Development of brain mechanisms for processing orthographic and phonologic representations

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience

Volumn 16, Issue 7, 2004, Pages 1234-1249

  Booth, James R ^a,b,c   Burman, Douglas D ^a   Meyer, Joel R ^b   Gitelman, Darren R ^c   Parrish, Todd B ^c   Mesulam, M Marsel ^c  

^a NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b EVANSTON NORTHWESTERN HEALTHCARE   (United States)

^c NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN MAPPING; BRAIN REGION; COGNITION; CONTROLLED STUDY; DECISION MAKING; FEMALE; HEARING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; MENTAL TASK; NORMAL HUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHONETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SCHOOL CHILD; TASK PERFORMANCE; VISION;

ACOUSTIC STIMULATION; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; BRAIN MAPPING; CHILD; FEMALE; HUMANS; JUDGMENT; LANGUAGE; MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; MALE; PARIETAL LOBE; PHONETICS; PHOTIC STIMULATION; REFERENCE VALUES; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 4644267955     PISSN: 0898929X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1162/0898929041920496     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Baayen, R. H., Piepenbrock, R., & Gulikers, L. (1995). The CELEX Lexical Database (Version Release 2) [CD-ROM]. Philadelphia: Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania.
2. Binder, J. R., Rao, S. M., Hammeke, T. A., Yetkin, F. Z., Jesmanowicz, A., Bandertini, P. A., Wong, E. C., Estkowski, L. D., Goldstein, M. D., Haughton, V. M., & Hyde, J. S. (1994). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of human auditory cortex. Annals of Neurology, 35, 662-672.
3. Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. R., & Mesulam, M. M. (2002a). Functional anatomy of intra- and cross-modal lexical tasks. Neuroimage, 16, 7-22.
4. Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. R., & Mesulam, M. M. (2002b). Modality independence of word comprehension. Human Brain Mapping, 16, 251-261.
5. Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. R., & Mesulam, M. M. (2003). The relation between brain activation and lexical performance. Human Brain Mapping, 19, 155-169.
6. Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Meyer, J. R., Zhang, L., Choy, J., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. R., & Mesulam, M. M. (2003). Modality-specific and -independent developmental differences in the neural substrate for lexical processing. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 16, 383-405.
7. Booth, J. R., Burman, D. D., Van Santen, F. W., Harasaki, Y., Gitelman, D. R., Parrish, T. R., & Mesulam, M. M. (2001). The development of specialized brain systems in reading and oral-language. Child Neuropsychology, 7, 119-141.
8. Booth, J. R., Perfetti, C. A., & MacWhinney, B. (1999). Quick, automatic, and general activation of orthographic and phonological representations in young readers. Developmental Psychology, 35, 3-19.
9. Booth, J. R., Perfetti, C. A., MacWhinney, B., & Hunt, S. B. (2000). The association of rapid temporal perception with orthographic and phonological processing in reading impaired children and adults. Scientific Studies of Reading, 4, 101-132.
10. Bowey, J. A. (1990). Orthographic onsets and times as functional units of reading. Memory and Cognition, 18, 419-427.
11. Briggs, P., Austin, S., & Underwood, G. (1984). Effects of sentence context in good and poor readers: A test of Stanovich's interactive compensatory model. Reading Research Quarterly (Fall), 54-60.
12. Burgund, E. D., Kang, H. C., Kelly, J. E., Buckner, R. L., Snyder, A. Z., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2002). The feasibility of a common stereotactic space for children and adults in fMRI studies of development. Neuroimage, 17, 184-200.
13. Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., & Young, A. W. (2001). Neuropsychology of fear and loathing. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2, 352-363.
14. Coltheart, M., Curtis, B., Atkins, P., & Haller, M. (1993). Models of reading aloud: Dual route and parallel distributed processing approaches. Psychological Review, 100, 589-608.
15. Coltheart, M., Rastle, K., Perry, C., Langdon, R., & Ziegler, J. (2001). DRC: A dual route cascaded model of visual word recognition and reading aloud. Psychological Review, 108, 204-256.
16. Crosson, B., Rao, S. M., Woodley, S. J., Rosen, A. C., Bobholz, J. A., Mayer, A., Cunningham, J. M., Hammeke, T. A., Fuller, S. A., Binder, J. R., Cox, R. W., & Stein, E. A. (1999). Mapping of semantic, phonological, and orthographic verbal working memory in normal adults with functional magnetic resonance imaging. Neuropsychology, 13, 171-187.
17. Devlin, J. T., Matthews, P. M., & Rushworth, M. F. (2003). Semantic processing in the left inferior prefrontal cortex: A combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 71-84.
18. Devlin, J. T., Russell, R. P., Davis, M. H., Price, C. J., Moss, H. E., Fadili, M. J., & Tyler, L. K. (2002). Is there an anatomical basis for category-specificity? Semantic memory studies in PET and fMRI. Neuropsychologia, 40, 54-75.
19. Dijkstra, T., Roelofs, A., & Fieuws, S. (1995). Orthographic effects on phoneme monitoring. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 49, 264-271.
20. Donnenwerth-Nolan, S., Tanenhaus, M. K., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1981). Multiple code activation in word recognition: Evidence from rhyme monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 7, 170-180.
21. Duncan, J., Seitz, R. J., Kolodny, J., Bor, D., Herzog, H., Ahmed, A., Newell, F. N., & Emslie, H. (2000). A neural basis for general intelligence. Science, 289, 457-460.
22. Ehri, L. C. (1995). Phases of development in learning to read words by sight. Journal of Research in Reading, 18, 116-125.
23. Ehri, L. C., & Wilce, L. S. (1980). The influence of orthography on readers' conceptualization of the phonemic structure of words. Applied Psycholinguistics, 1, 371-385.
24. Fiebach, C., Friederici, A. D., Mueller, K., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2002). fMRI evidence for dual routes to the mental lexicon in visual word recognition. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 11-23.
25. Fiez, J. A., Balota, D. A., Raichle, M. E., & Petersen, S. E. (1999). Effects of lexicality, frequency, and spelling-to-sound consistency on the functional anatomy of reading. Neuron, 24, 205-218.
26. Flowers, D. L., Wood, F. B., & Naylor, E. (1991). Regional cerebral blood flow correlates of language processes in reading disability. Archives of Neurology, 48, 637-643.
27. Friederici, A. D., Opitz, B., & von Cramon, D. Y. (2000). Segregating semantic and syntactic aspects of processing in the human brain: An fMRI investigation of different word types. Cerebral Cortex, 10, 698-705.
28. Friston, K. J., Ashburner, J., Frith, C. D., Poline, J. B., Heather, J. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1995). Spatial registration and normalization of images. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 1-25.
29. Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Poline, J. B., Grasby, P. J., Williams, S. C. R., Frackowiak, R. S. J., & Turner, R. (1995). Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach. Human Brain Mapping, 2, 189-210.
30. Friston, K. J., Jezzard, P., & Turner, R. (1994). Analysis of functional MRI times-series. Human Brain Mapping, 1, 153-171.
31. Frith, U. (1985). Beneath the surface of developmental dyslexia. In J. C. M. K. E. Patterson & M. Coltheart (Eds.), Surface dyslexia: Neuropsychological and cognitive studies of phonological recoding (pp. 301-330). London: Erlbaum.
32. Fujimaki, N., Miyauchi, S., Puetz, B., Sasaki, Y., Takino, R., Sakai, K., & Tamada, T. (1999). Functional magnetic resonance imaging of neural activity related to orthographic, phonological, and lexico-semantic judgments of visually presented characters and words. Human Brain Mapping, 8, 44-59.
33. Gaillard, W. D., Sachs, B. C., Whitnah, J. R., Ahmad, Z., Balsamo, L. M., Petrella, J. R., Braniecki, S. H., McKinney, C. M., Humter, K., Xu, B., & Grandin, C. B. (2003). Developmental aspects of language processing: fMRI of verbal fluency in children and adults. Human Brain Mapping, 18, 176-185.
34. Giraud, A. L., & Price, C. (2001). The constraints functional neuroimaging places on classical models of auditory word processing. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13, 754-765.
35. Gough, P. B., & Hillinger, M. L. (1980). Learning to read: An unnatural act. Bulletin of the Orton Society, 30, 179-196.
36. Hagoort, P., Indefrey, P., Brown, C., Herzog, H., Steinmetz, H., & Seitz, R. J. (1999). The neural circuitry involved in the reading of German words and pseudowords: A PET study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 11, 383-398.
37. Harm, M. W., & Seidenberg, M. S. (1999). Phonology, reading, and dyslexia: Insights from connectionist models. Psychological Review, 106, 491-528.
38. Herbster, A. N., Mintun, M. A., Nebes, R. D., & Becker, J. T. (1997). Regional cerebral blood flow during word and nonword reading. Human Brain Mapping, 5, 84-92.
39. Holland, S. K., Plante, E., Byars, A. W., Strawsburg, R. H., Schmithorst, V. J., & Ball, W. S. (2001). Normal fMRI brain activation patterns in children performing a verb generation task. Neuroimage, 14, 837-843.
40. Howard, D., Patterson, K., Wise, R., Brown, W. D., Friston, K., Weiller, C., & Frackowiak, R. (1992). The cortical localization of the lexicons: Positron emission tomography evidence. Brain, 115, 1769-1782.
41. Jakimik, J., Cole, R. A., & Rudnicky, A. I. (1985). Sound and spelling in spoken word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 24, 165-178.
42. Johnston, R. S., & McDermott, E. A. (1986). Suppression effects in rhyme judgement tasks. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology A, 38.
43. Kang, H. C., Burgund, E. D., Lugar, H. M., Petersen, S. E., & Schlaggar, B. L. (2003). Comparison of functional activation foci in children and adults using a common stereotaxic space. Neuroimage, 19, 16-28.
44. Kramer, A. F., & Donchin, E. (1987). Brain potentials as indices of orthographic and phonological interaction during word matching. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 13, 76-86.
45. Landerl, Frith, U., & Wimmer, H. (1996). Intrusion of orthographic knowledge on phoneme awareness: Strong in normal readers, weak in dyslexic readers. Applied Psycholinguistics, 17, 1-14.
46. Levinthal, C. F., & Hornung, M. (1992). Orthographic and phonological coding during visual word matching as related to reading and spelling abilities in college students. Reading and Writing, 4, 1-20.
47. Marsh, G., Friedman, M. P., Welch, V., & Desberg, P. (1981). A cognitive-developmental theory of reading acquisition. In T. G. Waller & G. E. MacKinnon (Eds.), Reading research: Advances in theory and practice (pp. 199-221). New York: Academic Press.
48. McPherson, B. W., Ackerman, P. T., & Dykman, R. A. (1997). Auditory and visual rhyme judgements reveal differences and similarities between normal and disabled adolescent readers. Dyslexia, 3, 63-77.
49. Mechelli, A. (2000). The effects of presentation rate during word and pseudoword reading: A comparison of PET and fMRI. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 12, 145-156.
50. Mechelli, A., Gorno-Tempini, M. L., & Price, C. J. (2003). Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15, 260-271.
51. Muzik, O., Chugani, D. C., Juhasz, C., Shen, C., & Chugani, H. T. (2000). Statistical parametric mapping: Assessment of application in children. Neuroimage, 12, 538-549.
52. Nobre, A. C., Allison, T., & McCarthy, G. (1994). Word recognition in the human inferior termporal lobe. Nature, 372, 260-263.
53. Nunes, T., Bryant, P., & Bindman, M. (1997). Morphological spelling strategies: Developmental stages and processes. Developmental Psychology, 33, 637-649.
54. Perin, D. (1983). Phonemic segmentation and spelling. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 129-144.
55. Petersen, S. E., Fox, P. T., Snyder, A. Z., & Raichle, M. E. (1990). Activation of extrastriate and frontal cortical areas by visual words and word-like stimuli. Science, 249, 1041-1044.
56. Phillips, J. A., Noppeney, U., Humphreys, G. W., & Price, C. J. (2002). Can segregation within the semantic system account for category-specific deficits? Brain, 125, 2067-2080.
57. Plaut, D. C., & Booth, J. R. (2000). Individual and developmental differences in semantic priming: Empirical findings and computational support for a single-mechanism account of lexical processing. Psychological Review, 107, 786-823.
58. Plaut, D. C., McClelland, J. L., Seidenberg, M. S., & Patterson, K. (1996). Understanding normal and impaired word reading: Computational principles in quasi regular domains. Psychological Review, 103, 56-115.
59. Polich, J., McCarthy, G., Wang, W. S., & Donchin, E. (1983). When words collide: orthographic and phonological interference during word processing. Biological Psychology, 16, 155-180.
60. Price, C. J., Moore, C. J., Humphreys, G. W., & Wise, R. J. S. (1997). Segregating semantic from phonological processes during reading. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 9, 727-733.
61. Pugh, K. R., Shaywitz, B. A., Shaywitz, S. E., Constable, R. T., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Bronen, R. A., Shankweiler, D. P., Katz, L., Fletcher, J. M., & Gore, J. C. (1996). Cerebral organization of component processes in reading. Brain, 119, 1221-1238.
62. Rack, J. P. (1985). Orthographic and phonetic coding in developmental dyslexia. British Journal of Psychology, 76, 325-340.
63. Rosenberg, D. R., Sweeney, J. A., Gillen, J. S., Chang, S. Y., Varanelli, M. J., O'Hearn, K., Erb, P. A., Davis, D., & Thulborn, K. R. (1997). Magnetic Resonance imaging of children without sedation: Preparation with simulation. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 853-859.
64. Rossell, S. L., Price, C. J., & Nobre, A. C. (2003). The anatomy and time course of semantic priming investigated by fMRI and ERPs. Neuropsychologia, 41, 550-564.
65. Rugg, M. D., & Barrett, S. E. (1987). Event-related potentials and the interaction between orthographic and phonological information in a rhyme-judgment task. Brain and Language, 32, 336-361.
66. Schlaggar, B. L., Brown, T. T., Lugar, H. M., Visscher, K. M., Miezin, F. M., & Petersen, S. E. (2002). Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words. Science, 296, 1476-1479.
67. Schwantes, F. M. (1981). Locus of the context effect in children's word recognition. Child Development, 52, 895-903.
68. Schwantes, F. M. (1985). Expectancy, integration, and interactional processes: Age differences in the nature of words affected by sentence context. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 39, 212-229.
69. Seidenberg, M. S., & McClelland, J. L. (1989). A distributed developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review, 96, 523-568.
70. Seidenberg, M. S., & Tanenhaus, M. K. (1979). Orthographic effects on rhyme monitoring. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory, 5, 546-554.
71. Shaywitz, B., Shaywitz, S., Pugh, K., Mencl, E., Fulbright, R., Skudlarski, P., Constable, T., Marchione, K., Fletcher, J., Lyon, R., & Gore, J. (2002). Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia. Biological Psychiatry, 101-110.
72. Simos, P. G., Breier, J. I., Fletcher, J. M., Foorman, B. R., Castillo, E. M., & Papanicolaou, A. C. (2002). Brain mechanisms for reading words and pseudowords: An integrated approach. Cerebral Cortex, 12, 297-305.
73. Simpson, G. B., & Lorsbach, T. C. (1983). The development of automatic and conscious components of contextual facilitation. Child Development, 54, 760-772.
74. Simpson, G. B., Lorsbach, T. C., & Whitehouse, D. (1983). Encoding and contextual components of word recognition in good and poor readers. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 35, 161-171.
75. Stanovich, K. E., West, R. F., & Freeman, D. J. (1981). A longitudinal study of sentence context effects in second grade children: Tests of the interactive-compensatory model. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 32, 185-199.
76. Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988). Co-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain. New York: Thieme.
77. The Educator's Word Frequency Guide. (1996). Brewster, NY: Touchstone Applied Science Associates.
78. Tunmer, W. E., & Nesdale, A. R. (1982). The effects of digraphs and pseudowords on phonemic segmentation in young children. Applied Psycholinguistics, 3, 299-311.
79. Turkeltaub, P. E., Garaeu, L., Flowers, D. L., Zefirro, T. A., & Eden, G. (2003). Development of the neural mechanisms for reading. Nature Neuroscience, 6, 767-773.
80. VanOrden, G. C., & Goldinger, S. D. (1994). The interdependence of form and function in cognitive systems explains perception of printed words. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 20, 1269-1291.
81. VanOrden, G. C., Pennington, B. F., & Stone, G. O. (1990). Word identification in reading and the promise of subsymbolic psycholinguistics. Psychological Review, 97, 488-522.
82. West, R. F., & Stanovich, K. E. (1978). Automatic contextual facilitation in readers of three ages. Child Development, 49, 717-727.
83. West, R. F., Stanovich, K. E., Freeman, D. J., & Cunningham, A. E. (1983). The effect of sentence context on word-recognition in second- and sixth-grade children. Reading Research Quarterly, 19, 6-15.
84. Wilke, M., Schmithorst, V. J., & Holland, S. K. (2002). Assessment of spatial normalization of whole-brain magnetic resonance images in children. Human Brain Mapping, 17, 48-60.
85. Xu, B., Grafman, J., Gaillard, W. D., Ishii, K., Vega-Bermudez, F., Pietrini, P., Reeves-Tyer, P., DiCamillo, P., & Theodore, W. (2001). Conjoint and extended neural networks for the computation of speech codes: The neural basis of selective impairment in reading words and pseudowords. Cerebral Cortex, 11, 267-277.
86. Zecker, S. (1991). The orthographic code: Developmental trends in reading-disabled and normally-achieving children. Annals of Dyslexia, 41, 179-192.
87. Ziegler, J. C., & Ferrand, L. (1998). Orthography shapes the perception of speech: The consistency effect in auditory word recognition. Psychonomic Bulletin and Review, 5, 683-689.