The cathepsin family and their role in colorectal cancer

Pathology Research and Practice

Volumn 204, Issue 7, 2008, Pages 491-500

  Kuester, Doerthe ^a   Lippert, Hans ^a   Roessner, Albert ^a   Krueger, Sabine ^a  

^a OTTO VON GUERICKE UNIVERSITY   (Germany)

Author keywords

Budding; Cathepsins; Colorectal cancer; Invasion; Proteases

Indexed keywords

BALICATIB; CATHEPSIN; CATHEPSIN B; CATHEPSIN D; CATHEPSIN E; CATHEPSIN F; CATHEPSIN H; CATHEPSIN L; CATHEPSIN X; MESSENGER RNA; N (3 PROPYLCARBAMOYLOXIRANE 2 CARBONYL)ISOLEUCYLPROLINE; PEPTIDASE;

ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING; ARTICLE; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER GRADING; CANCER GROWTH; CANCER INVASION; CANCER LOCALIZATION; CANCER MORTALITY; CANCER STAGING; CANCER SURVIVAL; CATALYSIS; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLITIS; COLON ADENOCARCINOMA; COLON CARCINOGENESIS; COLONOSCOPY; COLORECTAL ADENOMA; COLORECTAL CANCER; COLORECTAL CARCINOMA; DISEASE ACTIVITY; ENZYME ACTIVITY; ENZYME ANALYSIS; ENZYME DEGRADATION; ENZYME INHIBITION; ENZYME LOCALIZATION; ENZYME REGULATION; ENZYME RELEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION; METASTASIS POTENTIAL; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PRECANCER; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FAMILY; RECURRENCE RISK; STROMA CELL;

ADENOCARCINOMA; ADENOMA; ANIMALS; CATHEPSINS; CELLS, CULTURED; CLINICAL TRIALS, PHASE II AS TOPIC; COLORECTAL NEOPLASMS; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DISEASE PROGRESSION; ENZYME INHIBITORS; HUMANS; NEOPLASM METASTASIS; PROGNOSIS;

EID: 46749098502     PISSN: 03440338     EISSN: 16180631     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2008.04.010     Document Type: Article

References (88)

1. Adenis A., Huet G., Zerimech F., Hecquet B., Balduyck M., and Peyrat J.P. Cathepsin B, L, and D activities in colorectal carcinomas: relationship with clinico-pathological parameters. Cancer Lett. 96 2 (1995) 267-275
2. Alencar H., Funovics M.A., Figueiredo J., Sawaya H., Weissleder R., and Mahmood U. Colonic adenocarcinomas: near-infrared microcatheter imaging of smart probes for early detection - study in mice. Radiology 244 1 (2007) 232-238
3. Arao J., Fukui H., Ono Y., Ueda Y., Chiba T., and Fujimori T. Immunohistochemical localization of cathepsin D in colorectal tumors. Dis. Colon Rectum 43 3 (2000) 396-401
4. Baici A., Müntener K., Willimann A., and Zwicky R. Regulation of human cathepsin B by alternative mRNA splicing: homeostasis, fatal errors and cell death. Biol. Chem. 387 8 (2006) 1017-1021
5. Berchem G., Glondu M., Gleizes M., Brouillet J.P., Vignon F., Garcia M., and Liaudet-Coopman E. Cathepsin-D affects multiple tumor progression steps in vivo: proliferation, angiogenesis and apoptosis. Oncogene 21 38 (2002) 5951-5955
6. Berquin I.M., Yan S., Katiyar K., Huang L., Sloane B.F., and Troen B.R. Differentiating agents regulate cathepsin B gene expression in HL-60 cells. J. Leukoc. Biol. 66 4 (1999) 609-616
7. Brindle K. New approaches for imaging tumour responses to treatment. Nat. Rev. Cancer 8 2 (2008) 94-107
8. Bühling F., Gerber A., Häckel C., Krüger S., Köhnlein T., Brömme D., Reinhold D., Ansorge S., and Welte T. Expression of cathepsin K in lung epithelial cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 20 4 (1999) 612-619
9. Bühling F., Peitz U., Krüger S., Küster D., Vieth M., Gebert I., Roessner A., Weber E., Malfertheiner P., and Wex T. Cathepsins K, L, B, X and W are differentially expressed in normal and chronically inflamed gastric mucosa. Biol. Chem. 385 5 (2004) 439-445
10. Campo E., Muñoz J., Miquel R., Palacín A., Cardesa A., Sloane B.F., and Emmert-Buck M.R. Cathepsin B expression in colorectal carcinomas correlates with tumor progression and shortened patient survival. Am. J. Pathol. 145 2 (1994) 301-309
11. Cavallo-Medved D., Dosescu J., Linebaugh B.E., Sameni M., Rudy D., and Sloane B.F. Mutant K-ras regulates cathepsin B localization on the surface of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Neoplasia 5 6 (2003) 507-519
12. Cavallo-Medved D., Mai J., Dosescu J., Sameni M., and Sloane B.F. Caveolin-1 mediates the expression and localization of cathepsin B, pro-urokinase plasminogen activator and their cell-surface receptors in human colorectal carcinoma cells. J. Cell Sci. 118 Pt. 7 (2005) 1493-1503
13. Corticchiato O., Cajot J.F., Abrahamson M., Chan S.J., Keppler D., and Sordat B. Cystatin C and cathepsin B in human colon carcinoma: expression by cell lines and matrix degradation. Int. J. Cancer 52 4 (1992) 645-652
14. De Stefanis D., Démoz M., Dragonetti A., Houri J.J., Ogier-Denis E., Codogno P., Baccino F.M., and Isidoro C. Differentiation-induced changes in the content, secretion, and subcellular distribution of lysosomal cathepsins in the human colon cancer HT-29 cell line. Cell Tissue Res. 289 1 (1997) 109-117
15. De Stefanis D., Reffo P., Bonelli G., Baccino F.M., Sala G., Ghidoni R., Cotogno P., and Isidoro C. Increase in ceramide level alters the lysosomal targeting of cathepsin D prior to onset of apoptosis in HT-29 colon cancer cells. Biol. Chem. 383 6 (2002) 989-999
16. del Re E.C., Shuja S., Cai J., and Murnane M.J. Alterations in cathepsin H activity and protein patterns in human colorectal carcinomas. Br. J. Cancer 82 7 (2000) 1317-1326
17. Emmert-Buck M.R., Roth M.J., Zhuang Z., Campo E., Rozhin J., Sloane B.F., Liotta L.A., and Stetler-Stevenson W.G. Increased gelatinase A (MMP-2) and cathepsin B activity in invasive tumor regions of human colon cancer samples. Am. J. Pathol. 145 6 (1994) 1285-1290
18. Famulski W., Guzińska-Ustymowicz K., Sulkowska M., Chabowski A., Zalewski B., Piotrowski Z., Stasiak-Barmuta A., and Sulkowski S. Tumour budding intensity in relation to cathepsin D expression and some clinicopathological features of colorectal cancer. Folia Histochem. Cytobiol. 39 Suppl. 2 (2001) 171-172
19. Finzi G., Cornaggia M., Capella C., Fiocca R., Bosi F., Solcia E., and Samloff I.M. Cathepsin E in follicle associated epithelium of intestine and tonsils: localization to M cells and possible role in antigen processing. Histochemistry 99 3 (1993) 201-211
20. Gustin D.M., and Brenner D.E. Chemoprevention of colon cancer: current status and future prospects. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 21 3-4 (2002) 323-348
21. Guzińska-Ustymowicz K. MMP-9 and cathepsin B expression in tumor budding as an indicator of a more aggressive phenotype of colorectal cancer (CRC). Anticancer Res. 26 2B (2006) 1589-1594
22. Guzińska-Ustymowicz K., Zalewski B., Kasacka I., Piotrowski Z., and Skrzydlewska E. Activity of cathepsin B and D in colorectal cancer: relationships with tumour budding. Anticancer Res. 24 5A (2004) 2847-2851
23. Haeckel C., Krueger S., Buehling F., Broemme D., Franke K., Schuetze A., Roese I., and Roessner A. Expression of cathepsin K in the human embryo and fetus. Dev. Dyn. 216 2 (1999) 89-95
24. Hausmann M., Obermeier F., Schreiter K., Spottl T., Falk W., Schölmerich J., Herfarth H., Saftig P., and Rogler G. Cathepsin D is up-regulated in inflammatory bowel disease macrophages. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 136 1 (2004) 157-167
25. Hazen L.G., Bleeker F.E., Lauritzen B., Bahns S., Song J., Jonker A., Van Driel B.E., Lyon H., Hansen U., Köhler A., and Van Noorden C.J. Comparative localization of cathepsin B protein and activity in colorectal cancer. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 48 10 (2000) 1421-1430
26. Hennebicq Reig S., Kim I., Janin A., Grard G., Hémon B., Moreau O., Porchet N., Aubert J.P., Degand P., and Huet G. Regulation of cathepsin D dependent on the phenotype of colon carcinoma cells. Int. J. Cancer 68 4 (1996) 479-484
27. Herszènyi L., Plebani M., Carraro P., De Paoli M., Roveroni G., Cardin R., Tulassay Z., Naccarato R., and Farinati F. The role of cysteine and serine proteases in colorectal carcinoma. Cancer 86 7 (1999) 1135-1142
28. Hirai K., Yokoyama M., Asano G., and Tanaka S. Expression of cathepsin B and cystatin C in human colorectal cancer. Hum. Pathol. 30 6 (1999) 680-686
29. Hizel C., Ferrara M., Cure H., Pezet D., Dechelotte P., Chipponi J., Rio P., Mignon Y.J., and Bernard-Gallon D. Evaluation of the 5' spliced form of human cathepsin B mRNA in colorectal mucosa and tumors. Oncol. Rep. 5 1 (1998) 31-34
30. Howie A.J., Burnett D., and Crocker J. The distribution of cathepsin B in human tissues. J. Pathol. 145 4 (1985) 307-314
31. Huet G., Zerimech F., Dieu M.C., Hemon B., Grard G., Balduyck M., Janin A., Lafyatis R., and Degand P. The state of differentiation of HT-29 colon carcinoma cells alters the secretion of cathepsin D and of plasminogen activator. Int. J. Cancer 57 6 (1994) 875-882
32. Iacobuzio-Donahue C.A., Shuja S., Cai J., Peng P., and Murnane M.J. Elevations in cathepsin B protein content and enzyme activity occur independently of glycosylation during colorectal tumor progression. J. Biol. Chem. 272 46 (1997) 29190-29199
33. Iacobuzio-Donahue C., Shuja S., Cai J., Peng P., Willett J., and Murnane M.J. Cathepsin D protein levels in colorectal tumors: divergent expression patterns suggest complex regulation and function. Int. J. Oncol. 24 3 (2004) 473-485
34. Ioachim E.E., Goussia A.C., Machera M., Tsianos E.V., Kappas A.M., and Agnantis N.J. Immunohistochemical evaluation of cathepsin D expression in colorectal tumours: a correlation with extracellular matrix components, p53, pRb, bcl-2, c-erbB-2, EGFR and proliferation indices. Anticancer Res. 19 3A (1999) 2147-2155
35. Isidoro C., De Stefanis D., Démoz M., Ogier-Denis E., Codogno P., and Baccino F.M. Expression and posttranslational fate of cathepsin D in HT-29 tumor cells depend on their enterocytic differentiation state. Cell Growth Differ. 8 9 (1997) 1029-1037
36. Kanazawa H., Mitomi H., Nishiyama Y., Kishimoto I., Fukui N., Nakamura T., and Watanabe M. Tumour budding at invasive margins and outcome in colorectal cancer. Colorectal Dis. 10 1 (2008) 41-47
37. Kaneko I., Tanaka S., Oka S., Yoshida S., Hiyama T., Arihiro K., Shimamoto F., and Chayama K. Immunohistochemical molecular markers as predictors of curability of endoscopically resected submucosal colorectal cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 13 28 (2007) 3829-3835
38. Keppler D., Waridel P., Abrahamson M., Bachmann D., Berdoz J., and Sordat B. Latency of cathepsin B secreted by human colon carcinoma cells is not linked to secretion of cystatin C and is relieved by neutrophil elastase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1226 2 (1994) 117-125
39. Khan A., Krishna M., Baker S.P., and Banner B.F. Cathepsin B and tumor-associated laminin expression in the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma. Mod. Pathol. 11 8 (1998) 704-708
40. Kos J., Nielsen H.J., Krasovec M., Christensen I.J., Cimerman N., Stephens R.W., and Brünner N. Prognostic values of cathepsin B and carcinoembryonic antigen in sera of patients with colorectal cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 4 6 (1998) 1511-1516
41. Krueger S., Kalinski T., Hundertmark T., Wex T., Küster D., Peitz U., Ebert M., Nägler D.K., Kellner U., Malfertheiner P., Naumann M., Röcken C., and Roessner A. Up-regulation of cathepsin X in Helicobacter pylori gastritis and gastric cancer. J. Pathol. 207 1 (2005) 32-42
42. Krueger S., Kalinski T., Wolf H., Kellner U., and Roessner A. Interactions between human colon carcinoma cells, fibroblasts and monocytic cells in coculture-regulation of cathepsin B expression and invasiveness. Cancer Lett. 223 2 (2005) 313-322
43. Kruszewski W.J., Rzepko R., Wojtacki J., Skokowski J., Kopacz A., Jaśkiewicz K., and Drucis K. Overexpression of cathepsin B correlates with angiogenesis in colon adenocarcinoma. Neoplasma 51 1 (2004) 38-43
44. Kuester D., Vieth M., Peitz U., Kahl S., Stolte M., Roessner A., Weber E., Malfertheiner P., and Wex T. Upregulation of cathepsin W-expressing T cells is specific for autoimmune atrophic gastritis compared to other types of chronic gastritis. World J. Gastroenterol. 11 38 (2005) 5951-5957
45. Kunimura T., Inagaki T., Wada M., Ushio J., Sato K., Enosawa T., Nakashima M., Kato H., Hayashi R., Saitou K., and Morohoshi T. Immunohistochemical evaluation of tissue-specific proteolytic enzymes in adenomas containing foci of early carcinoma: correlations with cathepsin D expression and other malignant features. Int. J. Gastrointest. Cancer 33 2-3 (2003) 149-154
46. Lah T.T., and Kos J. Cysteine proteinases in cancer progression and their clinical relevance for prognosis. Biol. Chem. 379 2 (1998) 125-130
47. Linebaugh B.E., Sameni M., Day N.A., Sloane B.F., and Keppler D. Exocytosis of active cathepsin B enzyme activity at pH 7.0, inhibition and molecular mass. Eur. J. Biochem. 264 1 (1999) 100-109
48. Maciewicz R.A., Wardale R.J., Etherington D.J., and Paraskeva C. Immunodetection of cathepsins B and L present in and secreted from human pre-malignant and malignant colorectal tumour cell lines. Int. J. Cancer 43 3 (1989) 478-486
49. Mason R.W., Johnson D.A., Barrett A.J., and Chapman H.A. Elastinolytic activity of human cathepsin L. Biochem. J. 233 3 (1986) 925-927
50. Mayer A., Fritz E., Fortelny R., Kofler K., and Ludwig H. Immunohistochemical evaluation of cathepsin D expression in colorectal cancer. Cancer Invest. 15 2 (1997) 106-110
51. McKerrow J.H., Bhargava V., Hansell E., Huling S., Kuwahara T., Matley M., Coussens L., and Warren R. A functional proteomics screen of proteases in colorectal carcinoma. Mol. Med. 6 5 (2000) 450-460
52. Menzel K., Hausmann M., Obermeier F., Schreiter K., Dunger N., Bataille F., Falk W., Scholmerich J., Herfarth H., and Rogler G. Cathepsins B, L and D in inflammatory bowel disease macrophages and potential therapeutic effects of cathepsin inhibition in vivo. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 146 1 (2006) 169-180
53. Mohamed M.M., and Sloane B.F. Cysteine cathepsins: multifunctional enzymes in cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 6 10 (2006) 764-775
54. Murnane M.J., Sheahan K., Ozdemirli M., and Shuja S. Stage-specific increases in cathepsin B messenger RNA content in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 51 4 (1991) 1137-1142
55. Murnane M.J., Shuja S., Del Re E., Cai J., Iacobuzio-Donahue C., and Klepeis V. Characterizing human colorectal carcinomas by proteolytic profile. In Vivo 11 3 (1997) 209-216
56. Oh-e H., Tanaka S., Kitadai Y., Shimamoto F., Yoshihara M., and Haruma K. Cathepsin D expression as a possible predictor of lymph node metastasis in submucosal colorectal cancer. Eur. J. Cancer 37 2 (2001) 180-188
57. Robker R.L., Russell D.L., Espey L.L., Lydon J.P., O'Malley B.W., and Richards J.S. Progesterone-regulated genes in the ovulation process: ADAMTS-1 and cathepsin L proteases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 9 (2000) 4689-4694
58. Roessner A., Krüger S., and Kido A. Cellular proteases and invasion. Verh. Dtsch. Ges. Pathol. 84 (2000) 69-76
59. Roth W., Deussing J., Botchkarev V.A., Pauly-Evers M., Saftig P., Hafner A., Schmidt P., Schmahl W., Scherer J., Anton-Lamprecht I., Von Figura K., Paus R., and Peters C. Cathepsin L deficiency as molecular defect of furless: hyperproliferation of keratinocytes and pertubation of hair follicle cycling. FASEB J. 13 (2000) 2075-2086
60. Rozhin J., Sameni M., Ziegler G., and Sloane B.F. Pericellular pH affects distribution and secretion of cathepsin B in malignant cells. Cancer Res. 54 24 (1994) 6517-6525
61. Saftig P., Hetman M., Schmahl W., Weber K., Heine L., Mossmann H., Köster A., Hess B., Evers M., and von Figura K. Mice deficient for the lysosomal proteinase cathepsin D exhibit progressive atrophy of the intestinal mucosa and profound destruction of lymphoid cells. EMBO J. 14 15 (1995) 3599-3608
62. Saftig P., Hunziker E., Wehmeyer O., Jones S., Boyde A., Rommerskirch W., Moritz J.D., Schu P., and von Figura K. Impaired osteoclastic bone resorption leads to osteopetrosis in cathepsin-K-deficient mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95 23 (1998) 13453-13458
63. Sameni M., Dosescu J., Moin K., and Sloane B.F. Functional imaging of proteolysis: stromal and inflammatory cells increase tumor proteolysis. Mol. Imaging 2 3 (2003) 159-175
64. Santamaría I., Velasco G., Pendás A.M., Fueyo A., and López-Otín C. Cathepsin Z, a novel human cysteine proteinase with a short propeptide domain and a unique chromosomal location. J. Biol. Chem. 273 27 (1998) 16816-16823
65. Schweiger A., Christensen I.J., Nielsen H.J., Sørensen S., Brünner N., and Kos J. Serum cathepsin H as a potential prognostic marker in patients with colorectal cancer. Int. J. Biol. Markers 19 4 (2004) 289-294
66. Sebzda T., Saleh Y., Gburek J., Andrzejak R., Gnus J., Siewinski M., and Grzebieniak Z. Cathepsin D expression in human colorectal cancer: relationship with tumour type and tissue differentiation grade. J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. 5 2 (2005) 145-150
67. Sebzda T., Saleh Y., Gburek J., Warwas M., Andrzejak R., Siewinski M., and Rudnicki J. Total and lipid-bound plasma sialic acid as diagnostic markers in colorectal cancer patients: correlation with cathepsin B expression in progression to Dukes stage. J. Exp. Ther. Oncol. 5 3 (2006) 223-229
68. Sheahan K., Shuja S., and Murnane M.J. Cysteine protease activities and tumor development in human colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res. 49 14 (1989) 3809-3814
69. Shi G.P., Villadangos J.A., Dranoff G., Small C., Gu L., Haley K.J., Riese R., Ploegh H.L., and Chapman H.A. Cathepsin S required for normal MHC class II peptide loading and germinal center development. Immunity 10 2 (1999) 197-206
70. Shuja S., Sheahan K., and Murnane M.J. Cysteine endopeptidase activity levels in normal human tissues, colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 49 3 (1991) 341-346
71. Sis B., Saǧol O., Küpelioǧlu A., Sokmen S., Terzi C., Fuzun M., Ozer E., and Bishop P. Prognostic significance of matrix metalloproteinase-2, cathepsin D, and tenascin-C expression in colorectal carcinoma. Pathol. Res. Pract. 200 5 (2004) 379-387
72. Skrzydlewska E., Sulkowska M., Wincewicz A., Koda M., and Sulkowski S. Evaluation of serum cathepsin B and D in relation to clinicopathological staging of colorectal cancer. World J. Gastroenterol. 11 27 (2005) 4225-4229
73. Sloane B.F. Cathepsin B and cystatins: evidence for a role in cancer progression. Semin. Cancer Biol. 1 2 (1990) 137-152
74. Sloane B.F., Moin K., Krepela E., and Rozhin J. Cathepsin B and its endogenous inhibitors: the role in tumor malignancy. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 9 4 (1990) 333-352
75. Sternlicht M.D., and Werb Z. How matrix metalloproteinases regulate cell behaviour. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 17 (2001) 463-516
76. Stypmann J., Gläser K., Roth W., Tobin D.J., Petermann I., Matthias R., Mönnig G., Haverkamp W., Breithardt G., Schmahl W., Peters C., and Reinheckel T. Dilated cardiomyopathy in mice deficient for the lysosomal cysteine peptidase cathepsin L. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99 9 (2002) 6234-6239
77. Sánchez-Martín M.M., Cabezas J.A., Ortega S., García J., García-Criado F.J., Pina J., and Gómez-Alonso A. Levels of serum cathepsin L and several glycosidases in patients operated for colorectal cancer. Cancer Lett. 141 1-2 (1999) 73-77
78. Talieri M., Papadopoulou S., Scorilas A., Xynopoulos D., Arnogianaki N., Plataniotis G., Yotis J., and Agnanti N. Cathepsin B and cathepsin D expression in the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma. Cancer Lett. 205 1 (2004) 97-106
79. Troy A.M., Sheahan K., Mulcahy H.E., Duffy M.J., Hyland J.M., and O'Donoghue D.P. Expression of Cathepsin B and L antigen and activity is associated with early colorectal cancer progression. Eur. J. Cancer 40 10 (2004) 1610-1616
80. Tumminello F.M., Gebbia N., Pizzolanti G., Russo A., Bazan V., and Leto G. Cathepsin D content in colorectal cancer. Correlation with cathepsin D activity and other biological parameters: a preliminary report. Oncology 52 3 (1995) 237-242
81. van der Stappen J.W., Williams A.C., Maciewicz R.A., and Paraskeva C. Activation of cathepsin B, secreted by a colorectal cancer cell line requires low pH and is mediated by cathepsin D. Int. J. Cancer 67 4 (1996) 547-554
82. Van Noorden C.J., Jonges T.G., Van Marle J., Bissell E.R., Griffini P., Jans M., Snel J., and Smith R.E. Heterogeneous suppression of experimentally induced colon cancer metastasis in rat liver lobes by inhibition of extracellular cathepsin B. Clin. Exp. Metastasis 16 2 (1998) 159-167
83. Vasiljeva O., Reinheckel T., Peters C., Turk D., Turk V., and Turk B. Emerging roles of cysteine cathepsins in disease and their potential as drug targets. Curr. Pharm. Des. 13 4 (2007) 387-403
84. Wang B., Shi G.P., Yao P.M., Li Z., Chapman H.A., and Brömme D. Human cathepsin F. Molecular cloning, functional expression, tissue localization, and enzymatic characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 273 48 (1998) 32000-32008
85. Wex T., Bühling F., Wex H., Günther D., Malfertheiner P., Weber E., and Brömme D. Human cathepsin W, a cysteine protease predominantly expressed in NK cells, is mainly localized in the endoplasmic reticulum. J. Immunol. 167 4 (2001) 2172-2178
86. Xia L., Kilb J., Wex H., Li Z., Lipyansky A., Breuil V., Stein L., Palmer J.T., Dempster D.W., and Brömme D. Localization of rat cathepsin K in osteoclasts and resorption pits: inhibition of bone resorption and cathepsin K-activity by peptidyl vinyl sulfones. Biol. Chem. 380 6 (1999) 679-687
87. Zore I., Krasovec M., Cimerman N., Kuhelj R., Werle B., Nielsen H.J., Brünner N., and Kos J. Cathepsin B/cystatin C complex levels in sera from patients with lung and colorectal cancer. Biol. Chem. 382 5 (2001) 805-810
88. Zwicky R., Müntener K., Csucs G., Goldring M.B., and Baici A. Exploring the role of 5' alternative splicing and of the 3′-untranslated region of cathepsin B mRNA. Biol. Chem. 384 7 (2003) 1007-1018