Language performance in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment: A comparative review

Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology

Volumn 30, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 501-556

  Taler, Vanessa ^b   Phillips, Natalie A ^a  

^a Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science   (Canada)

^b NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALZHEIMER DISEASE; COGNITION; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DEMENTIA; DIAGNOSTIC VALUE; LANGUAGE; LANGUAGE DISABILITY; LINGUISTICS; MEMORY DISORDER; POPULATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; SEMANTICS; TASK PERFORMANCE; VERBAL BEHAVIOR; WRITING;

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ANOMIA; APHASIA, PRIMARY PROGRESSIVE; CEREBRAL CORTEX; COGNITION DISORDERS; DEMENTIA; DEMENTIA, VASCULAR; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; DOMINANCE, CEREBRAL; HIPPOCAMPUS; HUMANS; LANGUAGE DISORDERS; LANGUAGE TESTS; MENTAL RECALL; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS; PSYCHOMETRICS; REFERENCE VALUES; REPRODUCIBILITY OF RESULTS; VERBAL LEARNING;

EID: 45849149233     PISSN: 13803395     EISSN: 1744411X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13803390701550128     Document Type: Review

References (290)

1. Adlam, A. L. R., Bozeat, S., Arnold, R., Watson, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Semantic knowledge in mild cognitive impairment and mild Alzheimer's disease. Cortex, 42, 675-684.
2. Aggarwal, N. T., Wilson, R. S., Beck, T. L., Bienias, J. L., & Bennett, D. A. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment in different functional domains and incident Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 1479-1484.
3. Albert, M., Blacker, D., Moss, M. B., Tanzi, R., McArdle, J. J. (2007). Longitudinal change in cognitive performance among individuals with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 21, 158-169.
4. Albert, M. S., Moss, M. B., Tanzi, R., & Jones, K. (2001). Preclinical prediction of AD using neuropsychological tests. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7, 631-639.
5. Alexopoulos, P., Grimmer, T., Perneczky, R., Domes, G., & Kurz, A. (2006). Progression to dementia in clinical subtypes of mild cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, 27-34.
6. Almkvist, O. (1994). Neuropsychological deficits in vascular dementia in relation to Alzheimer's disease: Reviewing evidence for functional similarity or divergence. Dementia, 5, 203-209.
7. Alzheimer, A. (1907). Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde [On an unusual illness of the cerebral cortex]. Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie und Psychisch-Gerichtliche Medizin, 64, 146-148.
8. American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
9. American Psychiatric Association. (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Rev. 3rd ed.) Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
10. American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
11. Amieva, H., Jacqmin-Gadda, H., Orgogozo, J. M., Le Carret, N., Helmer, C., Letenneur, L., et al. (2005). The 9 year cognitive decline before dementia of the Alzheimer type: A prospective population-based study. Brain, 128, 1093-1101.
12. Artero, S., Petersen, R. C., Touchon, J., & Ritchie, K. (2006). Revised criteria for mild cognitive impairment: Validation within a longitudinal population study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, 465-470.
13. Artero, S., Tierney, M. C., Touchon, J., & Ritchie, K. (2003). Prediction of transition from cognitive impairment to senile dementia: A prospective longitudinal study. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 107, 390-393.
14. Auriacombe, S., Lechevalier, N., Amieva, H., Harston, S., Raoux, N., & Dartigues, J.-F. (2006). A longitudinal study of qualitative features of category verbal fluency in incident Alzheimer's disease subjects: Results from the PAQUID study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 260-266.
15. Bäckman, L., Laukka, E. J., Wahlin, A., Small, B. J., & Fratiglioni, L. (2002). Influences of preclinical dementia and impending death on the magnitude of age-related cognitive deficits. Psychology and Aging, 17, 435-442.
16. Bäckman, L., Small, B. J., & Fratiglioni, L. (2001). Stability of the preclinical episodic memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 124, 96-102.
17. Bartres-Faz, D., Junque, C., Lopez-Alomar, A., Valveny, N., Moral, P., Casamayor, R., et al. (2001). Neuropsychological and genetic differences between age-associated memory impairment and mild cognitive impairment entities. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 49, 985-990.
18. Bayles, K. (1982). Language function in senile dementia. Brain and Language, 16, 265-280.
19. Bayles, K. A., & Kaszniak, A. W. (1987). Communication and cognition in normal aging and dementia. Boston, MA: College Hill/Little, Brown and Co.
20. Bayles, K. A., Tomoeda, C. K., & Trosset, M. W. (1992). Relation of linguistic communication abilities of Alzheimer's patients to stage of disease. Brain and Language, 42, 454-472.
21. Beinhoff, U., Hilbert, V., Bittner, D., Grön, G., & Riepe, M. W. (2005). Screening for cognitive impairment: A triage for outpatient care. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 20, 278-285.
22. Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. S., Schneider, J. A., Evans, D. A., Beckett, L. A., Aggarwal, N. T., et al. (2002). Natural history of mild cognitive impairment in older persons. Neurology, 59, 198-205.
23. Bentham, P. W., Jones, S., & Hodges, J. R. (1997). A comparison of semantic memory in vascular dementia and dementia of Alzheimer's type. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 575-580.
24. Beversdorf, D. Q., Ferguson, J. L. W., Hillier, A., Sharma, U. K., Nagaraja, H. N., Bornstein, R. A., & Scharre, D. W. (2007). Problem solving ability in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 20, 44-47.
25. Bishop, D. V. M. (1989). Test for the Reception of Grammar. London: Medical Research Council.
26. Blackwell, A. D., Sahakian, B. J., Vesey, R., Semple, J. M., Robbins, T. W., & Hodges, J. R. (2004). Detecting dementia: Novel neuropsychological markers of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 17, 42-48.
27. Blair, M., Marczinski, C. A., Davis-Faroque, N., & Kertesz, A. (2007). A longitudinal study of language decline in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 13, 237-245.
28. Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B. E., & Roth, M. (1968). The association between quantitative measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 797-811.
29. Bowles, N. L., Obler, L. K., & Albert, M. L. (1987). Naming errors in healthy aging and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Cortex, 23, 519-524.
30. Bozeat, S., Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., Garrard, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). Non-verbal semantic impairment in semantic dementia. Neuropsychologia, 38, 1207-1215.
31. Bozoki, A., Giordani, B., Heidebrink, J. L., Berent, S., & Foster, N. L. (2001). Mild cognitive impairments predict dementia in nondemented elderly patients with memory loss. Archives of Neurology, 58, 411-416.
32. Brazzelli, M., Capitani, E., Della Sala, S., Spinnler, H., & Zuffi, M. (1994). A neuropsychological instrument adding to the description of patients with suspected cortical dementia: The Milan overall dementia assessment. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 57, 1510-1517.
33. Bschor, T., Kuhl, K. P., & Reischies, F. M. (2001). Spontaneous speech of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and mild cognitive impairment. International Psychogeriatrics, 13, 289-298.
34. Busse, A., Bischkopf, J., Riedel-Heller, S. G., & Angermeyer, M. C. (2003). Mild cognitive impairment: Prevalence and predictive validity according to current approaches. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 108, 71-81.
35. Caccapolo-Van Vliet, E., Manly, J., Tang, M., Marder, K., Bell, K., & Stern, Y. (2003). The neuropsychological profiles of mild Alzheimer's disease and questionable dementia as compared to age-related cognitive decline. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 9, 720-732.
36. Caine, D., & Hodges, J. R. (2001). Heterogeneity of semantic and visuospatial deficits in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 15, 155-164.
37. Caramelli, P., Mansur, L. L., & Nitrini, R. (1998). Language and communication disorders in dementia of the Alzheimer type. In B. Stemmer & H. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Handbook of neurolinguistics (pp. 463-473). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
38. Carswell, L. M. (1999). Prediction of memory and language performance in normal elderly Canadians: Implications for the assessment of premorbid cognition in early Alzheimer's disease (Doctoral dissertation, University of Victoria, Canada, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International: B. The Sciences and Engineering, 60, 6B. (AATMQ37335)
39. Cerhan, J. H., Ivnik, R. J., Smith, G. E., Tangalos, E. C., Petersen, R. C., & Boeve, B. F. (2002). Diagnostic utility of letter fluency, category fluency, and fluency difference scores in Alzheimer's disease. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 16, 35-42.
40. Chapman, S. B., Zientz, J., Weiner, M., Rosenberg., R., Frawley, W., & Burns, M. H. (2002). Discourse changes in early Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and normal aging. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 16, 177-186.
41. Chen, P., Ratcliff, G., Belle, S. H., Cauley, J. H., DeKosky, S. T., & Ganguli, M. (2000). Cognitive tests that best discriminate between presymptomatic AD and those who remain undemented. Neurology, 55, 1847-1853.
42. Chen, P., Ratcliff, R., Belle, S. H., Cauley, J. A., DeKosky, S. T., & Ganguli, M. (2001). Patterns of cognitive decline in pre-symptomatic Alzheimer's disease: A prospective community study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58, 853-858.
43. Chertkow, H. (2002). Mild cognitive impairment. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 15, 401-407.
44. Chertkow, H., & Bub, D. (1990). Semantic memory loss in dementia of Alzheimer's type. What do various measures measure? Brain, 113, 397-417.
45. Chertkow, H., Verret, L., Bergman, H., Wolfson, C., & McKelvey, R. (2001). Predicting progression to dementia in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: A multidisciplinary approach. Paper presented at 53rd Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Neurology, Contemporary Clinical Issues Plenary Session. Philadelphia, PA, USA.
46. Chong, M. S., & Sahadevan, S. (2005). Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Diagnosis and prediction of progression. Lancet Neurology, 4, 576-579.
47. Collie, A., Maruff, P., & Currie, J. (2002). Behavioral characterization of mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 24, 721-733.
48. Convit, A., Asis, J. D., Leon, J. J. D., Tarshish, C. Y., De-Santi, S., & Rusinek, H. (2000). Atrophy of the medial occipitotemporal, inferior, and middle temporal gyri in non-demented elderly predict decline to Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 21, 19-26.
49. Cooper, D. B., Epker, M., Lacritz, L., Weine, M., Rosenberg, R. N., Honig, L., et al. (2001). Effects of practice on category fluency in Alzheimer's disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 15, 125-128.
50. Cooper, D. B., Lacritz, L. H., Weiner, M. F., Rosenberg, R. N., & Cullum, C. M. (2004). Category fluency in mild cognitive impairment: Reduced effect of practice in test-retest conditions. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 18, 120-122.
51. Cosentino, S., Chute, D., Libon, D., Moore, P., & Grossman, M. (2006). How does the brain support script comprehension? A study of executive processes and semantic knowledge in dementia. Neuropsychology, 20, 307-318.
52. Croisile, B. (1999). Agraphia in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 10, 226-230.
53. Croisile, B., Carmoi, T., Adeleine, P., & Trillet, M. (1995). Spelling in Alzheimer's disease. Behavioral Neurology, 8, 135-143.
54. Croisile, B., Ska, B., Brabant, M. J., Duchene, A., Lepage, Y., Aimard, G., et al. (1996). Comparative study of oral and written picture description in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Language, 53, 1-19.
55. Crook, T., Bartus, R. T., Ferris, S. H., Whitehouse, P., Cohen, G. D., & Gershon, S. (1986). Age-associated memory impairment: Proposed diagnostic criteria and measures of clinical change. Report of a National Institute of Mental Health Work Group. Developmental Neuropsychology, 2, 261-276.
56. Croot, K., Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (1999). Evidence for impaired sentence comprehension in early Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 5, 393-404.
57. Crosson, B. (1996). Assessment of subtle language deficits in neuropsychological batteries. In R. L. Sburdone (Ed.), Ecological validity of neuropsychological testing. Delray, FL: GR Press/Ste Lucie Press.
58. Cummings, J. L. (2000). Cognitive and behavioral heterogeneity in Alzheimer's disease: Seeking the neurobiological basis. Neurobiology of Aging, 21, 845-861.
59. Cummings, J. L., & Benson, D. F. (1989). Speech and language alterations in dementia syndromes. In A. Ardila & F. Ostrosky-Solis (Eds.), Brain organization of language and cognitive processes. New York: Plenum Press.
60. Cunje, A., Molloy, W., Standish, T. I., & Lewis, D. L. (2007). Alternate forms of logical memory and verbal fluency tasks for repeated testing in early cognitive changes. International Psychogeriatrics, 19, 65-75.
61. Daly, E., Zaitchik, D., Copeland, M., Schmahmann, J., Gunther, J., & Albert, M. (2000). Predicting conversion to Alzheimer's disease using standardized clinical information. Archives of Neurology, 57, 675-680.
62. Dartigues, J.-F., Commenges, D., Letenneur, L., Barbergeur-Gateau, P., Gilleron, V., Fabrigoule, C., et al. (1997). Cognitive predictors of dementia in elderly community residents. Neuroepidemiology, 16, 29-39.
63. Daum, I., Riesch, G., Sartori, G., & Birbaumer, N. (1996). Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 648-665.
64. Davie, J. E., Azuma, T., Goldinger, S. D., Connor, D. J., Sabbagh, M. N., & Silverberg, N. B. (2004). Sensitivity to expectancy violations in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 18, 269-275.
65. De Jager, C. A., & Budge, M. M. (2005). Stability and predictability of the classification of mild cognitive impairment as assessed by episodic memory test performance over time. Neurocase, 11, 72-79.
66. De Jager, C. A., Hogervorst, E., Combrinck, M., & Budge, M. M. (2003). Sensitivity and specificity of neuropsychological tests for mild cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Medicine, 33, 1039-1050.
67. Delis, D., Massman, P. J., Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Shear, P. K., Demadura, T., et al. (1992). Spatial cognition in Alzheimer's disease: Subtypes of global-local impairment. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14, 463-477.
68. Deloche, G., & Hannequin, D. (1997). Test de dénomination orale d'images (DO 80) [Picture naming test]. Paris: Centre de Psychologie Appliqueé.
69. De Mendonça, A., Ribeiro, F., Guerreiro, M., & Garcia, C. (2004). Frontotemporal mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 6, 1-9.
70. De Renzi, E., & Vignolo, L. A. (1962). The Token Test: A sensitive test to detect receptive disturbances in aphasics. Brain, 85, 665-678.
71. Desmond, D. W. (2004). The neuropsychology of vascular cognitive impairment: Is there a specific cognitive deficit? Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 226, 3-7.
72. Devanand, D. P., Folz, M., Gorlyn, M., Moeller, J. R., & Stern, Y. (1997). Questionable dementia: Clinical course and predictors of outcome. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 45, 321-328.
73. Devanand, D. P., Habeck, C. G., Tabert, M. H., Scarmeas, N., Pelton, G. H., Moeller, J. R., et al. (2006). PET network abnormalities and cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychopharmacology, 31, 1327-1334.
74. Diehl, J., Monsch, A. U., Aebi, C., Wagenpfeil, S., Krapp, S., Grimmer, T., et al. (2005). Frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer's disease: The contribution of standard neuropsychological tests to differential diagnosis. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 18, 39-44.
75. Dudas, R. B., Clague, F., Thompson, S. A., Graham, K. S., & Hodges, J. R. (2005). Episodic and semantic memory in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1266-1276.
76. Duff Canning, S. J., Leach, L., Stuss, D., Ngo, L., & Black, S. E. (2004). Diagnostic utility of abbreviated fluency measures in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Neurology, 62, 556-562.
77. Duong, A., Whitehead, V., Hanratty, K., & Chertkow, H. (2006). The nature of lexico-semantic processing deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 44, 1928-1935.
78. Dwolatzky, T., Whitehead, V., Doniger, G. M., Simon, E. S., Schweiger, A., Jaffe, D., et al. (2003). Validity of a novel computerized cognitive battery for mild cognitive impairment. BMC Geriatrics, 3, 4.
79. Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., & Harman, H. H. (1976). Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service.
80. Elias, M., Beiser, A., Wolf, P., Au, R., White, R., & D'Agostino, R. (2000). The preclinical phase of Alzheimer disease: A 22-year prospective study of the Framingham cohort. Archives of Neurology, 57, 808-813.
81. Enderby, P., Wood, V., & Wade, D. (1987). Frenchay Aphasia Screening Test Manual. Windsor, UK: NFER-Nelson.
82. Fabrigoule, C., Rouch, I., Taberly, A., Letenneur, L., Commenges, D., Mazaux, J.-M., et al. (1998). Cognitive processes in preclinical phase of dementia. Brain, 121, 135-141.
83. Feldman, H. H., & Jacova, C. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 13, 645-655.
84. Fillenbaum, G. G., McCurry, S. M., Kuchibhatla, M., Masaki, K. H., Borenstein, A. R., Foley, D. J., et al. (2005). Performance on the CERAD neuropsychology battery of two samples of Japanese-American elders: Norms for persons with and without dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 11, 192-201.
85. Fischer, P., Jungwirth, S., Zehetmayer, S., Weissgram, S., Hoenigschnabl, S., Gelpi, E., et al. (2007). Conversion from subtypes of mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer dementia. Neurology, 23, 288-291.
86. Fisher, N. J., Rourke, B. P., & Bieliauskas, L. A. (1999). Neuropsychological subgroups of patients with Alzheimer's disease: An examination of the first 10 years of CERAD data. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 21, 488-518.
87. Fisher, N. J., Tierney, M., Rourke, B. P., & Szalai, J. P. (2004). Verbal fluency patterns in two subgroups of patients with Alzheimer's disease. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 18, 122-131.
88. Fleisher, A. S., Sowell, B. B., Taylor, C., Gamst, A. C., Petersen, R. C., & Thal, L. J. (2007). Clinical predictors of progression to Alzheimer's disease in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 68, 1588-1595.
89. Flicker, C., Ferris, S. H., & Reisberg, B. (1991). Mild cognitive impairment in the elderly: Predictors of dementia. Neurology, 41, 1006-1009.
90. Folstein, M., Folstein, S., & McHugh, P. (1975). "Minimental state." A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189-198.
91. Forbes, K. E., Shanks, M. F., & Venneri, A. (2004). The evolution of dysgraphia in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Research Bulletin, 63, 19-24.
92. Forbes, K. E., Venneri, A., & Shanks, M. F. (2002). Distinct patterns of spontaneous speech deterioration: An early predictor of Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Cognition, 48, 356-361.
93. Forbes-McKay, K. E., Ellis, A. W., Shanks, M. F., & Venneri, A. (2005). The age of acquisition of words produced in a semantic fluency task can reliably differentiate normal from pathological age related cognitive decline. Neuropsychologia, 43, 1625-1632.
94. Forbes-McKay, K. E., & Venneri, A. (2005). Detecting subtle spontaneous language decline in early Alzheimer's disease with a picture description task. Neurological Science, 26, 243-254.
95. Fowler, K. S., Saling, M. M., Conway, E. L., Semple, J. M., & Louis, W. J. (2002). Paired-associate performance in the early detection of DAT. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 8, 58-71.
96. Fox, N. C., Kennedy, A. M., Harvey, R. J., Lantos, P. L., Roques, P. K., Collinge, J. et al. (1997). Clinicopathological features of familial Alzheimer's disease associated with the M139V mutation in the presenilin 1 gene. Pedigree but not mutation specific age at onset provides evidence for a further genetic factor. Brain, 120, 491-501.
97. Fox, N. C., Warrington, E. K., Freeborough, P. A., Hartikainen, P., Kennedy, A. M., Stevens, J. M., et al. (1996). Presymptomatic hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal MRI study. Brain, 119, 2001-2007.
98. Fox, N. C., Warrington, E. K., Seiffer, A. L., Agnew, S. K., & Rossor, M. N. (1998). Presymptomatic cognitive deficits in individuals at risk of familial Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal prospective study. Brain, 121, 1631-1639.
99. Fox, N. C., Warrington, E. K., Stevens, J. M., & Rossor, M. N. (1996). Atrophy of the hippocampal formation in early familial Alzheimer's disease. A longitudinal MRI study of at-risk members of a family with an amyloid precursor protein 717Val-Gly mutation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 777, 226-232.
100. Frisoni, G. B., Galluzzi, S., Bresciani, L., Zanetti, O., & Geroldi, C. (2002). Mild cognitive impairment with subcortical vascular features: Clinical characteristics and outcome. Journal of Neurology, 249, 1423-1432.
101. Fujimori, M., Imamura, T., Yamashita, H., Hirono, N., Ikejiri, Y., Shimomura, T., et al. (1998). Age at onset and visuocognitive disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 3, 163-166.
102. Fuld, P. A. (1981). Fuld object memory evaluation. Chicago: Stoelting.
103. Fung, T. D., Chertkow, H., Murtha, S., Whatmough, C., Peloquin, L., Whitehead, V., et al. (2001). The spectrum of category effects in object and action knowledge in dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Neuropsychology, 15, 371-379.
104. Galluzzi, S., Sheu, C.-F., Zanetti, O., & Frisoni, G. B. (2005). Distinctive clinical features of mild cognitive impairment with subcortical cerebrovascular disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 19, 196-203.
105. Galton, C. J., Erziçlioglu, S., Sahakian, B. J., Antoun, N., & Hodges, J. R. (2005). A comparison of the Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination (ACE), conventional neuropsychological assessment and simple MRI-based medial temporal lobe evaluation in the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 18, 144-150.
106. Galvin, J. E., Powlishta, K. K., Wilkins, K., McKeel, D. W., Xiong, C., Grant, E., et al. (2005). Predictors of preclinical Alzheimer disease and dementia: A clinicopathologic study. Archives of Neurology, 62, 758-765.
107. Garrard, P., Maloney, L. M., Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (2005). The effects of very early Alzheimer's disease on the characteristics of writing by a renowned author. Brain, 128, 250-260.
108. Geslani, D., Tierney, M., Herrmann, N., & Szalai, J. (2005). Mild cognitive impairment: An operational definition and its conversion rate to Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 19, 383-389.
109. Glosser, G., & Kaplan, E. (1989). Linguistic and nonlinguistic impairments in writing: A comparison of patients with focal and multifocal CNS disorders. Brain and Language, 37, 357-380.
110. Gold, B. T., Balota, D. A., Cortese, M. J., Sergent-Marshall, S. D., Snyder, A. Z., Salat, D. H., et al. (2005). Differing neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates of abnormal reading in early-stage semantic dementia and dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia, 43, 833-846.
111. Gold, G., Giannakopoulos, P., Montes-Paixao, C., Hermann, F. R., Mulligan, R., Michel, J.-P., et al. (1997). NINCDDS/AIREN criteria. Neurology, 49, 692.
112. Goldman, W. P., Price, J. L., Storandt, M., Grant, E. A., McKeel, D. W., Rubin, E. H., et al. (2001). Absence of cognitive impairment or decline in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 56, 361-367.
113. Gómez, R. G., & White, D. A. (2006). Using verbal fluency to detect very mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Clinical Neurology, 21, 771-775.
114. Gómez-Isla, T., & Hyman, B. T. (2003). Neuropathological changes in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. In R. C. Petersen (Ed.), Mild cognitive impairment (pp. 191-204). New York: Oxford University Press.
115. Goodglass, H., & Kaplan, E. (1983). The assessment of aphasia and related disorders. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
116. Graets, P., DeBleser, R., & Willmes, K. (1992). Akense Afasie Test [Aachen Aphasia Test]. Lisse, The Netherlands: Swets and Zeitlinger.
117. Graham, J. E., Rockwood, K., Beattie, B. L., Eastwood, R., Gauthier, S., Tuokko, H., et al. (1997). Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and without dementia in an elderly population. Lancet, 349, 1793-1796.
118. Graham, N. L., Emery, T., & Hodges, J. R. (2004). Distinctive cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and subcortical vascular dementia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 75, 61-71.
119. Gregory, C. A., Orrell, M., Sahakian, B. J., & Hodges, J. R. (1997). Can frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease be differentiated using a brief battery of tests? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 12, 375-383.
120. Griffith, H. R., Netson, K. L., Harrell, L. E., Zamrini, E. Y., Brockington, J. C., & Marson, D. C. (2006). Amnestic mild cognitive impairment: Diagnostic outcomes and clinical prediction over a two-year time period. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 12, 166-175.
121. Grober, E., & Kawas, C. (1997). Learning and retention in preclinical and early Alzheimer's disease. Psychology and Aging, 12, 183-188.
122. Grossman, M., Koenig, P., DeVita, C., Glosser, G., Moore, P., Gee, J., et al. (2003a). Neural basis for verb processing in Alzheimer's disease: An fMRI study. Neuropsychology, 17, 658-674.
123. Grossman, M., Mickanin, J., Onishi, K., & Hughes, E. (1996). Verb comprehension deficits in probable Alzheimer's disease. Brain and Language, 53, 369-389.
124. Grossman, M., Smith, E. E., Koenig, P. L., Glosser, G., Rhee, J., & Dennis, K. (2003b). Categorization of object descriptions in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia: Limitation in rule-based processing. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience, 3, 120-132.
125. Grundman, M., Petersen, R. C., Ferris, S. H., Thomas, R. G., Aisen, P. S., Bennett, D. A., et al. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment can be distinguished from Alzheimer disease and normal aging for clinical trials. Archives of Neurology, 61, 59-66.
126. Guarch, J., Marcos, T., Salamero, M., & Blesa, R. (2004). Neuropsychological markers of dementia in patients with memory complaints. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 352-358.
127. Hachinski, V. C., Lassen, N. A., & Marshall, J. (1974). Multi-infarct dementia: A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet, 2, 207-210.
128. Hanninen, T., Hallikainen, M., Koivisto, K., Helkala, E. L., Reinikainen, K. J., Soininen, H., et al. (1995). A follow-up study of age-associated memory impairment: Neuropsychological predictors of dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 43, 1007-1015.
129. Henderson, V. W., Buckwalter, J. G., Sobel, E., Freed, D. M., & Diz, M. M. (1992). The agraphia of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 42, 777-784.
130. Henry, J. D., Crawford, J. R., & Phillips, L. H. (2004). Verbal fluency performance in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: A meta-analysis. Neuropsychologia, 42, 1212-1222.
131. Hodges, J. R., Erzinçlioglu, S., & Patterson, K. (2006). Evolution of cognitive deficits and conversion to dementia in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A very long-term follow-up study. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 380-391.
132. Hodges, J. R., & Patterson, K. (1995). Is semantic memory consistently impaired early in the course of Alzheimer's disease? Neuroanatomical and diagnostic implications. Neuropsychologia, 33, 441-459.
133. Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Graham, N., & Dawson, K. (1996). Naming and knowing in dementia of Alzheimer's type. Brain and Language, 54, 302-325.
134. Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Oxbury, S., & Funnell, E. (1992b). Semantic dementia: Progressive fluent aphasia with temporal lobe atrophy. Brain, 115, 1783-1806.
135. Hodges, J. R., Patterson, K., Ward, R., Garrard, P., Bak, T., Perry, R., et al. (1999). The differentiation of semantic dementia and frontal lobe dementia (temporal and frontal variants of frontotemporal dementia) from early Alzheimer's disease: A comparative neuropsychological study. Neuropsychology, 13, 31-40.
136. Hodges, J. R., Salmon, D. P., & Butters, N. (1992a). Semantic memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: Failure of access or degraded knowledge? Neuropsychologia, 30, 301-314.
137. Horner, J., Heyman, A., Dawson, D., & Rogers, H. (1988). The relationship of agraphia to the severity of dementia in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology, 45, 760-763.
138. Howard, D., & Patterson, K. (1992). Pyramids and Palm Trees: A test of semantic access from pictures and words. Bury St Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Publishing Company.
139. Howieson, D. B., Dame, A., Camicioli, R., Sexton, G., Payami, H., & Kaye, J. A. (1997). Cognitive markers preceding Alzheimer's dementia in the healthy oldest old. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 45, 584-589.
140. Hudon, C., Belleville, S., Souchay, C., Gely-Nargeot, M. C., Chertkow, H., & Gauthier, S. (2006). Memory for gist and detail information in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychology, 20, 566-577.
141. Huff, F. J. (1990). Language in normal aging and agerelated neurological diseases. In R. D. Nebes & S. Corkin (Eds.), Handbook of neuropsychology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
142. Hughes, C. P., Berg, L., Danziger, W. L., Coben, L. A., & Martin, R. L. (1982). A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 566-572.
143. Hutchinson, A. D., & Mathias, J. L. (2007). Neuropsychological deficits in frontotemporal dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 78, 917-928.
144. Iqbal, K., Alonso Adel, C., Chen, S., Chohan, M. O., El-Akkad, E., Gong, C. X., et al. (2005). Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1739, 198-210.
145. Irigaray, L. (1973). Le langage des dements [Language in dementia]. The Hague: Mouton.
146. Jack, C. R., Petersen, R. C, Xu, Y. C., O'Brien, P. C., Smith, G. E., Ivnik, R. J., et al. (1999). Prediction of AD with MRI-based hippocampal volume in mild cognitive impairment. Neurology, 52, 1397-1403.
147. Jack, C. R., Petersen, R. C., Xu, Y. C., Waring, S. C., O'Brien, P. C., Tangalos, E. G., et al. (1997). Medial temporal atrophy on MRI in normal aging and very mild Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 49, 786-794.
148. Jacobs, D. M., Sano, M., Dooneief, G., Marder, K., Bell, K. L., & Stern, Y. (1995). Neuropsychological detection and characterization of preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 45, 317-324.
149. Jacobson, M. W., Delis, D. C., Bondi, M. W., & Salmon, D. P. (2002). Do neuropsychological tests detect preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Individual-test versus cognitive discrepancy score analyses. Neuropsychology, 16, 132-139.
150. Johnson, J. K., Head, E., Kim, R., Starr, A., & Cotman, C. W. (1999). Clinical and pathological evidence for a frontal variant of Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 56, 1233-1239.
151. Jones, S., Laukka, E. J., & Bäckman, L. (2006). Differential verbal fluency deficits in the preclinical stages of Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Cortex, 42, 347-355.
152. Jorm, A. F., Masaki, K. H., Petrovitch, H., Webster Ross, G., & White, L. R. (2005). Cognitive deficits 3 to 6 years before dementia onset in a population sample: The Honolulu-Asia aging study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53, 452-455.
153. Kalbe, E., Kessler, J., Calabrese, P., Smith, R., Passmore, A. P., Brand, M., et al. (2004). DemTect: A new, sensitive cognitive screening test to support the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment and early dementia. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 19, 136-143.
154. Kaplan, E. F., Goodglass, H., & Weintraub, S. (1983). Boston Naming Test. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger.
155. Karrasch, M., Sinervä, E., Grönholm, P., Rinne, J., & Laine, M. (2005). CERAD test performances in amnestic mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 111, 172-179.
156. Kemper, S., LaBarge, E., Ferraro, R. F., Cheung, H., Cheung, H., & Storandt, M. (1993). On the preservation of syntax in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology, 50, 81-86.
157. Kempler, D., Curtiss, S., & Jackson, C. (1987). Syntactic preservation in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 30, 343-350.
158. Kertesz, A. (1982). The Western Aphasia Battery. New York: Grune and Stratton.
159. Kertesz, A. (1994). Language deterioration in dementia. In V. O. B. Emery & T. E. Oxman (Eds.), Dementia: Presentations, differential diagnosis and nosology. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.
160. Kluger, A., Ferris, S. H., Golomb, J., Mittelman, M. S., & Reisberg, B. (1999). Neuropsychological prediction of decline to dementia in nondemented elderly. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 12, 168-179.
161. Kral, V. A. (1962). Senescent forgetfulness: Benign and malignant. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 86, 257-260.
162. Kramer, J. H., Jurik, J., Sha, S. J., Rankin, K. P., Rosen, H. J., Johnson, J. K., et al. (2003). Distinctive neuropsychological patterns in frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia, and Alzheimer disease. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 16, 211-218.
163. Kraut, M. A., Cherry, B., Pitcock, J. A., Anand, R., Li, J., Vestal, L., et al. (2007). The Semantic Object Retrieval Test (SORT) in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology, 20, 62-67.
164. Kraut, M. A., Kremen, S., Segal, J. B., Calhoun, V., Moo, L. R., & Hart, J. (2002). Object activation from features in the semantic system. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 14, 24-36.
165. Lam, L. C. W., Ho, P., Lui, V. W. C., & Tam, C. W. C. (2006). Reduced semantic fluency as an additional screening tool for subjects with questionable dementia. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 22, 159-164.
166. Lambon Ralph, M. A., Patterson, K., Graham, N., Dawson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (2003). Homogeneity and heterogeneity in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A cross-sectional and longitudinal study of 55 cases. Brain, 126, 2350-2362.
167. Lambon Ralph, M. A., Powell, J., Howard, D., Whitworth, A. B., Garrard, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2001). Semantic memory is impaired in both dementia with Lewy bodies and dementia of Alzheimer's type: A comparative neuropsychological study and literature review. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 70, 149-156.
168. Lane, F., & Snowdon, J. (1989). Memory and dementia: A longitudinal survey of suburban elderly. In P. Lovibond & P. Wilson (Eds.), Clinical and abnormal psychology (pp. 365-376). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
169. Laukka, E. J., Jones, S., Small, B. J., Fratiglioni, L., & Bäckman, L. (2004). Similar patterns of cognitive deficits in the preclinical stages of vascular dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 382-391.
170. Lee, D. Y., Youn, J. C., Choo, I. H., Kim, K. W., Jhoo, J. H., Pak, Y. S., et al. (2006). Combination of clinical and neuropsychologic information as a better predictor of the progression to Alzheimer disease in questionable dementia individuals. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 130-138.
171. Levy, R. (1994). Aging-associated cognitive decline. International Psychogeriatrics, 6, 63-68.
172. Lezak, M. D. (1995). Neuropsychological assessment (3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
173. Light, L., & Burke, D. M. (1993). Patterns of language and memory in old age. In L. L. Light & D. M. Burke (Eds.), Language, memory and aging. New York: Cambridge University Press.
174. Linn, R. T., Wolf, P. A,, Bachman, D. L., Knoefel, J. E., Cobb, J. L., Belanger, A. J., et al. (1995). The "preclinical phase" of probable Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology, 52, 485-490.
175. Loewenstein, D. A., Acevedo, A., Agron, J., Issacson, R., Strauman, S., Crocco, E., et al. (2006). Cognitive profiles in Alzheimer's disease and in mild cognitive impairment of different etiologies. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 309-315.
176. Lopez, O. L., Becker, J. T., Jagust, W. J., Fitzpatrick, A., Carlson, M. C., DeKosky, S. T. et al. (2006). Neuropsychological characteristics of mild cognitive impairment subgroups. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 77, 159-165.
177. Luis, C. A., Barker, W. W., Loewenstein, D. A., Crum, T. A., Rogaevad, E., Kawarai, T., et al. (2004). Conversion to dementia among two groups with cognitive impairment. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 18, 307-313.
178. Lukatela, K., Malloy, P., Jenkins, M., & Cohen, R. (1998). The naming deficit in early Alzheimer's and vascular dementia. Neuropsychology, 21, 565-572.
179. Luzzatti, C., Laiacona, M., & Agazzi, D. (2003). Multiple patterns of writing disorders in dementia of the Alzheimer type and their evolution. Neuropsychologia, 41, 759-772.
180. Mack, W. J., Freed, D. M., Williams, B. W., & Henderson, V. W. (1992). Boston Naming Test: Shortened versions for use in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, P154-P158.
181. Marcos, A., Gil, P., Barabash, A., Rodriguez, R., Encinas, M., Fernandez, C., et al. (2006). Neuropsychological markers of progression from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease. American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 21, 189-196.
182. Martin, A., & Fedio, P. (1983). Word production and comprehension in Alzheimer's disease: The breakdown of semantic knowledge. Brain and Language, 19, 124-141.
183. Massman, P. J., Delis, D. C., Filoteo, J. V., Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., & Demadura, T. L. (1993). Mechanisms of spatial impairment in Alzheimer's disease subgroups: Differential breakdown of directed attention to global-local stimuli. Neuropsychology, 7, 172-181.
184. Massoud, F., Chertkow, H., Whitehead, V., Overbury, O., & Bergman, H. (2002). Word-reading thresholds in Alzheimer disease and mild memory loss: A pilot study. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 16, 31-39.
185. Masur, D. M., Sliwinski, M., Lipton, R. B., Blau, A. D., & Crystal, H. A. (1994). Neuropsychological prediction of dementia and the absence of dementia in healthy elderly persons. Neurology, 44, 1427-1432.
186. McKeith, I. G., Ballard, C. G., Perry, R. H., Ince, P. G., O'Brien, J. T., Neill, D., et al. (2000). Prospective validation of consensus criteria for the diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies. Neurology, 54, 1050-1058.
187. McKenna, P., & Warrington, E. (1983). The Graded Naming Test. Windsor, UK: Nelson.
188. McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS-ADRDA workgroup under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 34, 939-944.
189. Meguro, K., Ishii, H., Yamaguchi, S., Ishizaki, J., Sato, M., Hashimoto, R., et al. (2004). Prevalence and cognitive performances of Clinical Dementia Rating 0.5 and mild cognitive impairment in Japan. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 18, 3-10.
190. Mendola, J. D., Cronin-Golumb, A., Corkin, S., & Growdon, J. H. (1995). Prevalence of visual deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Optometry and Vision Science, 72, 155-167.
191. Meyer, J. S., Xu, G., Thornby, J., Chowdhury, M., & Quach, M. (2002). Longitudinal analysis of abnormal domains comprising mild cognitive impairment (MCI) during aging. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 201, 19-25.
192. Mioshi, E., Dawson, K., Mitchell, J., Arnold, R., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE-R): A brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 21, 1078-1085.
193. Monsch, A. U., Bondi, M. W., Butters, N., Salmon, D. P., Katzman, R., & Thal, L. J. (1992). Comparisons of verbal fluency tasks in the detection of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Archives of Neurology, 49, 1253-1258.
194. Morris, J. C., McKeel, D. W., Fulling, K., Torack, R. M., & Berg, L. (1988a). Validation of clinical criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology, 24, 17-22.
195. Morris, J. C., Mohs, R. C., Rogers, H., Fillenbaum, G. C., & Heyman, A. (1988b). Consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD). Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 24, 641-652.
196. Morris, J. C., Storandt, M., Miller, J. P., McKeel, D. W., Price, J. L., Rubin, E. H., et al. (2001). Mild cognitive impairment represents early-stage Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 58, 397-405.
197. Murphy, K. J., Rich, J. B., & Troyer, A. K. (2006). Verbal fluency patterns in amnestic mild cognitive impairment are characteristic of Alzheimer's type dementia. Journal of the International Neuropyschological Society, 12, 570-574.
198. Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bédirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., et al. (2005). The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 53, 695-699.
199. Neary, D., Snowden, J. S., Gustafson, L., Passant, U., Stuss, D., Black, S., et al. (1998). Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A consensus on clinical diagnostic criteria. Neurology, 51, 1546-1554.
200. Neils, J., Boller, F., Gerdeman, B., & Cole, M. (1989). Descriptive writing abilities in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11, 692-698.
201. Nelson, H. E. (1982). National Adult Reading Test (NART): Test manual. Windsor, UK: NFER Nelson.
202. Nestor, P. J., Fryer, T. D., Smielewski, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2003). Limbic hypometabolism in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Annals of Neurology, 54, 343-351.
203. Newman, S. K., Warrington, E. K., Kennedy, A. M., & Rossor, M. N. (1994). The earliest cognitive change in a person with familial Alzheimer's disease: Presymptomatic neuropsychological features in a pedigree with familial Alzheimer's disease confirmed at necropsy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 57, 967-972.
204. Nielsen, H., Lolk, A., Andersen, K., Andersen, J., & Kragh-Sorensen, P. (1999). Characteristics of elderly who develop Alzheimer's disease during the next two years - a neuropsychological study using CAMCOG. The Odense study. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 957-963.
205. Nordlund, A., Rolstad, S., Hellström, P., Sjögren, M., Hansen, S., & Wallin, A. (2005). The Goteburg MCI study: Mild cognitive impairment is a heterogeneous condition. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 76, 1485-1490.
206. Olichney, J. M., Morris, S. K., Ochoa, C., Salmon, D. P., Thal, L. J., Kutas, M., et al. (2002). Abnormal verbal event related potentials in mild cognitive impairment and incipient Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 73, 377-384.
207. Östberg, P., Fernaeus, S.-E., Hellström, A., Bogdanovic, N., & Wahlund, L.-O. (2005). Impaired verb fluency: A sign of mild cognitive impairment. Brain and Language, 95, 273-279.
208. Pachana, N. A., Boone, K. B., Miller, B. L., Cummings, J. L., & Berman, N. (1996). Comparison of neuropsychological functioning in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 2, 505-510.
209. Pasquier, F. (1999). Early diagnosis of dementia: Neuropsychology. Journal of Neurology, 246, 6-15.
210. Patel, P. G., & Satz, P. (1994). The language production system and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type: Neuropathological implications. Aphasiology, 8, 1-18.
211. Perri, R., Koch, G., Carlesimo, G. A., Serra, L., Fadda, L., Pasqualetti, P., et al. (2005). Alzheimer's disease and frontal variant of frontotemporal dementia: A very brief battery for cognitive and behavioral distinction. Journal of Neurology, 252, 1238-1244.
212. Perry, R. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). Differentiating frontal and temporal variant frontotemporal dementia from Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 54, 2277-2284.
213. Perry, R. J., Watson, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2000). The nature and staging of attention dysfunction in early (minimal and mild) Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to episodic and semantic memory impairment. Neuropsychologia, 38, 252-271.
214. Petersen, R. C. (2003). Mild cognitive impairment. New York: Oxford University Press.
215. Petersen, R. C. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment as a diagnostic entity. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 183-194.
216. Petersen, R. C., Doody, R., Kurz, A, Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rabins, P. V., et al. (2001a). Current concepts in mild cognitive impairment. Archives of Neurology, 58, 1985-1992.
217. Petersen, R. C., & Morris, J. C. (2003). Clinical features. In R. C. Petersen (Ed.), Mild cognitive impairment (pp. 15-39). New York: Oxford University Press.
218. Petersen, R. C., Smith, G. E., Waring, S. C., Ivnik, R. J., Tangalos, E. G., & Kokmen, E. (1999). Mild cognitive impairment: Clinical characterization and outcome. Archives of Neurology, 56, 303-308.
219. Petersen, R. C., Stevens, J. C., Ganguli, M., Tangalos, E. G., Cummings, J. L., & DeKosky, S. T. (2001b). Practice parameter: Early detection of dementia: Mild cognitive impairment (an evidence-based review). Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 56, 1133-1142.
220. Price, C. C., & Grossman, M. (2005). Verb agreements during on-line sentence processing in Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Brain and Language, 94, 217-232.
221. Puregger, E., Walla, P., Deecke, L., & Dal-Bianco, P. (2003). Magnetoencephalographic features related to mild cognitive impairment. NeuroImage, 20, 2235-2244.
222. Pyo, G., Elble, R. J., Ala, T., & Markwell, S. J. (2006). The characteristics of patients with uncertain/mild cognitive impairment on the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale. Alzheimer's Disease and Associated Disorders, 20, 16-22.
223. Rasmusson, D. X., Carson, K. A., Brookmeyer, A., Kawas, C., & Brandt, J. (1996). Predicting rate of cognitive decline in probable Alzheimer's disease. Brain & Cognition, 31, 133-147.
224. Ravdin, L. D., Katzen, H. L., Agrawal, P., & Relkin, N. R. (2003). Letter and semantic fluency in older adults: Effects of mild depressive symptoms and age-stratified normative data. The Clinical Neuropsychologist, 17, 195-202.
225. Reisberg, B., Ferris, S. H., de Leon, M. J., & Crook, T. (1982). The global deterioration scale for assessment of primary degenerative dementia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 1136-1139.
226. Ribeiro, F., de Mendonça, A., & Guerreiro, M. (2006). Mild cognitive impairment: Deficits in cognitive domains other than memory. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 21, 284-290.
227. Richards, M., Touchon, J., Ledesert, B., & Ritchie, K. (1999). Cognitive decline in ageing: Are AAMI and AACD distinct entities? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 534-540.
228. Riley, K. P., Snowdon, D. A., Desrosiers, M. F., & Markesberry, W. R. (2005). Early life linguistic ability, late life cognitive function, and neuropathology: Findings from the Nun Study. Neurobiology of Aging, 26, 341-347.
229. Ritchie, K., Artero, S., & Touchon, J. (2001). Classification criteria for mild cognitive impairment: A population-based validity study. Neurology, 56, 37-42.
230. Ritchie, K., & Fuhrer, R. (1992). A comparative study of the performance of screening tests for senile dementia using receiver operating characteristics analysis. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 45, 627-637.
231. Rivas-Vasquez, R. A., Mendez, C., Rey, G. J., & Carrazana, E. J. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment: New neuropsychological and pharmacological target. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 19, 11-27.
232. Rogers, T. T., Ivanoiu, A., Patterson, K., & Hodges, J. R. (2006). Semantic memory in Alzheimer's disease and the frontotemporal dementias: A longitudinal study of 236 patients. Neuropsychology, 20, 319-335.
233. Rohrer, D., Salmon, D. P., Wixted, J. T., & Paulsen, J. S. (1999). The disparate effects of Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease on semantic memory. Neuropsychology, 13, 381-388.
234. Royall, D. R., Mahurin, R. K., & Gray, K. F. (1992). Bedside assessment of executive cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 41, 1221-1226.
235. Rubin, E. H., Storandt, M., Miller, J. P., Kinscherf, D. A., Grant, E. A., Morris, J. C., et al. (1998). A prospective study of cognitive function and onset of dementia in cognitively healthy elders. Archives of Neurology, 55, 395-401.
236. Rubinstein, H., Garfield, L., & Millikan, J. A. (1970). Homographic entries in the internal lexicon. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 9, 487-494.
237. Sacuiu, S., Sjögren, M., Johansson, B., Gustafson, D., & Skoog, I. (2005). Prodromal cognitive signs of dementia in 85-year-olds using four sources of information. Neurology, 65, 1894-1900.
238. Salmon, D. P., Thomas, R. G., Pay, M. M., Booth, A., Hofstetter, C. R., Thal, L. J., et al. (2002). Neurology, 59, 1022-1028.
239. Saxton, J., Lopez, O. L., Ratcliff, G., Dulberg, C., Fried, L. P., Carlson, M. C., et al. (2004). Preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Neuropsychological test performance 1.5 to 8 years prior to onset. Neurology, 63, 2341-2347.
240. Scahill, V. L., Hodges, J. R., & Graham, K. S. (2005). Can episodic memory differentiate semantic dementia from Alzheimer's disease? Neurocase, 11, 441-451.
241. Schmidtke, K., & Hermeneit, S. (2007). High rate of conversion to Alzheimer's disease in a cohort of amnestic MCI patients. International Psychogeriatrics.
242. Schwartz, M., Marin, O., & Saffran, E. (1979). Dissociations of language function in dementia: A case study. Brain and Language, 7, 277-306.
243. Semenza, C., & Cipolotti, L. (1989). Neuropsicologia con carta e matita [Neuropsychology with pencil and paper]. Padova, Italy: Cleup Editrice Padova.
244. Semenza, C., Mondini, S., Borgo, F., Pasini, M., & Sgaramella, M. T. (2003). Proper names in patients with early Alzheimer's disease. Neurocase, 9, 63-69.
245. Sherman, A. M., & Massman, P. J. (1999). Prevalence and correlates of category versus letter fluency discrepancies in Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 14, 411-418.
246. Shimomura, T., Mori, E., Yamashita, T., Hirono, N., Hashimoto, M., Tanimukai, S., et al. (1998). Cognitive loss in dementia with Lewy bodies and Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 55, 1547-1552.
247. Silveri, M. C., Corda, F., & di Nardo, M. (2007). Central and peripheral aspects of writing disorders in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 29, 179-186.
248. Silveri, M. C., Daniele, A., Giustolisi, L., & Gainotti, G. (1991). Dissociation between knowledge of living and nonliving things in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 41, 545-546.
249. Small, B. J., & Bäckman, L. (1998). Predictors of longitudinal changes in memory, visuospatial, and verbal functioning in very old demented adults. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 9, 258-266.
250. Small, B. J., Fratiglioni, L., Viitanen, M., Winblad, B., & Bäckman, L. (2000). The course of cognitive impairment in preclinical Alzheimer's disease: Three-and 6-year follow-up of a population-based sample. Archives of Neurology, 57, 839-844.
251. Small, B. J., Herlitz, A., Fratiglioni, L., Almkvist, O., & Bäckman, L. (1997). Cognitive predictors of incident Alzheimer's disease: A prospective longitudinal study. Neuropsychology, 11, 413-420.
252. Snowdon, D. A., Kemper, S. J., Mortimer, J. A., Riley, K. P., Greiner, L. H., Wekstein, D. R., et al. (1996). Linguistic ability in early life and cognitive function and Alzheimer's disease in late life: Findings from the Nun Study. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275, 528-532.
253. Standish, T. I. M., Molloy, D. W., Cunje, A., & Lewis, D. L. (2007). Do the ABCS 135 short cognitive screen and its subtests discriminate between normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment and dementia? International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 22, 189-194.
254. Stelzmann, R. A., Schnitzlein, H. N., & Murtagh, F. R. (1995). An English translation of Alzheimer's 1907 paper, "Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde." Clinical Anatomy, 8, 429-431.
255. Stollery, B. T. (1996). The Automated Cognitive Test (ACT) System. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 18, 493-497.
256. Storandt, M., Grant, E. A., Miller, P., & Morris, J. C. (2002). Rates of progression in mild cognitive impairment and early Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 59, 1034-1041.
257. Swainson, R., Hodges, J. R., Galton, C. J., Semple, J., Michael, A., Dunn, B. D., et al. (2001). Early detection and differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and depression with neuropsychological tasks. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 12, 265-280.
258. Tabert, M. H., Manly, J. J., Liu, X., Pelton, G. H., Rosenblum, S., Jacobs, M., et al. (2006). Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to Alzheimer disease in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 916-924.
259. Taler, V., Baum, S. R., Chertkow, H. C., & Saumier, D. (in press). Comprehension of grammatical and emotional prosody is impaired in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology.
260. Taler, V., & Jarema, G. (2004). Processing of mass/count information in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Brain and Language, 90, 262-275.
261. Taler, V., & Jarema, G. (2006). On-line lexical processing in AD and MCI: An early measure of cognitive impairment? Journal of Neurolinguistics, 19, 38-55.
262. Taler, V., Klepousniotou, E., & Phillips, N. A. (2007, June). Lexical ambiguity processing in healthy aging and mild cognitive impairment: An ERP study. Poster presented at TENNET XVII: Annual Meeting of Theoretical and Empirical Neuroscience, Montréal, QC, Canada.
263. Taler, V., & Phillips, N. A. (2006, April). An ERP study of sentence processing in mild cognitive impairment: The effects of neighborhood density and congruency. Poster presented at the 11th Biennial Cognitive Aging Conference, Atlanta, GA, USA.
264. Taylor, J. R., & Olichney, J. M. (2007). From amnesia to dementia: ERP studies of memory and language. Clinical EEG and Neuroscience, 38, 8-17.
265. Teng, E. L., Hasegawa, K., Homma, A., Imai, Y., Larson, E., Graves A., et al. (1994). The Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (CASI): A practical test for cross-cultural epidemiological studies of dementia. International Psychogeriatrics, 6, 45-58.
266. Testa, J. A., Beatty, W. W., Gleason, A. C., Orbelo, D.M., & Ross, E. D. (2001). Impaired affective prosody in AD: Relationship to aphasic deficits and emotional behaviors. Neurology, 57, 1474-1481.
267. Testa, J. A., Ivnik, R. J., Boeve, B., Petersen, R. C., Pankratz, V. S., Knopman, D., et al. (2004). Confrontation naming does not add incremental diagnostic utility in MCI and Alzheimer's disease. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 504-512.
268. Thompson, S. A., Graham, K. S., Patterson, K., Sahakian, B. J., & Hodges, J. R. (2002). Is knowledge of famous people disproportionately impaired in patients with early and questionable Alzheimer's disease? Neuropsychology, 16, 344-358.
269. Tian, J., Bucks, R. S., Haworth, J., & Wilcock, G. (2003). Neuropsychological prediction of conversion to dementia: Statistically significant but not yet clinically useful. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 74, 433-438.
270. Tierney, M. C., Szalai, J. P., Snow, W. G., Fisher, R. H., Nores, A., Nadon, G., et al. (1996). Prediction of probable Alzheimer's disease in memory-impaired patients: A prospective longitudinal study. Neurology, 46, 661-665.
271. Touchon, J., & Ritchie, K. (1999). Prodromal cognitive disorder in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 14, 556-563.
272. Traykov, L., Baudic, S., Thibaudet, M.-C., Rigaud, A.-S., Smagghe, A., & Boller, F. (2002). Neuropsychological deficit in early subcortical vascular dementia: Comparison to Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 14, 26-32.
273. Vandenberghe, R. R., Vandenbulcke, M., Weintraub, S., Johnson, N., Porke, K., Thompson, C. K., et al. (2005). Paradoxical features of word finding difficulty in primary progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology, 57, 204-209.
274. Vandenbulcke, M., Peeters, R., Dupont, P., Van Hecke, P., & Vandenberghe, R. (2007). Word reading and posterior temporal dysfunction in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Cerebral Cortex, 17, 542-551.
275. Venneri, A., Forbes-McKay, K. E., & Shanks, M. F. (2005). Impoverishment of spontaneous language and the prediction of Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 128, E27.
276. Visser, P. J., Sheltens, P., Verhey, F. R. J., Schmand, B., Launer, L. J., Jolles, J., et al. (1999). Medial temporal lobe atrophy and memory dysfunction as predictors for dementia in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Neurology, 246, 477-485.
277. Vogel, A., Gade, A., Stokholm, J., & Waldemar, G. (2005). Semantic memory impairment in the earliest phases of Alzheimer's disease. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 19, 75-81.
278. Vuorinen, E., Laine, M., & Rinne, J. (2000). Common pattern of language impairment in vascular dementia and in Alzheimer disease. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, 14, 81-86.
279. Wallin, A., Edman, A., Blennow, K., Gottfries, C. G., Karlsson, I., Regland, B., et al. (1996). Stepwise comparative status analysis (STEP): A tool for identification of regional brain syndromes in dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 9, 185-199.
280. Wang, P. N., Lirng, J. F., Lin, K. N., Chang, F. C., & Liu, H. C. (2006). Prediction of Alzheimer's disease in mild cognitive impairment: A prospective study in Taiwan. Neurobiology of Aging, 27, 1797-1806.
281. Warrington, E. K., McKenna, P., & Orpwood, L. (1998). Single word comprehension: A concrete and abstract word synonym test. Neuropsychological Rehabilitation, 8, 143-154.
282. Wechsler, D. (1955). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. Manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.
283. Wechsler, D. (1974). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. New York: Psychological Corporation.
284. Welland, R. J., Lubinski, R., & Higginbotham, D. J. (2002). Discourse comprehension test performance of elders with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 45, 1175-1187.
285. Werner, P., Rosenblum, S., Bar-On, G., Heinik, J., & Korczyn, A. (2006). Handwriting process variables discriminating between mild Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 61B, 228-236.
286. Whatmough, C., Chertkow, H., Murtha, S., Templeman, D., Babins, L., & Kelner, N. (2003). The semantic category effect increases with worsening anomia in Alzheimer's type dementia. Brain and Language, 84, 134-147.
287. Whitaker, H. (1976). A case of isolation of language function. In H. Whitaker & H. A. Whitaker (Eds.), Studies in neurolinguistics. New York: Academic Press.
288. Williams, B. W., Mack, W. J., & Henderson, V. (1989). Boston Naming Test in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychologia, 27, 1073-1079.
289. Winblad, B., Palmer, K., Kivipelto, M., Jelic, V., Fratiglioni, L., Wahlund, L. O., et al. (2004). Mild cognitive impairment - beyond controversies, towards a consensus: Report of the International Working Group on Mild Cognitive Impairment. Journal of Internal Medicine, 256, 240-246.
290. Zaudig, M. (1992). A new systematic method of measurement and diagnosis of "mild cognitive impairment" and dementia according to ICD-10 and DSM-III-R criteria. International Psychogeriatrics, 4(Suppl. 2), 203-219.