The nature and staging of attention dysfunction in early (minimal and mild) Alzheimer's disease: Relationship to episodic and semantic memory impairment

Neuropsychologia

Volumn 38, Issue 3, 2000, Pages 252-271

  Perry, Richard J ^a   Watson, Peter ^b   Hodges, John R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

^b MRC COGNITION AND BRAIN SCIENCES UNIT   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Alzheimer's disease; Attention; Dementia; Episodic memory

Indexed keywords

ADULT; AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; ATTENTION; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CLINICAL ARTICLE; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DEPTH PERCEPTION; DISEASE SEVERITY; HEARING; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MEMORY; NORMAL HUMAN; REVIEW; VISION;

EID: 0033991494     PISSN: 00283932     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00079-2     Document Type: Article

References (126)

1. Butters N., Granholm E., Salmon D.P., Grant I., Wolfe J. Episodic and semantic memory: a comparison of amnesic and demented patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 9:1987;479-497.
2. Petersen R.C., Smith G.E., Ivnik R.J., Kokmen E., Tangalos E.G. Memory function in very early Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 44:1994;867-872.
3. Welsh K., Butters N., Hughes J., Mohs R., Heyman A. Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer's disease using CERAD neuropsychological measures. Archives of Neurology. 48:1991;278-281.
4. Welsh K.A., Butters N., Hughes J.P., Mohs R.C. Detection and staging of dementia in Alzheimer's disease: use of the neuropsychological measures developed for the consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease. Archives of Neurology. 49:1992;448-452.
5. Parasuraman R., Haxby J.V. Attention and brain function in Alzheimer's disease: a review. Neuropsychology. 7:1993;242-272.
6. van Zomeren A.H., Brouwer W.H. Dementia of the Alzheimer type. van Zomeren A.H., Brouwer W.H. Clinical neuropsychology of attention. 1994;95-116 Oxford University Press, New York.
7. Alberoni M., Baddeley A., Della Sala S., Logie R., Spinnler H. Keeping track of a conversation: impairments in Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 7:1992;639-646.
8. Camicioli R., Howieson D., Lehman S., Kaye J. Talking while walking: the effect of a dual task in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 48:1997;955-958.
9. Grady C.L., Haxby J.V., Horwitz B., Sundaram M., Berg G., Schapiro M., Friedland R.P., Rapoport S.I. Longitudinal study of the early neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic changes in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 10:1988;576-596.
10. Faust M.E., Balota D.A. Inhibition of return and visuospatial attention in healthy older adults and individuals with dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuropsychology. 12:1997;745-758.
11. Greenwood P.M., Parasuraman R., Alexander G.E. Controlling the focus of spatial attention during visual search: effects of advanced aging and Alzheimer disease. Neuropsychology. 11:1997;3-12.
12. Nebes R.D., Brady C.B. Focused and divided attention in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex. 25:1989;305-315.
13. Oken B.S., Kishiyama S.S., Kaye J.A., Howieson D.B. Attention deficit in Alzheimer's disease is not stimulated by anticholinergic/histaminergic drug and is distinct from deficits in healthy ageing. Neurology. 44:1994;657-662.
14. Parasuraman R., Greenwood R.M., Haxby J.V., Grady C.L. Visuospatial attention in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Brain. 115:1992;711-733.
15. Spieler D.H., Balota D.A., Faust M.E. Stroop performance in healthy younger and older adults and in individuals with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Human Perception and Performance. 22:1996;461-479.
16. Caffarra P., Riggio L., Malvezzi L., Scaglioni A., Freedman M. Orienting of visual attention in Alzheimer's disease: its implications in favor of the interhemispheric balance. Neuropsychiatry, Neuropsychology and Behavioural Neurology. 10:1997;90-95.
17. Filoteo J.V., Delis D.C., Massman P.J., Demadura T., Butters N., Salmon D.P. Directed and divided attention in Alzheimer's disease: impairment in shifting of attention to global and local stimuli. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 14:1992;871-883.
18. Parasuraman R., Greenwood P.M., Alexander G.E. Selective impairment of spatial attention during visual search in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroreport. 6:1995;1861-1864.
19. Sahakian B.J., Downes J.J., Eagger S., Evenden J.L., Levy R., Philpot M.P., Roberts A.C., Robbins T.W. Sparing of attentional relative to mnemonic function in a subgroup of patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia. 28:1990;1197-1213.
20. Baddeley A., Della Sala S. Working memory and executive control. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B. Biological Sciences. 351:1996;1397-1404.
21. Baddeley A.D., Logie R., Bressi S., Della Sala S., Spinnler H. Dementia and working memory. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 38:1986;603-618.
22. Baddeley A.D., Bressi S., Della Sala S., Logie R., Spinnler H. The decline of working memory in Alzheimer's disease: a longitudinal study. Brain. 114:1991;2521-2542.
23. Greene J.D.W., Baddeley A.D., Hodges J.R. Autobiographical memory and executive function in early dementia of Alzheimer type. Neuropsychologia. 33:1995;1647-1670.
24. Rosvold W.G., Mirsky A.F., Sarason I., Bransome E.D., Beck L.H. A continuous performance test of brain damage. Journal of Consulting Psychology. 20:1956;343-350.
25. Brazzelli M., Cocchini G., Della Sala S, Spinnler H. Alzheimer patients show a sensitivity decrement over time on a tonic alertness task. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 16:1994;851-860.
26. Lines C.R., Dawson C., Preston G.C., Reich S., Foster C., Traub M. Memory and attention in patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in normal elderly subjects. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 13:1991;691-702.
27. Nebes R.D., Brady C.B. Phasic and tonic alertness in Alzheimer's disease. Cortex. 29:1993;77-90.
28. Deweer B., Lehericy S., Pillon B., Baulac M., Chiras J., Marsault C., Agid Y., Dubois B. Memory disorders in probable Alzheimer's disease: the role of hippocampal atrophy as shown with MRI. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 58:1995;590-597.
29. Fox N.C., Warrington E.K., Freeborough P.A., Hartikainen P., Kennedy A.M., Stevens J.M., Rossor M.N. Presymptomatic hippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 119:1996;2001-2007.
30. Hodges J.R., Patterson K. Is semantic memory consistently impaired early in the course of Alzheimer's disease? Neuroanatomical and diagnostic implications. Neuropsychologia. 33:1995;441-459.
31. Mummery C.J., Patterson K., Wise R.J.S., Price C.J., Hodges J.R. Disrupted temporal lobe connections in semantic dementia. Brain. 122:1999;61-73.
32. Braak H., Braak E. Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes. Acta Neuropathologica. 82:1991;239-259.
33. Braak H., Braak E. Staging of Alzheimer's disease related neurofibrillary changes. Neurobiology of Aging. 16:1995;271-284.
34. Brun A., Englund E. Regional pattern of degeneration in Alzheimer's disease: neuronal loss and histopathological grading. Histopathology. 5:1981;548-564.
35. Brun A., Gustafson L. Distribution of cerebral degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Archiv fur Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten. 223:1976;15-33.
36. Hyman B.T., van Hoesen G.W., Damasio A.R. Memory related neural systems in Alzheimer's disease: an anatomic study. Neurology. 40:1990;1721-1730.
37. Foster N.L., Chase T.N. Diffuse involvement in progressive aphasia. Annals of Neurology. 13:1983;224-225.
38. Frackowiak R.S.J., Pozzilli C., Legg N.J., Duboulay G.H., Marshall J., Lenzi G.L., Jones T. Regional cerebral oxygen supply and utilisation in dementia: a clinical and physiological study with oxygen 15 and positron emission tomography. Brain. 104:1981;753-778.
39. Kuhl D.E., Small G.W., Riege W.H. Cerebral metabolic patterns before the diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 7:1987;S406.
40. Salmon E., Sadzo B., Maquet P., Degueldre C., Lemaire C., Rigo P., Comar D., Franck G. Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with PET. Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 35:1994;391-398.
41. Mielke R., Herholz K., Grond M., Kessler J., Heiss W.D. Differences of regional cerebral glucos-metabolism between presenile and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Neurobiology of Aging. 13:1992;93-98.
42. Haxby J.V., Duara R., Grady C.L., Cutler N.R., Rapoport S.I. Relations between neuropsychological and cerebral metabolic asymmetries in early Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 5:1985;193-200.
43. Haxby J.V., Grady C.L., Duara R., Schlageter N., Berg G., Rapoport S.I. Neocortical metabolic abnormalities precede nonmenory cognitive defects in early Alzheimer's-type dementia. Archives Neurology. 43:1986;882-885.
44. Kennedy A.M., Frackowiak R.S.J., Newman S.K., Bloomfield P.M., Seaward J., Roques P., Lewington G., Cunningham V.J., Rossor M.N. Deficits in cerebral glucose-metabolism demonstrated by positron emission tomography in individuals at risk of familial Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience Letters. 186:1995;17-20.
45. Minoshima S., Giordani B., Berent S., Frey K.A., Foster N.L., Kuhl D.E. Metabolic reduction in the posterior cingulate cortex in very early Alzheimer's disease. Annals of Neurology. 42:1997;85-94.
46. Reiman E.M., Caselli R.J., Yun L.S., Chen K.W., Bandy D., Minoshima S., Thibodeau S.N., Osborne D. Preclinical evidence of Alzheimer's disease in persons homozygous for the epsilon-4 allele for apolipoprotein E. New England Journal of Medicine. 334:1996;752-758.
47. Minoshima S., Foster N.L., Kuhl D.E. Posterior cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet. 344:1994;895.
48. Posner M.I., Dehaene S. Attentional networks (review). Trends in Neuroscience. 17:1994;75-79.
49. Posner M.I., Petersen S.E. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience. 13:1990;25-42.
50. Coull J.T., Frith C.D., Frackowiak R.S.J., Grasby P.M. A fronto-parietal network for rapid visual information processing: a PET study of sustained attention and working memory. Neuropsychologia. 34:1996;515-526.
51. Lewin J.S., Friedman L., Wu D., Miller D.A., Thompson L.A., Klein S.K., Wise A.L., Hedera P., Buckley P., Meltzer H., Friedland R.P., Duerk J.L. Cortical localization of human sustained attention: detection with functional MR using a visual vigilance paradigm. Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography. 20:1996;695-701.
52. Pardo J.V., Fox P.T., Raichle M.E. Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography. Nature. 349:1991;61-64.
53. Perry E.K., Tomlinson B.E., Blessed G., Bergman K., Gibson P.H., Perry R.H. Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. British Medical Journal. 2:1978;1457-1459.
54. Wilkins A.J., Shallic T., McCarthy R. Frontal lesions and sustained attention. Neuropsychologia. 25:1987;359-365.
55. D'Esposito M., Detre J.A., Alsop D.C., Shin R.K., Atlas S., Grossman M. The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory. Nature. 378:1995;279-281.
56. Corbetta M., Miezin F.M., Dobmeyer S., Shulman G.L., Petersen S.E. Selective and divided attention during visual discriminations of shape, color, and speed: functional anatomy by positron emission tomography. Journal of Neuroscience. 11:1991;2383-2402.
57. Posner M.I., Snyder C.R., Davidson B.J. Attention and the detection of signals. Journal of Experimental Psychology. 109:1980;160-174.
58. Pardo J.V., Pardo P.J., Janer K.W., Raichle M.E. The anterior cingulate cortex mediates processing selection in the Stroop attentional conflict paradigm. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 87:1990;256-259.
59. Bench C.J., Frith C.D., Grasby P.M., Friston K.J., Paulesu E., Frackowiak R.S.J., Dolan R.J. Investigation of the functional anatomy of attention using the Stroop Test. Neuropsychologia. 31:1993;907-922.
60. Berman K.F., Ostrem J.L., Randolph C., Gold J., Goldberg T.E., Coppola R., Carson R.E., Herscovitch P., Weinberger D.R. Physiological activation of a cortical network during performance of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test: a positron emission tomography study. Neuropsychologia. 33:1995;1027-1046.
61. Carter C.S., Mintun M., Cohen J.D. Interference and facilitation effects during selective attention: an H2150 PET study of Stroop task performance. Neuroimage. 2:1995;264-272.
62. Konishi S., Nakajima K., Uchida I., Kameyama M., Nakahara K., Sekihara K., Miyashita Y. Transient activation of inferior prefrontal cortex during cognitive set shifting. Nature Neuroscience. 1:1998;80-84.
63. Lawrence A.D., Sahakian B.J. Alzheimer disease, attention and the cholinogeric system. Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders. 9:1995;43-49.
64. de LaCoste M.C., White C.L. The role of cortical connectivity in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis: a review and model system. Neurobiology of Aging. 14:1993;1-16.
65. Sahakian B.J., Jones G.M.M., Levy R., Gray J.A., Warburton D.M. The effects of nicotine on attention, information processing, and short-term memory in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type. British Journal of Psychiatry. 154:1989;797-800.
66. Sahakian B.J., Owen A.M., Morant N.J. Further analysis of the cognitive effects of tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) in Alzheimer's disease: asessment of attentional and mnemonic function using CANTAB. Psychopharmacology. 110:1993;395-401.
67. McKhann G., Drachman D., Folstein M., Katzmann R., Price D., Stadlan E.M. Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 34:1984;939-944.
68. Hodges J.R. The amnestic prodrome in Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 121:1998;1601-1602.
69. Becker R.E. Therapy of the cognitive deficit in Alzheimer's disease: the cholinergic system. Becker R., Giacobini E. Cholinergic basis for Alzheimer therapy. 1991;1-30 Birkhauser, Boston.
70. Davis K.L., Thal L.J., Gamzu E.R., Davis C.S., Woolson R.F., Gracon S.I., Drachman D.A., Schneider L.S., Whitehouse P.J., Hoover T.M., Morris J.C., Kawas C.H., Knopman D.S., Earl N.L., Kumar V., Doody R.S. A double-blind, pacebo-controlled multicenter study of Tacrine for Alzheimer's disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 327:1992;1253-1259.
71. Rogers S.L., Friedhoff L.T. The efficacy and safety of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease: results of a US multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Dementia. 7:1996;293-303.
72. Coyle J.T., Price D.L., DeLong M.R. Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science. 219:1983;1184-1190.
73. Alhainen K., Helkala E.L., Riekkinen P. Psychometric discrimination of tetrahydraminoacridine responders in Alzheimer patients. Dementia. 4:1993;54-58.
74. Christensen H., Maltby N., Jorm A.F., Creasey H., Broe G.A. Cholinergic blockade as a model of the cholinergic deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Brain. 115:1992;1681-1699.
75. Geula C., Mesulam M. Cholinergic systems and related neuropathological predilection patterns in Alzheimer's disease. Terry R., Katzman R., Bick K.L. Alzheimer disease. 1994;263-291 Raven, New York.
76. Raffaele K.C., Asthana S., Beradi A., Haxby J.V., Morris P.P., Schaprio M.B. Differential response to the cholinergic agonist arecoline among different cognitive modalities in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology. 15:1996;163-170.
77. Wesnes K., Simpson P., Kidd A. An investigation of the range of cognitive impairments induced by scopalamine 0.6 mg s.c. Human Psychopharmacology. 3:1988;27-41.
78. Rogers S.L., Farlow M.R., Doody R.S., Mohs R., Friedhoff L.T., Donepezil Study Group. A 24-week, double-blind, pacebo-controlled trial of donepezil in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurology. 50:1998;136-145.
79. MacLeod C.M. Half a century of research on the Stroop effect: an integrative review. Psychological Bulletin. 109:1991;163-203.
80. Nelson H.E. A modified card sorting test sensitive to frontal lobe defects. Cortex. 12:1976;313-324.
81. Baddeley A., Della Sala S, Papagno C., Spinnler H. Dual-tasks performance in dysexecutive and non-dysexecutive patients with a frontal lesion. Neuropsychology. 11:1997;187-194.
82. Robertson I.H., Ward T., Ridgeway V., Nimmo-Smith I. The structure of normal human attention: the test of everyday attention. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society. 2:1996;525-534.
83. Robertson I.H., Ward T., Ridgeway V., Nimmo-Smith I. Test of everyday attention. 1994;Thames Valley Test Company, Bury St Edmunds.
84. Robertson I.H., Manly T., Andrade J., Baddeley B.T., Yiend J. 'Oops!': performance correlates of everyday attentional failures in traumatic brain injured and normal subjects. Neuropsychologia. 35:1997;747-758.
85. Robertson I.H., Ridgeway V., Greenfield E., Parr A. Motor recovery after stroke depends on intact sustained attention: a 2-year follow-up study. Neuropsychology. 11:1997;290-295.
86. Van Zandvoort M.J.E., Kappelle L.J., Algra A., DeHaan E.H.F. Decreased capacity for mental effort after single supratentorial lacunar infarct may affect performance in everyday life. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 65:1998;697-702.
87. Esmonde T., Giles E., Gibson M., Hodges J.R. Neuropsychological performance, disease severity and depression in progressive supranuclear palsy. Journal of Neurology. 243:1996;638-643.
88. Bak T., Hodges J.R. The neuropsychology of progressive supranuclear palsy - a review. Neurocase. 4:1998;89-94.
89. Haroutunian V., Perl D.P., Purohit D.P., Marin D., Khan K., Lantz M., Davis K.L., Mohs R.C. Regional distribution of neuritic plaques in the nondemented elderly and subjects with very mild Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology. 55:1998;1185-1191.
90. Johnson K.A., Jones K., Holman B.L., Becker J.A.S., Piers P.A., Satlin A., Albert M.S. Preclinical prediction of Alzheimer's disease using SPECT. Neurology. 50:1998;1563-1571.
91. Albert M.S. Cognitive and neurobiologic markers of early Alzheimer disease. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA. 93:1996;13,547-13,551.
92. Strain E., Patterson K.E., Hodges J.R. Word reading in Alzheimer's disease: cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis of response-time and accuracy data. Neuropsychologia. 36:1998;155-171.
93. Lambon Ralph M.A., Patterson K., Hodges J.R. The relationship between naming and semantic knowledge for different categories in dementia of Alzheimer's type. Neuropsychologia. 35:1997;1251-1260.
94. Patterson K., Graham N., Hodges J.R. Reading in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a preserved ability? Neuropsychology. 8:1994;395-407.
95. Garrard P., Patterson K., Watson P., Hodges J.R. Category-specific semantic loss in dementia of Alzheimer's type: functional-anatomical correlations from cross-sectional analyses. Brain. 121:1998;633-646.
96. Hodges J.R., Greene J.D.W. Knowing people and naming them: can Alzheimer's disease patients do one without the other. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 51A:1998;121-134.
97. Greene J.D.W., Baddeley A.D., Hodges J.R. Analysis of episodic memory deficit in early Alzheimer's disease; evidence from the Doors and People Test. Neuropsychologia. 34:1996;537-551.
98. Folstein M.F., Folstein S.E., McHugh P.R. "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the mental state of patients for the clinician. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12:1975;189-198.
99. Nelson H., Willison J. The national adult reading test (NART). 1991;NFER-Nelson, Windsor.
100. Trenerry M.R., Crosson B., DeBoe J., Leber W.R. Stroop neuropsychological screening test. 1989;Psychological Assessment Resources, Florida.
101. Anderson S.W., Damasio H., Jones R.D., Tranel D. Wisconsin Card Sorting Test performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 13:1991;909-922.
102. Della Sala S, Baddeley A., Papagno C., Spinnler H. Dual task paradigm: a means to examine the central executive. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. 769:1995;161-171.
103. Wechsler D.A. Wechsler memory scale - revised. 1987;Psychological Corporation, San Antonio.
104. McKenna P., Warrington E.K. Graded naming test. 1983;NFER-Nelson, Windsor.
105. Howard D., Patterson K. Pyramids and palm trees: A test of semantic access from pictures and words. 1992;Thames Valley Test Company, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk.
106. Wechsler D.A. Wechsler adult intelligence scale - revised. Test manual. 1981;Psychological Corporation, New York.
107. Warrington E.K., James M. The visual object and space perception battery. 1991;Thames Valley Test Company, Bury St Edmunds.
108. Humphreys G.W., Riddoch M.J. Routes to object constancy: implications for neurological impairment of object constancy. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology. 36A:1984;385-415.
109. Abacus. StatView. Abacus Concepts, Inc., Berkeley, CA, 1992.
110. SPSS reference guide. 1990;SPSS Inc, Chicago, Il.
111. Ebmeier K.P., Steele J.D., Mackenzie D.M., O'Carroll R.E., Kydd R.R., Glabus M.F., Blackwood D.H.R., Rugg M.D., Goodwin G.M. Cognitive brain potentials and regional blood flow equivalents during two- and three- sound auditory "oddball" tasks. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. 95:1995;434-443.
112. Becker J.T. Working memory and secondary memory deficits in Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. 10:1988;739-753.
113. Becker J.T., Bajulaiye O., Smith C. Longitudinal analysis of a two component model of the memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease. Psychological Medicine. 22:1992;437-445.
114. Green J., Morris J.C., Sandson J., McKeel D.W., Miller J.W. Progressive aphasia: a precursor of global dementia? Neurology. 40:1990;423-429.
115. Greene J.D.W., Patterson K., Xuereb J., Hodges J.R. Alzheimer disease and nonfluent progressive aphasia. Archives of Neurology. 53:1996;1072-1078.
116. Pogacar S., Williams R.S. Alzheimer's disease presenting as slowly progressive aphasia. Rhode Island Medical Journal. 67:1984;181-185.
117. Benson D.F., Davis R.J., Snyder B.D. Posterior cortical atrophy. Archives of Neurology. 45:1988;789-793.
118. Victoroff J., Ross G.W., Benson D.F., Verity M.A., Vinters H.V. Posterior cortical atrophy: neuropathologic correlations. Archives of Neurology. 51:1994;269-274.
119. Mackenzie-Ross S.J., Graham N., Stuart-Green L., Prins M., Patterson K., Hodges J.R. Progressive biparietal atrophy: an atypical presentation of Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. 61:1996;388-395.
120. Neary D., Snowden J. Frontotemporal dementia: nosology, neuropsychology and neuropathology. Brain and Cognition. 31:1996;176-187.
121. Petersen S., Corbetta M., Miezin F.M., Shulman G.L. PET studies of parietal involvement in spatial attention: comparison of different task types. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology. 48:1994;319-338.
122. Baleydier C., Mauguiere F. The duality of the cingulate gyrus in monkey: neuroanatomical study and functional hypothesis. Brain. 103:1980;525-554.
123. Vogt B.A., Crino P.B., Vogt L.J. Reorganization of cingulate cortex in Alzheimer's disease: neuron loss, neuritic plaques, and muscarinic receptor binding. Cerebral Cortex. 2:1992;526-535.
124. Vogt B.A., Pandya D.N. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey - II: cortical afferents. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 262:1987;271-289.
125. Vogt B.A., Pandya D.N., Rosene D.L. Cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey - I: cytoarchitecture and thalamic afferents. Journal of Comparative Neurology. 8:1987;256-270.
126. Mega M.S., Chen S.S., Thompson P.M., Woods R.P., Karaca T.J., Tiwari A., Vinters H.V., Small G.W., Toga A.W. Mapping histology to metabolism: coregistration of stained whole-brain sections to premortem PET in Alzheimer's disease. Neuroimage. 5:1997;147-153.