. J Bone J Surg. 82A:2000;1102-1107
18. Korovessis P., Repanti M. Evolution of aggressive granulomatous periprosthetic lesions in cemented hip arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 300:1994;155-161
19. Pizzoferrato A., Ciapetti G., Stea S., Toni A. Cellular events in the mechanisms of prosthesis loosening. Clin Mater. 7:1991;51-81
20. Bullough P.G., DiCarlo E.F., Hansraj K.K., Neves M.C. Pathologic studies of total joint replacement. Orthop Clin North Am. 19:1988;611-625
21. Mirra J.M., Marder R.A., Amstutz H.C. The pathology of failed total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 170:1982;175-183
22. Willert H.G., Buchhorn G.H. Particle disease due to wear of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene. Findings from retrieval studies. Morrey B.F. Biological, material, and mechanical considerations of joint replacement. 1993;87-102 Raven Press, New York
23. Maloney W.J., Jasty M., Harris W.H., Galante M.D., Callaghan J.J. Endosteal erosion in association with stable uncemented femoral components. J Bone J Surg. 72A:1990;1025-1034
24. Schmalzried T.P., Jasty M., Harris W.H. Periprosthetic bone loss in total hip arthroplasty. polyethylene wear debris and the concept of the effective joint space J Bone J Surg. 74A:1992;849-863
25. Santavirta S., Holkka V., Eskola A., Kontinen Y.T., Paavilainen T., Tallroth K. Aggressive granulomatous lesions in cementless total hip arthroplasty. J Bone J Surg. 72B:1990;980-985
26. Howie A.W., Haynes D.R., Rogers S.D., McGee M.A., Pearcey M.J. The response to particulate debris. Orthop Clin North Am. 24:1993;571-581
27. Bobyn J.D., Jacobs J.J., Tanzer M., Urban R.M., Arbindi R., Summer D.R., Turner T.M., Brooks C.E. The susceptibility of smooth implant surfaces to peri-implant fibrosis and migration of polyethylene wear debris. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 311:1995;21-39
28. Revell P.A. Biological reaction to debris in relation to joint prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng J Eng Med. 211:1997;187-197
29. Livermore J., Ilstrup D., Morrey B. Effect of femoral head size on the wear of the polyethylene acetabular component. J Bone J Surg. 72A:1990;518-528
30. Hirakawa K., Bauer T.W., Stulberg B.N., Wilde A.H. Characterisation of debris adjacent to failed knee implants of different designs. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 331:1996;151-158
31. Tipper J.L., Ingham E., Hailey J.L., Besong A.A., Wroblewski B.M., Stone M.H., Fisher J. Quantitative comparison of polyethylene wear debris, wear rate and head damage in retrieved Charnley hip prostheses. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 11:2000;117-124
32. Howling G.I., Barnett P.L., Tipper J.L., Stone M.H., Fisher J., Ingham E. Quantitative characterisation of polyethylene debris isolated from periprosthetic tissue in early failure knee implants and early and late failure Charnley hip implants. J Biomed Mater Res Appl Biomater. 58:2001;415-420
33. Bell J., Tipper J.L., Ingham E., Stone M.H., Wroblewski B.M., Fisher J. Quantitative analysis of UHMWPE wear debris isolated from the periprosthetic femoral tissues from a series of Charnley total hip arthroplasties. Bio-Med Mater Eng. 12:2002;189-201
34. Campbell P., Ma S., Yeom B., McKellop H., Schmalzried T.P., Amstutz H.C. Isolation of predominantly sub-micron sized UHMWPE wear particles from periprosthetic tissues. J Biomed Mater Res. 29:1995;127-131
35. Maloney W.J., Smith R.L., Hvene D., Schmalzried T.P., Rubash H. Isolation and characterisation of wear debris generated in patients who have had failure of a hip arthroplasty without cement. J Bone J Surg. 77A:1994;1301-1310
36. Margevicius K.T., Bauer T.W., McMahon J.T., Brown S.A., Merritt K. Isolation and characterisation of debris from around total joint prostheses. J Bone J Surg. 76A:1994;1664-1675
37. Shanbhag A.S., Jacobs J.J., Glant T., Gilbert J.L., Black J., Galante J.O. Composition and morphology of wear debris in failed uncemented total hip replacement. J Bone J Surg. 76B:1994;60-67
38. Hirakawa K., Bauer T.W., Stulberg B.N., Wilde A.H. Comparison and quantitaion of wear debris of failed total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Biomed Mater Res. 31:1998;257-263
39. Schmalzried T.P., Callaghan J.J. Wear in total hip and knee replacements. J Bone J Surg. 81A:1999;115-136
40. Endo M., Tipper J.L., Barton D.C., Stone M.H., Ingham E., Fisher J. Comparison of wear, wear debris and functional biological activity of moderately crosslinked and non-crosslinked polyethylenes in hip prostheses. Proc Inst Mech Eng J Eng Med. 216:2002;111-122
41. Tipper J.L., Firkins P.J., Besong A.A., Barbour P.S.M., Nevelos J., Stone M.H., Ingham E., Fisher J. Characterisation of wear debris from UHMWPE on zirconia ceramic, metal-on-metal and alumina ceramic-on-ceramic hip prostheses generated in a physiological anatomical hip joint simulator. Wear. 250:2001;120-128
42. Shea K.G., Bloebaum R.D., Avent J.M., Birk G.T., Samuelson K.M. Analysis of lymph nodes for polyethylene particles in patients who have had a primary joint replacement. J Bone J Surg. 78A:1996;497-504
43. Ingram J.H., Stone M.H., Fisher J., Ingham E. The influence of molecular weight, crosslinking and counterface roughness on TNF-alpha production by macrophages in response to ultra high molecular weight polyethylene particles. Biomaterials. 17:2004;3511-3522
44. Xu J.W., Kotinnen Y.T., Lassus J., Natah S., Ceponis A., Solovieva S., Aspenberg P., Santavirta S. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in loosening of total hip replacement (THR). Clin Exp Rheumatol. 14:1996;643-648
45. Kim K.J., Rubash H., Wilson S.C., D'Antonio J.A., McClain E.J. A histologic and biochemical comparison of the interface tissues in cementless and cemented hip prostheses. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 287:1993;142-152
46. Sabokbar A., Rushton N. Role of inflammatory mediators and adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening in total hip arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 10:1995;810-815
47. Xu J.W., Li T.F., Partsch G., Ceponis A., Santavirta S., Kontinnen Y.T. Interleukin-11(IL-11) in aseptic loosening of total hip replacement (THR). Scand J Rheumatol. 27:1998;363-367
48. Al-Saffar N., Khwaji H.A., Kadoya Y., Revell P.A. Assessment of the role of GM-csf in the cellular transformation and the development of erosive lesions around orthopaedic implants. Am J Clin Pathol. 102:1996;628-639
49. Chiba J., Rubash H., Kim K.J., Iwaki Y. The characterisation of cytokines in the interface tissue obtained from failed cementless total hip arthroplasty with and without femoral osteolysis. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 30:1994;304-312
50. Goodman S.B., Chin R.C., Chiou S.S., Schurman D.J., Woolson S.T., Masada M.P. A clinical-pathologic-biochemical study of the membrane surrounding loosened and non-loosened total hip arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 244:1989;182-187
51. Takei I., Takagi M., Ida H., Ogino T., Santavirta S., Konttinen Y.T. High macrophage-colony stimulating factor levels in synovial fluid of loose artificial hip joints. J Rheumatol. 27:2000;894-899
52. Jiranek W.A., Machado M., Jasty M. Production of cytokines around loosened cemented acetabular components. Analysis with immunohistochemical techniques and in situ hybridisation. J Bone J Surg. 75A:1993;863-879
53. Al-Saffar N., Revell P.A. Differential expression of transforming growth factor-α and macrophage colony stimulating factor/colony-stimulating factor-1R (c-fms) by multinucleated giant cells involved in pathological bone resorption at the site of orthopaedic implants. J Orthop Res. 18:2000;800-807
54. Nakashima K., Sun D.H., Trindade M.C.D., Chun L.E., Song Y., Goodman S.B., Schuman D.J., Maloney W.J., Smith R.L. Induction of macrophage C-C chemokine expression by titanium alloy and bone cement particles. J Bone J Surg. 81B:1999;155-162
55. Al-Saffar N. The osteogenic properties of the interface membrane at the site of orthopaedic implants. the impact of underlying joint disease J Long Term Effects Med Implants. 9:1999;23-45
56. Neale S.D., Athanasou N.A. Cytokine receptor profile of arthroplasty macrophages foreign body giant cells and mature osteoclasts. Acta Orthop Scand. 70:1999;452-458
57. Goodman S.B., Huie P., Song Y., Schurman D., Maloney W., Woolson S., Sibley R. Cellular profile and cytokine production at prosthetic interfaces. Study of tissues retrieved from revised hip and knee replacements. J Bone J Surg. 80B:1998;531-539
58. Al-Saffar N., Ma J.T.L., Revell P.A. The role of newly formed vessels and cell adhesion molecules in the tissue response to wear products from orthopaedic implants. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 5:1994;813-818
59. Al-Saffar N., Ma J.T.L., Kadoya Y., Revell P.A. Neovascularisation and the induction of cell adhesion molecules in response to degradation products from orthopaedic implants. Ann Rheum Dis. 54:1995;201-208
60. Ingham E., Fisher J. Biological reactions to wear debris in total joint replacement. Proc Inst Mech Eng J Eng Med. 214:2000;21-37
61. Bi Y., Seabold J.M., Kaar S.C., Ragab A.A., Goldberg V.M., Anderson J.M., Greenfield E.M. Adherent endotoxin on orthopaedic wear particles stimulates cytokine production and osteoclast differentiation. J Bone Miner Res. 16:2001;2082-2091
62. Bi Y., Collier T.O., Goldberg V.M., Anderson J.M., Greenfield E.M. Adherent endotoxin mediates biological responses of titanium particles without stimulating their phagocytosis. J Orthop Res. 20:2002;696-703
63. Green T.R., Fisher J., Stone M., Wroblewski B.M., Ingham E. Polyethylene particles of a critical size are necessary for the induction of cytokines by macrophages in vitro. Biomaterials. 19:1998;2297-2302
64. Matthews J.B., Green T.R., Stone M.H., Wroblewski B.M., Fisher J., Ingham E. Comparison of the response of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes from different donors to challenge with polyethylene particles of known size and dose. Biomaterials. 21:2000;2033-2044
65. Matthews J.B., Stone M.H., Wroblewski B.M., Fisher J., Ingham E. Evaluation of the response of primary human peripheral blood mononuclear phagocytes challenged with in vitro generated clinically relevant UHMWPE particles of known size and dose. J Biomed Mater Res: Appl Biomater. 44:2000;296-307
66. Matthews J.B., Green T.R., Stone M.H., Wroblewski B.M., Fisher J., Ingham E. Comparison of the response of primary murine peritoneal macrophages and the U937 human histiocytic cell line to challenge with in vitro generated clinically relevant UHMWPE particles. Bio-Med Mater Eng. 10:2000;229-240
67. Green T.R., Fisher J., Matthews J.B., Stone M.H., Ingham E. Effect of size and dose on bone resorption activity of macrophages in vitro by clinically relevant ultra high molecular weight polyethylene particles. J Biomed Mater Res Appl Biomater. 53:2000;490-497
68. Matthews J.B., Green T.R., Stone M.H., Wroblewski B.M., Fisher J., Ingham E. Comparison of the response of three human monocytic cell lines to challenge with polyethylene particles of known size and dose. J Mater Sci Mater Med. 12:2001;249-258
69. Horowitz S.M., Doty S.B., Lane J.M., Burnstein A.H. Studies of the mechanism by which the mechanical failure of polymethylmethacrylate leads to bone resorption. J Bone J Surg. 75A:1993;802-813
70. Mitchell W., Matthews J.B., Stone M.H., Fisher J., Ingham E. Comparison of the response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to challenge with particles of three bone cements in vitro. Biomaterials. 24:2003;737-748
71. Hatton A., Nevelos J.E., Matthews J.B., Fisher J., Ingham E. Effects of clinically relevant alumina ceramic wear particles on TNF-α production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomaterials. 24:2003;1193-1204
72. Shanbhag A.S., Jacobs J.J., Black J., Galante J.O., Glant T.T. Macrophage/particle interactions. effect of size, composition and surface area J Biomed Mater Res. 28:1994;81-910
73. Algan S.M., Purdon M., Horowitz S.M. Role of tumour necrosis factor in particulate induced bone resorption. J Orthop Res. 14:1996;30-35
74. Ingham E, Green TR, Matthews JB, Stone MH, Fisher J. Influence of TNF-α in polyethylene particle stimulated macrophage bone resorption. Proceedings of the 45th Orthopaedic Research Society; 1999. p. 899.
75. Wroblewski BM. Wear of high density polyethylene sockets in total hip arthroplasty and its role in endosteal cavitation. Proc Inst Mech Eng J Eng Med 1997;211:82-95.
76. Aspenberg P., Van der Vis H. Fluid pressure may cause periprosthetic osteolysis. particles are not the only thing Acta Othop Scand. 69:1998;1-4
77. Aspenberg P., Van der Vis H. Migration particles and fluid pressure. A discussion of causes of prosthetic loosening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 352:1998;75-80
78. Van der Vis H.M., Aspenberg P., Marti R.K., Tigchelaar W., Van Noorden C.J. Fluid pressure causes bone resorption in a rabbit model of prosthetic loosening. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 350:1998;201-208
79. Skripitz R., Aspenberg P. Pressure-induced periprosthetic osteolysis. a rat model J Orthop Res. 18:2000;481-484
80. Skoglund B., Aspenberg P. PMMA particles and pressure - a study of the osteolytic properties of two agents proposed to cause prosthetic loosening. J Orthop Res. 21:2003;196-201
81. Ferrier G.M., McEnvoy A., Evans C.E., Andrew J.G. The effect of cyclic pressure on human monocyte-derived macrophages in vitro. J Bone J Surg. 82B:2000;755-759
82. Matthews J.B., Mitchell W., Stone M.H., Fisher J., Ingham E. A novel three-dimensional tissue equivalent model to study the combined effects of cyclic mechanical strain and wear particles on the osteolytic potential of primary human macrophages in vitro. Proc Inst Mech Eng J Eng Med. 215:2001;479-486
83. Matthews JB, Mitchell W, Stone MH, Fisher J, Ingham E. Synergistic effect of cyclic strain and particulate polyethylene on the production of TNF by activated primary human mononuclear phagocytes. Proceedings of the 47th Orthopaedic Research Society; 2001. p. 0218.
84. Dackiv A.P.B., Nathens A.B., Marshall J.C., Rotstein O.D. Integrin engagement induces monocyte procoagulant activity and tumor necrosis factor production via induction of tyrosine phosphorylation. J Surg Res. 64:1996;210-215
85. Yang J.H., Sakamoto H., Xu E.C., Lee R.T. Biomechanical regulation of human monocyte/macrophage molecular function. Am J Pathol. 156:2000;1797-1804
86. Howie A.W., Haynes D.R., Rogers S.D., McGee M.A., Pearcey M.J. The response to particulate debris. Orthop Clin North Am. 24:1993;571-581
87. Goodman S.B., Fornasier V.L., Lee J., Kei J. The histological effects of the implantation of different sizes of polyethylene particles in the rabbit tibia. J Biomed Mater Res. 24:1990;517-524
88. Goodman S.B., Knoblich G., Song T., Hule P., Regia D., Aspenberg P., Lindgren L.L. Tissue in growth and differentiation in the bone harvest chamber in the presence of polyethylene particles. J Bone J Surg. 77A:1995;1025-1035
89. Brookes R.A., Sharpe J.R., Wimhurst J.A., Myer B.J., Dawes E.N., Rushton N. The effects of the concentration of high density polyethylene particles on the bone implant interface. J Bone J Surg. 82B:2000;595-600
90. Trindale M.C.D., Sony Y., Aspenberg P., Smith R.L., Goodman S.B. Pro-inflammatory mediator release in response to particle challenge. studies using the bone harvest chamber J Biomed Mater Res. 48:1999;434-439
91. Kim K.J.J., Kobayashi Y., Itoh T. Osteolysis model with continuous infusion of polyethylene particles. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 352:1998;46-52
92. Merkel K.D., Erdmann J.M., McHugh K.P., Abu-Amer Y., Ross F.P., Teitelbaum S.L. Tumour necrosis factor-α mediates orthopaedic implant osteolysis. Am J Pathol. 154:1999;203-210
93. Schwarz E.M., Lu A.P., Goater J.J., Benz E.B., Kollias G., Rosier R.N., Puzas J.E., O'Keefe R.J. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha/nuclear transcription factor-kappa B signalling in periprosthetic osteolysis. J Orthop Res. 18:2000;472-480
94. Childs L.M., Goater J.J., O'Keefe R.J., Schwarz E.M. Efficacy of etanercept for wear debris induced osteolysis. J Bone Miner Res. 16:2001;338-347
95. Clohisy J.C., Teitelbaum S., Ross F.P., Erdmann J.M., Abu-Amer Y. Blockade of TNF-activation of NF-kB in osteoclast precursors prevents implant osteolysis. J Bone Miner Res. 14:1999;S489
96. Childs L.M., Goater J.J., O'Keefe R.J., Schwarz E.M. Effect of anti-tumour necrosis factor gene therapy on wear debris induced osteolysis. J Bone J Surg. 83A:2001;1789-1797
97. Schwarz E.M., Looney R.J., O'Keefe R.J. Anti-TNF alpha therapy as a clinical intervention for periprosthetic osteolysis. Arthritis Res. 2:2000;165-168
98. Schwarz E.M., Campbell D., Totterman S., Boyd A., O'Keefe R.J., Looney R.J. Use of volumetric computerised tomography as a primary outcome measure to evaluate drug efficacy in the prevention of peri-prosthetic osteolysis. a 1-year clinical pilot of entanercept vs. placebo J Orthop Res. 21:2003;1049-1055
99. Burger E.H., Van der Meer J.W.M., Van de Gevel J.S., Gribnau L.C., Thesingh C.W., Van Furth R. In vitro formation of osteoclasts from long term cultures of bone marrow mononuclear phagocytes. J Exp Med. 156:1982;1604-1614
100. MacDonald B.R., Takahashi N., McManus M., Holahan J., Mundy G.R., Roodman G.D. Formation of multinucleated cells which respond to osteotropic hormones in long-term human marrow cultures. Endocrinology. 120:1987;2326-2333
101. Soriano P., Montgomery C., Geske R., Bradley A. Targetted disruption of the c-src proto-oncogene leads to osteopetrosis in mice. Cell. 64:1991;693-702
102. Boyce B.F., Yoneda T., Lowe C., Soriano P., Mundy G.R. Requirement of p60c-src expression for osteoclasts to form ruffled borders and resorb bone in mice. J Clin Invest. 90:1992;1622-1627
103. Tanaka S., Takahashi N., Udagawa N., Sasaki T., Fukui Y., Kurokawa T., Suda T. Osteoclasts express high levels of pp60 c-src preferentially on ruffled border membranes. FEBS Lett. 313:1992;85-89
104. Abu-Amer Y., Ross F.P., Edwards J., Teitelbaum S.L. Lipopolysaccharide- stimulated osteoclastogenesis is mediated by tumour necrosis factor via its p55 receptor. J Clin Invest. 100:1997;1557-1565
105. Ducy P., Schinke T., Karsenty G. The osteoblast. a sophisticated fibroblast under central surveillance Science. 289:2000;1501-1504
106. Udagawa N., Takahashi N., Akatsu T., Tanaka H., Sasaki T., Nishihara T., Koga T., Martin T.J., Suda T. Origin of osteoclasts. mature monocytes and macrophages are capable of differentiating into osteoclasts under a suitable microenvironment prepared by bone marrow-derived stromal cells Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 87:1990;7260-7264
107. Tanaka S., Takahashi N., Ugadawa N., Tamura T., Akatsu T., Stanley F., Kurokawa T., Suda T. Macrophage colony stimulating factor is indispensable for both proliferation and differentiation of osteoclast progenitors. J Clin Invest. 91:1993;257-263
108. Simonet W.S., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Kelley M., Chang M.S., Luthy R., Nguyen H.Q., Wooden S., Bennett L., Boone T., Shimamoto G., DeRose M., Elliot R., Colomero A., Tan H.L., Trail G., Sullivan J., Davy E., Bucay N., Renshaw-Gegg L., Hughes T.M., Hill D., Pattison W., Campbell P., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin. a novel secreted protein involved in the regulation of bone density Cell. 89:1997;309-319
109. Lacey D.L., Timms E., Tan H.L., Kelley M.J., Dunstan C.R., Burgess T., Elliot R., Colombero A., Elliot G., Scully S., Hsu H., Sullivan J., Hawkins N., Davy E., Capparelli C., Eli A., Qian Y.X., Kaufman S., Sarosi I., Shaloub V., Senaldi G., Guo J., Delaney J., Boyle W.J. Osteoprotegerin ligand is a cytokine that regulates osteoclast differentiation and activation. Cell. 93:1998;165-176
110. Anderson D.M., Maraskovsky E., Billingsley W.L., Dougall W.C., Tometsko M.E., Roux E.R., Teepe M.C., DuBose R.F., Cosman D., Galibert L. A homologue of the TNF receptor and its ligand enhance T-cell growth and dendritic cell function. Nature. 390:1997;175-179
111. Yasuda H, Shima N, Nakagawa N, Yamaguchi K, Kinosaki M, Mochizuki S, Tomoyasu A, Yano K, Goto M, Murakami A, Tsuda E, Morinaga T, Higashio K, Udagawa N, Takahashi N, Suda T. Osteoclast differentiation factor is a ligand for osteoprotegerin/osteoclastogenesis inhibitory factor and is indentical to TRANCE/RANKL. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 3597-3602.
112. Wong B.R., Rho J., Arron J., Robinson E., Orlinick J., Chao M., Kalachikov S., Cayani E., Bartlett F.S., Frankel W.N., Lee S.Y., Choi Y. TRANCE is a novel ligand of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that activates c-Jun N-terminal kinase in T-cells. J Biol Chem. 272:1997;25190-25194
113. Nakagawa N., Kinosaki M., Yamaguchi K., Shima N., Yasuda H., Yano K., Morinaga T., Higashio K. RANK is the essential signalling receptor for osteoclast differentiating factor in osteoclastogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 253:1998;395-400
114. Burgess T.L., Qian Y., Kaufman S., Ring B.D., Van G., Capparelli C., Kelley M., Hsu H., Boyle W.J., Dunstan C.R., Hu S., Lacey D.L. The ligand for osteoprotegerin (OPGL) directly activates mature osteoclasts. J Cell Biol. 145:1999;527-538
115. Teitlbaum S.L. Bone resorption by osteoblasts. Science. 289:2000;1504-1513
116. Zhang Y.H., Heulsmann A., Tondravi M.M., Mukerjee A., Abu-Amer Y. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via coupling of TNF Type 1 receptor and RANK signalling pathways. J Biol Chem. 276:2001;563-568
117. Abu-Amer Y., Erdmann J., Alexopoulous L., Kollias G., Teitelbaum S.L. Tumour necrosis factor alpha receptors types 1 and 2 differentially regulate osteoclastogenesis. J Biol Chem. 275:2001;27307-27310
118. Li J., Sarosi I., Yan X.Q., Morony S., Capparelli C., Tan H.L., McCabe S., Elliot R., Scully S., Van G., Kaufman S., Juan S.C., Sun Y., Tarpley J., Martin L., Christensen K., McCabe J., Kostenuik P., Hsu H., Fletcher F., Dunstan C.R., Lacey D.L., Boyle W.J. RANK is the intrinsic hematopoietic cell surface receptor that controls osteoclastogenesis and regulation of bone mass and calcium metabolism. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 97:2000;1566-1571
119. Theill L.E., Boyle W.J., Penninger J.M. RANK-L AND RANK. T cells, bone loss and mammalian evolution Annu Rev Immunol. 20:2002;795-823
120. Hofbauer L.C., Lacey D.L., Dunstan C.R., Spelsberg T.C., Riggs B.L., Khosla S. Interleukin 1 beta and tumour necrosis factor alpha, but not interleukin-6, stimulate osteoprotegerin ligand gene expression in human osteoblastic cells. Bone. 25:1999;255-259
121. Kimble R.B., Srivastava S., Ross F.P., Matayoshi A., Pacifici R. Oestrogen deficiency increases the ability of stromal cells to support murine osteoclastogenesis via an interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor mediated stimulation of macrophage colony stimulating factor production. J Biol Chem. 271:1996;28890-28897
122. Azuma Y., Kaji K., Katogi R., Takeshita S., Kudo A. Tumor necrosis factor-α induces differentiation of and bone resorption by osteoclasts. J Biol Chem. 275:2000;4858-4864
123. Kobayashi K., Takahashi N., Jimi E., Udagawa N., Takami M., Kotake S., Nakagawa N., Kinosaki M., Yamaguchi K., Shima N., Yasuda H., Morinaga T., Higashio K., Martin T.J., Suda T. Tumor necrosis factor-α stimulates osteoclast differentiation by a mechanism independent of the ODF/RANKL-RANK interaction. J Exp Med. 191:2000;275-286
124. Lam J., Takeshito S., Barker J.E., Kanagawa O., Ross F.P., Teitelbaum S.L. TNF-α induces osteoclastogenesis by direct stimulation of macrophages exposed to permissive levels of RANK ligand. J Clin Invest. 106:2000;1481-1488
125. Kong Y.Y., Fiege U., Sarosi I., Bolob B., Tafuri A., Morony S., Capparelli C., Elliot R., McCabe S., Wong T., Campagnuolo G., Moran E., Bogoch E.R., Van G., Nguyen L.T., Ohashi P.S., Lacey D.L., Fish E., Boyle W.J., Penninger J.M. Activated T-cells regulate bone loss and joint destruction in adjuvant arthritis through osteoprotegerin ligand. Nature. 402:1999;304-309
126. Zhang Y.H., Heulsmann A., Tondravi M.M., Mukherjee A., Abu-Amer Y. Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) stimulates RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis via coupling of TNF type 1 receptor and RANK signalling pathways. J Biol Chem. 276:2001;563-568
127. Neale S.D., Fujikawa Y., Sabokbar A., Gundle R., Murray D.W., Graves S.E., Howie D.W., Athanasou N.A. Human bone-derived cells support formation of human osteoclasts from arthroplasty-derived cells in vitro. J Bone J Surg. 82B:2000;892-900
128. Itonaga I., Sabokbar A., Murray D.W., Athanasou N.A. Effect of osteoprotegerin and osteoprotegerin ligand on osteoclast formation by arthroplasty membrane derived macrophages. Ann Rheum Dis. 59:2000;26-31
129. Haynes D.R., Crotti T.N., Potter A.E., Lorie M., Atkins G.J., Howie D.W., Findlay D.M. The osteoclastogenic molecules RANKL and RANK are associated with periprosthetic osteolysis. J Bone J Surg. 83B:2001;902-911
130. Mandelin J., Li T.F., Liljestrom M., Kroon M.E., Hanemaaijer R., Santavirta S., Konttinen Y.T. Imbalance of RANKL/RANK/OPG system in interface tissue in loosening of total hip replacement. J Bone J Surg. 85B:2003;1196-1201
131. Sabokbar A., Kudo O., Athanasou N.A. Two distinct cellular mechanisms of osteoclast formation and bone resorption in periprosthetic osteolysis. J Orthop Res. 21:2003;73-80
132. Clohisy J.C., Teitelbaum S., Chen S., Erdman J.M., Abu-Amer Y. Tumor necrosis factor-α mediates polymethylmethacrylate particle induced NF-κB activation in osteoclast precursor cells. J Orthop Res. 20:2002;174-181
133. Clohisy J.C., Frazier E., Hirayama T., Abu-Amer Y. RANKL is an essential cytokine mediator of polymethylmethacrylate particle induced osteoclastogenesis. J Orthop Res. 21:2003;202-212
134. Abbas S., Clohisy J.C., Abu-Amer Y. Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases mediate PMMA-induction of osteoclasts. J Orthop Res. 21:2003;1041-1048
135. Fuller K., Murphy C., Kirstein B., Fox S.W., Chambers T.J. TNF-α potently activates osteoclasts, through a direct action independent of and strongly synergistic with RANKL. Endocrinology. 143:2002;1108-1118
136. Lee S.E., Chung W.J., Kwak H.B., Chung C.H., Kwak K.B., Lee Z.H., Kim H.H. Tumor necrosis factor-α supports the survival of osteoclasts through the activation of Akt and ERK. J Biol Chem. 276:2001;49343-49349
137. Frokjaer J., Deleuran B., Lind M., Overgaard S., Soballe K., Bunger C. Polyethylene particles stimulate monocyte chemotactic and activating factor production in synovial mononuclear cells in vivo. Acta Orthop Scand. 66:1995;303-307
138. Kadoya Y., Revell P.A., Al-Saffer N., Kobayashi A., Scott G., Freeman M.A.R. Bone formation and bone resorption in failed total joint arthroplasties. histomorphometric analysis with histochemical and immunohistochemical technique J Orthop Res. 14:1996;473-482
139. Schwarz E.M., Benz E.B., Lu A.P., Goater J.J., Mollano A.V., Rosier R.N., Puzas J.E., O'Keefe R.J. Quantitative small-animal surrogate to evaluate drug efficacy in preventing wear debris-induced osteolysis. J Orthop Res. 18:2000;849-855
140. Shanbhag A.S., Hasselman C.T., Rubash H.E. Inhibition of wear debris mediated osteolysis in a canine total hip arthroplasty model. Clin Orthop. 344:1997;33-43
141. Leung A., Scammell B., Lyons A., Czachur M., Gilbert J., Freedholm D., Malbecq W., Miller C., Carr A., Checkley L. Alendronate prevents periprosthetic bone loss - 2 year results. Arthritis Rheum. 42:1999;S270
142. Eggelmeijer F., Papapoulos S.E., Van Paassen H.C., Dijkmans B.A., Valkema R., Westedt M.L., Landman J.O., Pauwels E.K., Breedveld F.C. Increased bone mass with pamidronate treatment in rheumatoid arthritis. Results of a three-year randomised, double blind trial. Arthitis Rheum. 39:1996;396-402
143. Goater J.J., O'Keefe R.J., Rosier R.N., Puzas J.E., Schwarz E.M. Efficacy of ex vivo OPG gene therapy in preventing wear debris induced osteolysis. J. Orthop Res. 20:2002;169-173
144. Ulrich-Vinther M., Carmody E.E., Goater J.J., Soballe K., O'Keefe R.J., Schwarz E.M. Recombinant adeno-associated virus mediated osteoprotegerin gene therapy inhibits wear debris induced osteolysis. J. Bone J Surg. 84A:2002;1405-1412
145. Carmody E.E., Schwarz E.M., Puzas J.E., Rosier R.N., O'Keefe R.G. Viral interleukin-10 gene inhibition of inflammation, osteoclastogenesis, and bone resorption in response to titanium particles. Arthritis Rheum. 46:2002;1298-1308
146. Ries M.D., Scott M.L., Jani S. Relationship between gravimetric wear and particle generation in hip simulators. conventional compared with cross-linked polyethylene J Bone J Surg. 83A:2001;116-122
147. Bragdon C.R., Jasty M., Muratoglu O.K., O'Connor D.O., Harris W.H. Third body wear of highly cross-linked polyethylene in a hip simulator. J Arthroplasty. 18:2003;553-561
148. D'Lima D.D., Hermida J.C., Chen P.C., Colwell C.W. Jr. Polyethylene cross-linking by two different methods reduces acetabular liner wear in a hip joint wear simulator. J Orthop Res. 21:2003;761-766
149. Oonishi H., Kadoya Y. Wear of high-dose gamma-irradiated polyethylene in total hip replacements. J Orthop Sci. 5:2000;223-228
150. Hopper R.H. Jr., Young A.M., Orishimo K.F., McAuley J.P. Correlation between early and late wear rates in total hip arthroplasty with application to the performance of marathon cross-linked polyethylene liners. J Arthroplasty. 18:2003;60-67
151. Saikko V., Calonius O., Keranen J. Wear of conventional and cross-linked ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene acetabular cups against polished and roughened CoCr femoral heads in a biaxial hip simulator. J Biomed Mater Res. 63:2002;848-853
152. Endo M., Barbour P.S.M., Barton D.C., Fisher J., Tipper J.L., Ingham E., Stone M.H. Comparative wear and wear debris under three different counterface conditions of crosslinked and non-crosslinked ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Bio-Med Mater Eng. 11:2001;23-35
153. Nevelos J.E., Ingham E., Doyle C., Nevelos A.B., Fisher J. Wear of HIPed and non-HIPed alumina-alumina hip joints under standard and severe simulator
154. Hamadouche M., Boutin P., Dassange J., Bolander M.E., Sedel L. Alumina-on-alumina total hip arthroplasty. A minimum 18.5-year follow-up study. J Bone J Surg. 84A:2002;69-77
155. Hatton A., Nevelos J.E., Nevelos A.A., Banks R.E., Fisher J., Ingham E. Alumina-alumina artificial hip joints - Part I. a histological analysis and characterisation of wear debris by laser capture microdissection of tissues retrieved at revision Biomaterials. 23:2002;3429-3440
156. Firkins P.J., Tipper J.L., Saadatzadeh M.R., Ingham E., Stone M.H., Farrar R., Fisher J. Quantitative analysis of wear and wear debris from metal-on metal hip prostheses tested in a physiological hip joint simulator. Bio-Med Mater Eng. 11:2001;143-157
157. Doorn P.F., Campbell P.A., Worrall J., Benya P.D., McKellop H.A., Amstutz H.C. Metal wear particle characterisation from metal on metal total hip replacements. transmission electron microscopy study of periprosthetic tissues and isolated particles J Biomed Mater Res. 42:1998;103-111
158. Germain MA. Biological reactions to cobalt chrome wear particles. PhD thesis, University of Leeds, 2002.
159. Fisher J., Hu X.Q., Williams S., Tipper J.L., Ingham E., Stone M.H., Hatto P., Berry G., Hardaker C., Isaac G. New bearing surfaces. what does the future hold? Semin Arthroplasty. 14:2003;131-139