Disease management of atopic dermatitis: An updated practice parameter

Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology

Volumn 93, Issue 3 SUPPL. 2, 2004, Pages

  Leung, Donald Y M ^a,n   Nicklas, Richard A ^b   Li, James T ^c   Bernstein, I Leonard ^d   Blessing Moore, Joann ^e   Boguniewicz, Mark ^f   Chapman, Jean A ^g   Khan, David A ^h   Lang, David ⁱ   Lee, Rufus E ^g   Portnoy, Jay M ^j   Schuller, Diane E ^k   Spector, Sheldon L ^l   Tilles, Stephen A ^m  

^a NATIONAL JEWISH MEDICAL AND RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c MAYO CLINIC   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e STANFORD UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^f University of Colorado Denver and Children s Hospital Colorado   (United States)

^g Univ Texas Southwestern Med Ctr ^*

^h UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS SOUTHWESTERN MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

ⁱ LERNER RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

^j CHILDREN S MERCY HOSPITAL   (United States)

^k PENNSYLVANIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^l UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^m UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

ⁿ Department of Medicine   (United States)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALLERGEN; AMCINONIDE; ANTIHISTAMINIC AGENT; ANTIMETABOLITE; BETAMETHASONE DIPROPIONATE; CALCINEURIN INHIBITOR; CLOBETASOL PROPIONATE; COAL TAR; CORTICOSTEROID; CYCLOSPORIN; DESOXIMETASONE; DIFLORASONE DIACETATE; DIPHENHYDRAMINE; EMOLLIENT AGENT; FLUTICASONE PROPIONATE; GAMMA INTERFERON; HYDROCORTISONE ACETATE; HYDROCORTISONE BUTYRATE; HYDROXYZINE; IMMUNOGLOBULIN E; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; INTERLEUKIN 13; INTERLEUKIN 4; INTERLEUKIN 5; MOMETASONE FUROATE; PIMECROLIMUS; SALICYLIC ACID; TACROLIMUS; TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR NFAT; ULOBETASOL PROPIONATE; UNINDEXED DRUG;

ABDOMINAL DISCOMFORT; ALLERGIC ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS; ANAMNESIS; ATOPIC DERMATITIS; CLINICAL PRACTICE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTACT DERMATITIS; CORTICOSTEROID THERAPY; ECZEMA; EMOTIONAL STRESS; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EOSINOPHIL; FOOD ALLERGY; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HUMIDITY; HYDRATION; HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTRICHOSIS; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; KERATINOCYTE; KIDNEY DISEASE; LANGERHANS CELL; MACROPHAGE; MAST CELL; NAUSEA; PARESTHESIA; PATIENT EDUCATION; PERIORAL DERMATITIS; PHOTOTHERAPY; PHYSICAL EXAMINATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PRURITUS; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; ROSACEA; SEDATION; SIDE EFFECT; SKIN ATROPHY; SKIN BURNING SENSATION; SKIN INFECTION; SKIN IRRITATION; SKIN TEST; STRIA; TH2 CELL;

EID: 4644275575     PISSN: 10811206     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1081-1206(10)61385-3     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. Schultz-Larsen F, Hanifin JM. Epidemiology of atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2002;22:1-24. (IV)
2. Bieber T, Leung DY, editors. Atopic Dermatitis. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker Inc; 2002. (IV)
3. Beck LA, Leung DY. Allergen sensitization through the skin induces systemic allergic responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;106:S258-S263. (IV)
4. Hoare C, Li Wan Po A, Williams H. Systematic review of treatments for atopic eczema. Health Technol Assess. 2000;4:1-191. (Ia)
5. Sampson HA, Albergo R. Comparison of results of skin tests, RAST, and double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1984;74:26-33. (IIb)
6. Leung DY, Harbeck R, Bina P, et al. Presence of IgE antibodies to staphylococcal exotoxins on the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis: evidence for a new group of allergens. J Clin Invest. 1993;92:1374-1380. (LB)
7. Nomura I, Tanaka K, Tomita H, et al. Evaluation of the staphylococcal exotoxins and their specific IgE in childhood atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:441-446. (III)
8. Bunikowski R, Mielke ME, Skarabis H, et al. Evidence for a disease-promoting effect of Staphylococcus aureus-derived exotoxins in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:814-819. (III)
9. Boguniewicz M, Sampson H, Leung SB, Harbeck R, Leung DY. Effects of cefuroxime axetil on Staphylococcus aureus colonization and superantigen production in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:651-652. (III)
10. Leung DY. Atopic dermatitis: new insights and opportunities for therapeutic intervention. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:860-876. (IV)
11. von Bubnoff D, Geiger E, Bieber T. Antigen-presenting cells in allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:329-339. (LB)
12. Giustizieri ML, Mascia F, Frezzolini A, et al. Keratinocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis and psoriasis show a distinct chemokine production profile in response to T cell-derived cytokines. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:871-877. (LB)
13. Hanifin JM, Rajka G. Diagnostic features of atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 1980;92:44-47. (IV)
14. Lever R, MacDonald C, Waugh P, Aitchison T. Randomized controlled trial of advice on an egg exclusion diet in young children with atopic eczema and sensitivity to eggs. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 1998;9:13-19. (Ib)
15. Woodmansee DP, Christiansen SC. Improvement in atopic dermatitis in infants with the introduction of an elemental formula. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:309. (IIb)
16. Gutgesell C, Heise S, Seubert S, et al. Double-blind placebo-controlled house dust mite control measures in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2001;145:70-74. (Ib)
17. Andersson AC, Lindberg M, Loden M. The effect of two urea-containing creams on dry eczematous skin in atopic patients, I: expert, patient and instrumental evaluation. J Dermatol Treat. 1999;10:165:169. (IV)
18. Wollenberg A, Sharma S, von Bubnoff D, Geiger E, Heberstok J, Bieber T. Topical tacrolimus (FK506) leads to profound phenotypic and functional alterations of epidermal antigen-presenting dendritic cells in atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:519-525. (LB)
19. Boguniewicz M, Fiedler VC, Raimer S, Lawrence ID, Leung DY, Hanifin JM; Pediatric Tacrolimus Study Group. A randomized, vehicle-controlled trial of tacrolimus ointment for treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1998;102:637-644. (Ia)
20. Drake L, Prendergast M, Maher R, et al. The impact of tacrolimus ointment on health-related quality of life of adult and pediatric patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(Suppl):S65-S72. (Ia)
21. Eichenfield LF, Lucky AW, Boguniewicz M, et al. Safety and efficacy of pimecrolimus (ASM 981) cream 1% in the treatment of mild and moderate atopic dermatitis in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2002;46:495-504. (Ia)
22. Zuberbier T, Chong SU, Grunow K, et al. The ascomycin macrolactam pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981) is a potent inhibitor of mediator release from human dermal mast cells and peripheral blood basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:275-280. (LB)
23. Kang S, Lucky AW, Pariser D, Lawrence I, Hanifin JM. Long-term safety and efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in children. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(Suppl):S58-S64. (IIb)
24. Reitamo S, Wollenberg A, Schopf E, et al. The European Tacrolimus Ointment Study Group. Safety and efficacy of 1 year of tacrolimus ointment monotherapy in adults with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:999-1006. (IIb)
25. Queille-Roussel C, Paul C, Duteil L, et al. The new topical ascomycin derivative SDZ ASM 981 does not induce skin atrophy when applied to normal skin for 4 weeks: a randomized, double-blind controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:507-513. (IIb)
26. Wahn U, Bos JD, Goodfield M, et al. Efficacy and safety of pimecrolimus cream in the long-term management of atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e2. (Ib)
27. Schnopp C, Holtmann C, Stock S, et al. Topical steroids under wet-wrap dressings in atopic dermatitis-a vehicle-controlled trial. Dermatology. 2002;204:56-59. (IIa)
28. Devillers AC, de Waard-van der Spek FB, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Treatment of refractory atopic dermatitis using 'wet-wrap' dressings and diluted corticosteroids: results of standardized treatment in both children and adults. Dermatology. 2002;204:50-55. (III)
29. Krutmann J, Diepgen TL, Luger TA, et al. High dose UVAq therapy for atopic dermatitis: results of a multicenter trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;38:589-593. (Ib)
30. Hanifin JM, Schneider LC, Leung DY, et al. Recombinant interferon γ therapy for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1993;28:189-197. (Ib)
31. Benez A, Fierlbeck G. Successful long-term treatment of severe atopic dermatitis with mycophenolate mofetil. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:638-639. (III)
32. Kuanprasert N, Herbert O, Barnetson RS. Clinical improvement and significant reduction of total serum IgE in patients suffering from severe atopic dermatitis treated with oral azathioprine. Aust J Dermatol. 2002;43:125-127. (III)
33. Williams H, Robertson C, Stewart A, et al. Worldwide variations in the prevalence of symptoms of atopic eczema in the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:125-138. (III)
34. Leung DY, Hanifm JM, Charlesworth EN, et al. Disease management of atopic dermatitis: a practice parameter. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters, representing the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, and the Joint Council of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Work Group on Atopic Dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1997;79:197-211. (IV)
35. Romagnani S. The role of lymphocytes in allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:399-408. (III)
36. Higashi N, Gesser B, Kawana S, Thestrup-Pedersen K. Expression of IL-18 mRNA and secretion of IL-18 are reduced in monocytes from patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:607-614. (II)
37. Hanifin JM, Chan SC, Cheng JB, et al. Type 4 phosphodiesterase inhibitors have clinical and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 1996;107:51-56. (LB)
38. Soumelis V, Reche PA, Kanzler H, et al. Human epithelial cells trigger dendritic cell mediated allergic inflammation by producing TSLP. Nat Immunol. 2002;3:673-680. (LB)
39. Jirapongsananuruk O, Hofer MF, Trumble AE, Norris DA, Leung DY. Enhanced expression of B7.2 (CD86) in patients with atopic dermatitis: a potential role in the modulation of IgE synthesis. J Immunol. 1998;160:4622-4627. (LB)
40. Langeveld-Wildschut EG, Bruijnzeel PL, Mudde GC, et al. Clinical and immunologic variables in skin of patients with atopic eczema and either positive or negative atopy patch test reactions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:1008-1016. (II)
41. Wuthrich B, Schmid-Grendelmeier P. The atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome: epidemiology, natural course, and immunology of the IgE-associated ("extrinsic") and non-allergic ("intrinsic") AEDS. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol. 2003; 13:1-5. (IV)
42. Imokawa G. Lipid abnormalities in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;45(Suppl):S29-S32. (LB)
43. Hara J, Higuchi K, Okamoto R, Kawashima M, Imokawa G. High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol. 2000;115:406-413. (LB)
44. Chamlin SL, Frieden IJ, Fowler A, et al. Ceramide-dominant, barrier-repair lipids improve childhood atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:1110-1112. (IIb)
45. Lack G, Fox D, Northstone K, Golding J. Factors associated with the development of peanut allergy in childhood. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:977-985. (III)
46. Cornell RC, Stoughton RB. Six-month controlled study of effect of desoximetasone and betamethasone 17-valerate on the pituitary-adrenal axis. Br J Dermatol. 1981;105:91-95. (Ib)
47. Fritz KA, Weston WL. Topical glucocorticosteroids. Ann Allergy. 1983;50:68-76. (IV)
48. Wolkerstorfer A, Strobos MA, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Oranje AP. Fluticasone propionate 0.05% cream once daily versus clobetasone butyrate 0.05% cream twice daily in children with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1998;39:226-231. (II)
49. Lagos BR, Maibach HI. Frequency of application of topical corticosteroids: an overview. Br J Dermatol. 1998;139:763-766. (IV)
50. Van Der Meer JB, Glazenburg EJ, Mulder PG, Eggink HF, Coenraads PJ. The management of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in adults with topical fluticasone propionate. The Netherlands Adult Atopic Dermatitis Study Group. Br J Dermatol. 1999;140:1114-1121. (Ib)
51. Ruzicka T, Bieber T, Schopf E, et al. A short-term trial of tacrolimus ointment for atopic dermatitis. European Tacrolimus Multicenter Atopic Dermatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;337:816-821. (Ib)
52. Paller A, Eichenfield LF, Leung DY, Stewart D, Appell M. A 12-week study of tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in pediatric patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(Suppl):S47-S57. (Ib)
53. Hanifin JM, Ling MR, Langley R, Breneman D, Rafal E. Tacrolimus ointment for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in adult patients: part I, efficacy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44(Suppl):S28-S38. (Ib)
54. Hauk PJ, Leung DY. Tacrolimus (FK506): new treatment approach in superantigen-associated diseases like atopic dermatitis? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:391-392. (IV)
55. Sugiura H, Uehara M, Hoshino N, Yamaji A. Long-term efficacy of tacrolimus ointment for recalcitrant facial erythema resistant to topical corticosteroids in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 2000;136:1062-1063. (IIb)
56. Reitamo S, Van Leent EJ, Ho V, et al. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment compared with that of hydrocortisone acetate ointment in children with atopic, dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:539-546. (Ib)
57. Reitamo S, Rustin M, Ruzicka T, et al. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus ointment compared with that of hydrocortisone butyrate ointment in adult patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:547-555. (Ib)
58. Lubbe J, Pournaras CC, Saurat JH. Eczema herpeticum during treatment of atopic dermatitis with 0.1% tacrolimus ointment. Dermatology. 2000;201:249-251. (IV)
59. Remitz A, Kyllonen H, Granlund H, Reitamo S. Tacrolimus ointment reduces staphylococcal colonization of atopic dermatitis lesions. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:196-197. (IV)
60. Stuetz A, Grassberger M, Meingassner JG. Pimecrolimus (Elidel, SDZ ASM 981)-preclinical pharmacologic profile and skin selectivity. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2001;20:233-241. (IV)
61. Van Leent EJ, Ebelin ME, Burtin P, Dorobek B, Spuls PI, Bos JD. Low systemic exposure after repeated topical application of pimecrolimus (Elidel), SD Z ASM 981) in patients with atopic dermatitis. Dermatology. 2002;204:63-68. (IIb)
62. Kapp A, Papp K, Bingham A, et al. Long-term management of atopic dermatitis in infants with topical pimecrolimus, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:277-284. (Ib)
63. Niordson AM, Stahl D. Treatment of psoriasis with Clinitar cream: a controlled clinical trial. Br J Clin Pract. 1985;39:67-68, 72. (IIa)
64. Klein PA, Clark RA. An evidence-based review of the efficacy of antihistamines in relieving pruritus in atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1999;135:1522-1525. (Ia)
65. Simons FE. Prevention of acute urticaria in young children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:703-706. (Ib)
66. Diepgen TL. Long-term treatment with cetirizine of infants with atopic dermatitis: a multi-country, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial (the ETAC trial) over 18 months. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2002;13:278-286. (Ib)
67. Hrachovec J. Publication bias with cetirizine in atopic dermatitis: safe but ineffective [letter to the editor]? J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:818. (IV)
68. La Rosa M, Ranno C, Musarra I, Guglielmo F, Corrias A, Bellanti JA. Double-blind study of cetirizine in atopic eczema in children. Ann Allergy. 1994;73:117-122. (Ib)
69. Langeland T, Fagertun HE, Larsen S. Therapeutic effect of loratadine on pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis: a multi-crossover study. Allergy. 1994;49:22-26. (Ib)
70. Hannuksela M, Kalimo K, Lammintausta K, et al. Dose ranging study: cetirizine in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy. 1993;70:127-133. (Ib)
71. Shelley WB, Shelley ED, Talanin NY. Self-potentiating allergic contact dermatitis caused by doxepin hydrochloride cream. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;34:143-144. (IV)
72. Drake LA, Fallon JD, Sober A. Relief of pruritus in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with topical doxepin cream. The Doxepin Study Group. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1994;31:613-616. (Ib)
73. Nassif A, Chan SC, Storrs FJ, Hanifin JM. Abnormal skin irritancy in atopic dermatitis and in atopy without dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 1994;130:1402-1407. (IIb)
74. Bernstein IL, Storms WW. Practice parameters for allergy diagnostic testing. Joint Task Force on Practice Parameters for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Asthma. The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology and the American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1995;75:543-625. (IV)
75. Sampson HA. Food allergy, part 1: immunopathogenesis and clinical disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:717-728. (IV)
76. Yunginger JW, Ahlstedt S, Eggleston PA, et al. Quantitative IgE antibody assays in allergic diseases. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:1077-1084. (LB)
77. Sampson HA. Utility of food-specific IgE concentrations in predicting symptomatic food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:891-896. (LB)
78. Rance F, Abbal M, Lauwers-Cances V. Improved screening for peanut allergy by the combined use of skin prick tests and specific IgE assays. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;109:1027-1033. (IIb)
79. Sicherer SH, Morrow EH, Sampson HA. Dose-response in double-blind, placebo-controlled oral food challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2000;105:582-586. (IIb)
80. Niggemann B, Reibel S, Roehr CC, et al. Predictors of positive food challenge outcome in non-IgE-mediated reactions to food in children with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:1053-1058. (IIb)
81. Tupker RA, De Monchy JG, Coenraads PJ, Homan A, van der Meer JB. Induction of atopic dermatitis by inhalation of house dust mite. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996;97:1064-1070. (Ib)
82. Huang JL, Chen CC, Kuo ML, Hsieh KH. Exposure to a high concentration of mite allergen in early infancy is a risk factor for developing atopic dermatitis: a 3-year follow-up study. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2001;12:11-16. (IIb)
83. Wheatley LM, Platts-Mills TA. In: Leung DY, Greaves MW, editors. Allergic Skin Disease: A Multidisciplinary Approach. New York, NY: Marcel Dekker; 2000:423. (IV)
84. Palmer RA, Friedmann PS. Effect of house dust mite avoidance measures in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:912-913. (IIb)
85. Ricci G, Patrizi A, Specchia F, et al. Effect of house dust mite avoidance measures in children with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143:379-384. (Ib)
86. Tan BB, Weald D, Strickland I, Friedmann PS. Double-blind controlled trial of effect of housedust-mite allergen avoidance on atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 1996;347:15-18. (Ib)
87. Holm L, Bengtsson A, van Hage-Hamsten M, Ohman S, Scheynius A. Effectiveness of occlusive bedding in the treatment of atopic dermatitis - a placebo-controlled trial of 12 months' duration. Allergy. 2001;56:152-158. (Ib)
88. Arlian LG, Platts-Mills TA. The biology of dust mites and the remediation of mite allergens in allergic disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107(Suppl):S406-S413. (IV)
89. Nilsson EJ, Henning CG, Magnusson J. Topical corticosteroids and Staphylococcus aureus in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;27:29-34. (III)
90. Cho SH, Strickland I, Tomkinson A, Fehringer AP, Gelfand EW, Leung DY. Preferential binding of Staphylococcus aureus to skin sites of Th2-mediated inflammation in a murine model. J Invest Dermatol. 2001;116:658-663. (LB)
91. Cho SH, Strickland I, Boguniewicz M, Leung DY. Fibronectin and fibrinogen contribute to the enhanced binding of Staphylococcus aureus to atopic skin. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:269 -274. (III)
92. Ong PY, Ohtake T, Brandt C, et al. Endogenous antimicrobial peptides and skin infections in atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1151-1160. (IIa)
93. Ambach A, Bonnekoh B, Gollnick H. Perforin hyperreleasability and depletion in cytotoxic T cells from patients with exacerbated atopic dermatitis and asymptomatic rhinoconjunctivitis allergica. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:878-886. (IIa)
94. Novelli VM, Atherton DJ, Marshall WC. Eczema herpeticum: clinical and laboratory features. Clin Pediatr (Phila). 1988;27:231-233. (III)
95. Bork K, Brauninger W. Increasing incidence of eczema herpeticum: analysis of seventy-five cases. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;19:1024-1029. (III)
96. Engler RJ, Kenner J, Leung DY. Smallpox vaccination: risk considerations for patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:357-365. (IV)
97. Zargari A, Eshaghi H, Back O, Johansson S, Scheynius A. Serum IgE reactivity to Malassezia furfur extract and recombinant M. furfur allergens in patients with atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol. 2001;81:418-422. (III)
98. Lintu P, Savolainen J, Kortekangas-Savolainen O, Kalimo K. Systemic ketoconazole is an effective treatment of atopic dermatitis with IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to yeasts. Allergy. 2001;56:512-517. (Ib)
99. Bender BG. Psychological dysfunction associated with atopic dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2002;22:43-53. (IV)
100. Schmid-Ott G, Jaeger B, Meyer S, Stephan E, Kapp A, Werfel T. Different expression of cytokine and membrane molecules by circulating lymphocytes on acute mental stress in patients with atopic dermatitis in comparison with healthy controls. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108:455-462. (LB)
101. + T lymphocytes, natural killer cells, and eosinophils increase upon acute psychosocial stress in patients with atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107: 171-177. (LB)
102. Kodama A, Horikawa T, Suzuki T, et al. Effect of stress on atopic dermatitis: investigation in patients after the great hanshin earthquake. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;104:173-176. (IIb)
103. Melin L, Frederiksen T, Noren P, Swebilius BG. Behavioural treatment of scratching in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1986;115:467-474. (Ib)
104. Haynes SN, Wilson CC, Jaffe PG, Britton BT. Biofeedback treatment of atopic dermatitis: controlled case studies of eight cases. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1979;4:195-209. (IIb)
105. Pei AY, Chan HH, Ho KM. The effectiveness of wet wrap dressings using 0.1% mometasone furoate and 0.005% fluticasone propionate ointments in the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis in children. Pediatr Dermatol. 2001;18:343-348. (Ib)
106. Di Prisco DE, Fuenmayor MC, Champion RH. Specific hyposensitization in atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 1979;101:697-700. (IV)
107. Glover MT, Atherton DJ. A double-blind controlled trial of hyposensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus in children with atopic eczema. Clin Exp Allergy. 1992;22:440-446. (IB)
108. Kaufman HS, Roth HL. Hyposensitization with alum precipitated extracts in atopic dermatitis: a placebo-controlled study. Ann Allergy. 1974;32:321-330. (Ib)
109. Zachariae H, Cramers M, Herlin T, et al. Non-specific immunotherapy and specific hyposensitization in severe atopic dermatitis. Acta Derm Venereol Suppl (Stockh). 1985;114:48-54. (Ilb)
110. Krutmann J, Czech W, Diepgen T, Niedner R, Kapp A, Schopf E. High-dose UVA1 therapy in the treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1992;26:225-230. (Ib)
111. Abeck D, Schmidt T, Fesq H, et al. Long-term efficacy of medium-dose UVA1 phototherapy in atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:254-257. (IIb)
112. Sowden JM, Berth-Jones J, Ross JS, et al. Double-blind, controlled, crossover study of cyclosporin in adults with severe refractory atopic dermatitis. Lancet. 1991;338:137-140. (Ib)
113. Salek MS, Finlay AY, Luscombe DK, et al. Cyclosporin greatly improves the quality of life of adults with severe atopic dermatitis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Dermatol. 1993;129:422-430. (Ib)
114. van Joost T, Heule F, Korstanje M, van den Broek MJ, Stenvald HJ, van Vloten WA. Cyclosporin in atopic dermatitis: a multicentre placebo-controlled study. Br J Dermatol. 1994;130:634-640. (Ib)
115. Harper JI, Berth-Jones J, Camp RD, et al. Cyclosporin for atopic dermatitis in children. Dermatology. 2001;203:3-6. (IV)
116. Boguniewicz M, Jaffe HS, Izu A, et al. Recombinant γ interferon in treatment of patients with atopic dermatitis and elevated IgE levels. Am J Med. 1990;88:365-370. (IIb)
117. Ellis CN, Stevens SR, Blok BK, Taylor RS, Cooper KD. Interferon-γ therapy reduces blood leukocyte levels in patients with atopic dermatitis: correlation with clinical improvement. J Clin Immunol. 1999;92:49-55. (IIa)
118. Schneider LC, Baz Z, Zarcone C, Zurakowski D. Long-term therapy with recombinant interferon-γ (rIFN-γ) for atopic dermatitis. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 1998;80:263-268. (III)
119. Grundmann-Kollmann M, Podda M, Ochsendorf F, et al. Mycophenolate mofetil is effective in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. Arch Dermatol. 2001;137:870-873. (III)
120. Meggitt SJ, Reynolds NJ. Azathioprine for atopic dermatitis. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2001;26:369-375. (III)
121. Koo J, Arain S. Traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of dermatologic disorders. Arch Dermatol. 1998;134:1388-1393. (II)
122. Harper J. Traditional Chinese medicine for eczema. BMJ. 1994;308:489-490. (IV)
123. Koro O, Furutani K, Hide M, Yamada S, Yamamoto S. Chemical mediators in atopic dermatitis: involvement of leukotriene B4 released by a type I allergic reaction in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1999;103:663-670. (II)
124. 4 excretion in patients with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol. 2001;144:19-23. (II)
125. Capella GL, Grigerio E, Altomare G. A randomized trial of leukotriene receptor antagonist montelukast in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis of adults. Eur J Dermatol. 2001;11:209-213. (Ib)
126. Yanase DJ, David-Bajar K. The leukotriene antagonist montelukast as a therapeutic agent for atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:89-93. (Ib)
127. Arkwright PD, David TJ. Intradermal administration of a killed Mycobacterium vaccae suspension (SRL 172) is associated with improvement in atopic dermatitis in children with moderate-to-severe disease. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;107:531-534. (Ib)