An evidence-based review of the use of nutraceuticals and dietary supplementation for the management of obese and overweight pets

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

Volumn 232, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1645-1655

  Roudebush, Philip ^a   Schoenherr, William D ^a   Delaney, Sean J ^b,c  

^a Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc   (United States)

^b Davis Veterinary Medical Consulting PC   (United States)

^c Natura Pet Products Inc   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIOBESITY AGENT;

ANIMAL; ANIMAL DISEASE; ANIMAL FOOD; CAT; CAT DISEASE; DIET SUPPLEMENTATION; DOG; DOG DISEASE; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; MALE; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR;

ANIMAL NUTRITION PHYSIOLOGY; ANIMALS; ANTI-OBESITY AGENTS; CAT DISEASES; CATS; DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS; DOG DISEASES; DOGS; EVIDENCE-BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; MALE; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 45949104688     PISSN: 00031488     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2460/javma.232.11.1646     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Federal Trade Commission. Body mass index chart. Available at: www.consumer.gov/weightloss/bmi.htm. Accessed May 7, 2006.
2. Mawby DI, Bartges JW, D'Avignon A, et al. Comparison of various methods for estimating body fat in dogs. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2004;40:109-114.
3. Laflamme DP. Development and validation of a body condition score system for cats: a clinical tool. Feline Pract 1997;25(5-6):13-18.
4. Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult cats from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2005;3:88-96.
5. Lund EM, Armstrong PJ, Kirk CA, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for obesity in adult dogs from private US veterinary practices. Int J Appl Res Vet Med 2006;4:177-186.
6. Laflamme DP, Kuhlman G. The effect of weight loss regimen on subsequent weight maintenance in dogs. Nutr Res 1995;15:1019-1028.
7. Geyman JP. Evidence-based medicine in primary care: an overview. In: Geyman JP, Deyo RA, Ramsey SD, eds. Evidence-based clinical practice: concepts and approaches. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000;1-11.
8. Cockcroft PD, Holmes MA. Handbook of evidence-based veterinary medicine. Oxford, England: Blackwell Publishing, 2003.
9. Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al. Introduction. In: Sackett DL, Straus SE, Richardson WS, et al, eds. Evidence-based medicine: how to practice and teach EBM. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Churchill-Livingstone, 2000;1-12.
10. Sackett DL, Rosenberg WA, Gray JA, et al. Evidence-based medicine - what it is and what it isn't. BMJ 1996;312:71-72.
11. Roudebush P, Allen TA, Dodd CE, et al. Application of evidence-based medicine to veterinary clinical nutrition. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;224:1765-1771.
12. Ivy JL, Cortez MY, Chandler RM, et al. Effects of pyruvate on the metabolism and insulin resistance of obese Zucker rats. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59:331-337.
13. Allison DB, Fontaine KR, Heshka S, et al. Alternative treatments for weight loss: a critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2001;414:1-28.
14. Kalman D, Colker CM, Stark R, et al. Effects of pyruvate supplementation on body composition and mood. Curr Ther Res 1998;59:793-802.
15. Kalman D, Colker DM, Wilets I, et al. The effects of pyruvate supplementation on body composition in overweight individuals. Nutrition 1999;15:337-340.
16. Pittler MH, Ernst E. Dietary supplements for body-weight reduction: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:529-536.
17. Nübel T, Ricquier D. Respiration under control of uncoupling proteins: clinical perspective. Horm Res 2006;65:300-310.
18. Gambert S, Ricquier D. Mitochondrial thermogenesis and obesity. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2007;10:664-670.
19. Koike D, Yamadera K, DiMagno EP. Effect of a wheat amylase inhibitor on canine carbohydrate digestion, gastrointestinal function and pancreatic growth. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1221-1229.
20. Layer P, Carlson GL, DiMagno EP. Partially purified white bean amylase inhibitor reduces starch digestion in vitro and inactivates intraduodenal amylase in humans. Gastroenterology 1985;88:1895-1902.
21. Carlson GL, Li BU, Bass P, et al. A bean alpha-amylase inhibitor formulation (starch blocker) is ineffective in man. Science 1983;219:393-395.
22. Hollenbeck CB, Coulston AM, Quan R, et al. Effects of a commercial starch blocker preparation on carbohydrate digestion and absorption: in vivo and in vitro studies. Am J Clin Nutr 1983;38:498-503.
23. Bo-Linn GW, Santa Ana CA, Morawski SG, et al. Starch blockers - their effect on calorie absorption from a high-starch meal. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1413-1416.
24. Udani J, Hardy M, Madsen DC. Blocking carbohydrate absorption and weight loss: a clinical trial using Phase 2 brand proprietary fractionated white bean extract. Altern Med Rev 2004;9:63-69.
25. Tagliaferro AR, Davis JR, Truchon S, et al. Effects of dehydroepiandrosterone acetate on metabolism, body weight and composition of male and female rats. J Nutr 1986;116:1977-1983.
26. Lardy H, Kneer N, Bellei M, et al. Induction of thermogenic enzymes by DHEA and its metabolites. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1995;774:171-179.
27. Lardy H, Partridge B, Kneer N, et al. Ergosteroids: induction of thermogenic enzymes in liver of rats treated with steroids derived from dehydroepiandrosterone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995;92:6617-6619.
28. Lardy H, Kneer N, Wei Y, et al. Ergosteroids. II: biologically active metabolites and synthetic derivatives of dehydroepiandrosterone. Steroids 1998;63:158-165.
29. Bobyleva V, Kneer N, Bellei M, et al. Concerning the mechanism of increased thermogenesis in rats treated with dehydroepiandrosterone. J Bioenerg Biomembr 1993;25:313-321.
30. Kurzman ID, MacEwen EG, Haffa AL. Reduction in body weight and cholesterol in spontaneously obese dogs by dehydroepiandrosterone. Int J Obes 1990;14:95-104.
31. MacEwen EG, Kuzman ID. Obesity in the dog: role of the adrenal steroid dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). J Nutr 1991;121(suppl 11):S51-S55.
32. Kurzman ID, Panciera DL, Miller JB, et al. The effect of dehydroepiandrosterone combined with a low-fat diet in spontaneously obese dogs: a clinical trial. Obes Res 1998;6:20-28.
33. Partridge BE, Lardy HA. Treatment process for promoting weight loss employing a substituted delta-5-androstene. US patent No. 5,296,481. Published Mar 22, 1994. Available at: www.uspto.gov. Accessed Apr 14, 2008.
34. Davidson M, Marwah A, Sawchuk RJ, et al. Safety and pharmacokinetic study with escalating doses of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy male volunteers. Clin Invest Med 2000;23:300-310.
35. Kalman DS, Colker CM, Swain MA, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 3-acetyl-7-oxo-dehydroepiandrosterone in healthy overweight adults. Curr Ther Res 2000;61:435-442.
36. Carrol MC, Côté E. Carnintine: a review. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2001;23:45-51.
37. Gross KL. L-carnitine - basic structure and function. In: Obesity: weight management in cats and dogs. Topeka, Kan: Hill's Pet Nutrition Inc, 1999;13-22.
38. Center SA. Carnitine in weight loss. In: Current perspectives in weight management. Dayton, Ohio: The Iams Co, 2001;36-44.
39. Sunvold GD. A new nutritional paradigm for weight management. In: Current perspectives in weight management. Dayton, Ohio: The Iams Co, 2001;29-35.
40. Sunvold GD, Tetrick MA, Davenport GM. Process for promoting weight loss in overweight dogs. US patent No. 6,204,291. Issued Mar 20, 2001. Available at: www.uspto.gov. Accessed Apr 14, 2008.
41. Center SA, Harte J, Watrous D, et al. The clinical and metabolic effects of rapid weight loss in obese pet cats and the influence of supplemental oral L-carnitine. J Vet Intern Med 2000;14:598-608.
42. Center SA. Obesity: how to make weight loss happen. In: Current perspectives in weight management. Dayton, Ohio: The Iams Co, 2001;21-28.
43. Ibrahim WH, Bailey N, Sunvold GD, et al. Effects of carnitine and taurine on fatty acid metabolism and lipid accumulation in the liver of cats during weight gain and weight loss. Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1265-1277.
44. Blanchard G, Paragon BM, Milliat F, et al. Dietary L-carnitine supplementation in obese cats alters carnitine metabolism and decreases ketosis during fasting and induced hepatic lipidosis. J Nutr 2002;132:204-210.
45. McIntosh MK. Nutrients and compounds affecting body composition and metabolism. Compend Contin Educ Pract Vet 2001;23(suppl):18-28.
46. Wang Y, Jones PJ. Dietary conjugated linoleic acid and body composition. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79(suppl 6):1153S-1158S.
47. Terpstra AH. Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition and plasma lipids in humans: an overview of the literature. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;79:352-361.
48. Gaullier JM, Halse J, Hoye K, et al. Supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid for 24 months is well tolerated by and reduces body fat mass in healthy, overweight humans. J Nutr 2005;135:778-784.
49. Jewell DE, Toll PW, Azain MJ, et al. Fiber but not conjugated linoleic acid influences adiposity in dogs. Vet Ther 2006;7:78-85.
50. Bhathena SJ, Vevlasquez MT. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1191-1201.
51. Flynn MF, Hardie EM, Armstrong PJ. Effect of ovariohysterectomy on maintenance energy requirement in cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 1996;209:1572-1581.
52. Fettman MJ, Stanton CA, Banks LL, et al. Effects of neutering on bodyweight, metabolic rate and glucose tolerance of domestic cats. Res Vet Sci 1997;62:131-136.
53. Cave NJ, Backus RC, Marks SL, et al. Oestradiol and genistein reduce food intake in male and female overweight cats after gonadectomy. N Z Vet J 2007;55:113-119.
54. Cave NJ, Backus RC, Marks SL, et al. Oestradiol, but not genistein, inhibits the rise in food intake following gonadectomy in cats, but genistein is associated with an increase in lean body mass. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2007;91:400-410.
55. Court MH, Freeman LH. Identification and concentration of soy isoflavones in commercial cat foods. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:181-185.
56. Pan Y. Compositions and methods for reducing or preventing obesity. US patent application No. 20050222050. Published Oct 6, 2005. Available at: www.uspto.gov. Accessed Apr 14, 2008.
57. Tada N. Physiological actions of diacylglycerol outcome. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2004;7:145-149.
58. Nagao T, Watanabe H, Goto N, et al. Dietary diacylglycerol suppresses accumulation of body fat compared to triacylglycerol in men in a double-blind controlled trial. J Nutr 2000;130:792-797.
59. Maki KC, Davidson MH, Tsushima R, et al. Consumption of diacylglycerol oil as part of a reduced-energy diet enhances loss of body weight and fat in comparison with consumption of a triacylglycerol control oil. Am J Clin Nutr 2002;76:1230-1236.
60. Bauer JE, Nagaoka D, Porterpan B, et al. Postprandial lipolytic activities, lipids, and carbohydrate metabolism are altered in dogs fed diacylglycerol meals containing high- and low-glycemic-index starches. J Nutr 2006;136(suppl 7):1955S-1957S.
61. Umeda T, Bauer JE, Otsuji K. Weight loss effect of dietary diacylglycerol in obese dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2006; 90:208-215.
62. Bierer TL, Chow C. Weight management system for obese animals. US patent application No. 20030138548. Published Jul 24, 2003. Available at: www.uspto.gov. Accessed Apr 14, 2008.
63. Anderson RA. Effects of chromium on body composition and weight loss. Nutr Rev 1998;56:266-270.
64. Lenz TL, Hamilton WR. Supplemental products used for weight loss. J Am Pharm Assoc 2004;44:59-68.
65. Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD, et al. Dietary chromium tripicolinate supplementation reduces glucose concentrations and improves glucose tolerance in normal-weight cats. J Feline Med Surg 2002;4:13-25.
66. Cohn LA, Dodam JR, McCaw DL, et al. Effects of chromium supplementation on glucose tolerance in obese and nonobese cats. Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1360-1363.
67. Sunvold GD. The role of novel nutrients in managing obesity. In: Reinhart GA, Carey DP, eds. Recent advances in canine and feline nutrition. Vol III. Wilmington, Ohio: Orange Frazer Press, 2000;123-133.
68. Spears JW, Brown TT, Sunvold GD, et al. Influence of chromium on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. In: Reinhart GA, Carey DP, eds. Recent advances in canine and feline nutrition. Vol II. Wilmington, Ohio: Orange Frazer Press, 1998;103-113.
69. Zhang F, Chen Y, Heiman M, et al. Leptin: structure, function and biology. Vitam Horm 2002;71:345-372.
70. Scarpace PJ, Kumar MV, Bouchard GF, et al. Dietary vitamin A supplementation: role in obesity and leptin regulation in the dog and cat. In: Reinhart GA, Carey DP, eds. Recent advances in canine and feline nutrition. Vol III. Wilmington, Ohio: Orange Frazer Press, 2000;103-111.
71. Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, et al. Serum immunoreactive leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans. N Engl J Med 1996;334:292-295.
72. Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD. Plasma leptin concentrations in cats: reference range, effect of weight gain and relationship with adiposity as measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. J Feline Med Surg 2000;2:191-199.
73. Backus RC, Havel PJ, Gingerich RL, et al. Relationship between serum leptin immunoreactivity and body fat mass as estimated by use of a novel gas-phase Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy deuterium dilution method in cats. Am J Vet Res 2000;61:796-801.
74. Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and obRNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1995;1:1155-1161.
75. Sagawa MM, Nakadomo F, Honjoh T, et al. Correlation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat content in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2002;63:7-10.
76. Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD. Plasma leptin concentrations are independently associated with insulin sensitivity in lean and overweight cats. J Feline Med Surg 2002;4:83-93.
77. Appleton DJ, Rand JS, Sunvold GD. Feline obesity: pathogenesis and implications for the risk of diabetes. In: Reinhart GA, Carey DP, eds. Recent advances in canine and feline nutrition. Vol III. Wilmington, Ohio: Orange Frazer Press, 2000;81-90.
78. Sunvold GD, Hayek MG. Process for decreasing adiposity using vitamin A as a dietary supplement. US patent application No. 20050261378. Published Nov 24, 2005. Available at: www.uspto.gov. Accessed Apr 14, 2008.
79. Kumar MV, Scarpace PJ. Differential effects of retinoic acid on uncoupling protein-1 and leptin gene expression. J Endocrinol 1998;157:237-243.
80. Kumar MV, Sunvold GD, Scarpace PJ. Dietary vitamin A supplementation in rats: suppression of leptin and induction of UCP1 mRNA. J Lipid Res 1999;40:824-829.