Dopamine transporter mutant mice in experimental neuropharmacology

Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology

Volumn 377, Issue 4-6, 2008, Pages 301-313

  Gainetdinov, Raul R ^a  

^a DUKE UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

ADHD; DDD mice; Dopamine transporter; Knockout mice; Parkinson's disease; Schizophrenia; Serotonin

Indexed keywords

1,2,3,6 TETRAHYDRO 1 METHYL 4 PHENYLPYRIDINE; 3,4 METHYLENEDIOXYMETHAMPHETAMINE; 5 HYDROXYTRYPTOPHAN; 8 CHLORO 2,3,4,5 TETRAHYDRO 3 METHYL 5 PHENYL 1H 3 BENZAZEPIN 7 OL HYDROGEN MALEATE; ALPHA [AMINO(4 AMINOPHENYLTHIO)METHYLENE] 2 (TRIFLUOROMETHYL)PHENYLACETONITRILE; AMPHETAMINE; CITALOPRAM; CLOZAPINE; COCAINE; DIZOCILPINE; DOPAMINE TRANSPORTER; ENDOCANNABINOID; FLUOXETINE; HALOPERIDOL; LEVODOPA; METHYLPHENIDATE; METIROSINE; MODAFINIL; MORPHINE; N (4 HYDROXYPHENYL)ARACHIDONAMIDE; NICOTINE; NISOXETINE; PHENETHYLAMINE; PSYCHOTROPIC AGENT; QUIPAZINE; RACLOPRIDE; REBOXETINE; SMALL INTERFERING RNA; TRANQUILIZER; UNINDEXED DRUG; VANOXERINE; VOLINANSERIN;

ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; CONFERENCE PAPER; DOPAMINE RECEPTOR BLOCKING; DOPAMINERGIC ACTIVITY; DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM; DOPAMINERGIC TRANSMISSION; DOSE RESPONSE; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG POTENCY; EXPERIMENTAL MOUSE; GENETIC MODEL; HUMAN; HUNTINGTON CHOREA; HYPERACTIVITY; LEARNING TEST; LOCOMOTION; LONG TERM DEPRESSION; MAZE TEST; MOUSE MUTANT; NEUROMODULATION; NEUROPHARMACOLOGY; NEUROTOXICITY; PARKINSON DISEASE; PREPULSE INHIBITION; RESPIRATION CONTROL; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SENSORIMOTOR FUNCTION;

ANIMALS; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER WITH HYPERACTIVITY; DISEASE MODELS, ANIMAL; DOPAMINE; DOPAMINE PLASMA MEMBRANE TRANSPORT PROTEINS; HUMANS; MICE; MICE, KNOCKOUT; MUTATION; PARKINSON DISEASE; PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 45849106857     PISSN: 00281298     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00210-007-0216-0     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (133)

1. Amara SG, Sonders MS (1998) Neurotransmitter transporters as molecular targets for addictive drugs. Drug Alcohol Depend 51:87-96
2. Amenta F, Bronzetti E, Cantalamessa F, El-Assouad D, Felici L, Ricci A, Tayebati SK (2001) Identification of dopamine plasma membrane and vesicular transporters in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. J Neuroimmunol 117:133-142
3. Arguello PA, Gogos JA (2006) Modeling madness in mice: one piece at a time. Neuron 52:179-196
4. Barr AM, Lehmann-Masten V, Paulus M, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Geyer MA (2004) The selective serotonin-2A receptor antagonist M100907 reverses behavioral deficits in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:221-228
5. Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2007a) The Akt-GSK-3 signaling cascade in the actions of dopamine. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28:166-172
6. Beaulieu JM, Tirotta E, Sotnikova TD, Masri B, Salahpour A, Gainetdinov RR, Borrelli E, Caron MG (2007b) Regulation of Akt signaling by D2 and D3 dopamine receptors in vivo. J Neurosci 27:881-885
7. Beaulieu JM, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2006) Paradoxical striatal cellular signaling responses to psychostimulants in hyperactive mice. J Biol Chem 281:32072-32080
8. Beaulieu JM, Sotnikova TD, Marion S, Lefkowitz RJ, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2005) An Akt/beta-arrestin 2/PP2A signaling complex mediates dopaminergic neurotransmission and behavior. Cell 122:261-273
9. Beaulieu JM, Sotnikova TD, Yao WD, Kockeritz L, Woodgett JR, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2004) Lithium antagonizes dopamine-dependent behaviors mediated by an AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3 signaling cascade. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:5099-5104
10. Benoit-Marand M, Jaber M, Gonon F (2000) Release and elimination of dopamine in vivo in mice lacking the dopamine transporter: functional consequences. Eur J Neurosci 12:2985-2992
11. Bezard E, Gross CE, Fournier MC, Dovero S, Bloch B, Jaber M (1999) Absence of MPTP-induced neuronal death in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Exp Neurol 155:268-273
12. Bliziotes M, McLoughlin S, Gunness M, Fumagalli F, Jones SR, Caron MG (2000) Bone histomorphometric and biomechanical abnormalities in mice homozygous for deletion of the dopamine transporter gene. Bone 26:15-19
13. Borowsky B, Adham N, Jones KA, Raddatz R, Artymyshyn R, Ogozalek KL, Durkin MM, Lakhlani PP, Bonini JA, Pathirana S, Boyle N, Pu X, Kouranova E, Lichtblau H, Ochoa FY, Branchek TA, Gerald C (2001) Trace amines: identification of a family of mammalian G protein-coupled receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:8966-8971
14. Bosse R, Fumagalli F, Jaber M, Giros B, Gainetdinov RR, Wetsel WC, Missale C, Caron MG (1997) Anterior pituitary hypoplasia and dwarfism in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Neuron 19:127-138
15. Breese GR, Cooper BR, Hollister AS (1975) Involvement of brain monoamines in the stimulant and paradoxical inhibitory effects of methylphenidate. Psychopharmacologia 44:5-10
16. Budygin EA, John CE, Mateo Y, Jones SR (2002) Lack of cocaine effect on dopamine clearance in the core and shell of the nucleus accumbens of dopamine transporter knock-out mice. J Neurosci 22:RC222
17. Budygin EA, Brodie MS, Sotnikova TD, Mateo Y, John CE, Cyr M, Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR (2004) Dissociation of rewarding and dopamine transporter-mediated properties of amphetamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:7781-7786
18. Bunzow JR, Sonders MS, Arttamangkul S, Harrison LM, Zhang G, Quigley DI, Darland T, Suchland KL, Pasumamula S, Kennedy JL, Olson SB, Magenis RE, Amara SG, Grandy DK (2001) Amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, lysergic acid diethylamide, and metabolites of the catecholamine neurotransmitters are agonists of a rat trace amine receptor. Mol Pharmacol 60:1181-1188
19. Cagniard B, Balsam PD, Brunner D, Zhuang X (2006) Mice with chronically elevated dopamine exhibit enhanced motivation, but not learning, for a food reward. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:1362-1370
20. Carboni E, Spielewoy C, Vacca C, Nosten-Bertrand M, Giros B, Di Chiara G (2001) Cocaine and amphetamine increase extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens of mice lacking the dopamine transporter gene. J Neurosci 21:141-144
21. Carlsson M, Carlsson A (1990) Interactions between glutamatergic and monoaminergic systems within the basal ganglia-implications for schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Trends Neurosci 13:272-276
22. Carlsson A, Waters N, Holm-Waters S, Tedroff J, Nilsson M, Carlsson ML (2001) Interactions between monoamines, glutamate, and GABA in schizophrenia: new evidence. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 41:237-260
23. Chen NH, Reith ME, Quick MW (2004) Synaptic uptake and beyond: the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter family SLC6. Pflugers Arch 447:519-531
24. Chen R, Tilley MR, Wei H, Zhou F, Zhou FM, Ching S, Quan N, Stephens RL, Hill ER, Nottoli T, Han DD, Gu HH (2006) Abolished cocaine reward in mice with a cocaine-insensitive dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:9333-9338
25. Ciliax BJ, Heilman C, Demchyshyn LL, Pristupa ZB, Ince E, Hersch SM, Niznik HB, Levey AI (1995) The dopamine transporter: immunochemical characterization and localization in brain. J Neurosci 15:1714-1723
26. Cook EH Jr., Stein MA, Krasowski MD, Cox NJ, Olkon DM, Kieffer JE, Leventhal BL (1995) Association of attention-deficit disorder and the dopamine transporter gene. Am J Hum Genet 56:993-998
27. Costa RM, Lin SC, Sotnikova TD, Cyr M, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Nicolelis MA (2006) Rapid alterations in corticostriatal ensemble coordination during acute dopamine-dependent motor dysfunction. Neuron 52:359-369
28. Costa RM, Gutierrez R, de Araujo IE, Coelho MR, Kloth AD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Nicolelis MA, Simon SA (2007) Dopamine levels modulate the updating of tastant values. Genes Brain Behav 6:314-320
29. Cyr M, Beaulieu JM, Laakso A, Sotnikova TD, Yao WD, Bohn LM, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2003) Sustained elevation of extracellular dopamine causes motor dysfunction and selective degeneration of striatal GABAergic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:11035-11040
30. Cyr M, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2006) Dopamine enhances motor and neuropathological consequences of polyglutamine expanded huntingtin. Faseb J 20:2541-2543
31. Donovan DM, Miner LL, Perry MP, Revay RS, Sharpe LG, Przedborski S, Kostic V, Philpot RM, Kirstein CL, Rothman RB, Schindler CW, Uhl GR (1999) Cocaine reward and MPTP toxicity: alteration by regional variant dopamine transporter overexpression. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 73:37-49
32. Dzirasa K, Ribeiro S, Costa R, Santos LM, Lin SC, Grosmark A, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Nicolelis MA (2006) Dopaminergic control of sleep-wake states. J Neurosci 26:10577-10589
33. Fauchey V, Jaber M, Caron MG, Bloch B, Le Moine C (2000) Differential regulation of the dopamine D1, D2 and D3 receptor gene expression and changes in the phenotype of the striatal neurons in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Eur J Neurosci 12:19-26
34. Fernagut PO, Chalon S, Diguet E, Guilloteau D, Tison F, Jaber M (2003) Motor behaviour deficits and their histopathological and functional correlates in the nigrostriatal system of dopamine transporter knockout mice. Neuroscience 116:1123-1130
35. Fernagut PO, Diguet E, Jaber M, Bioulac B, Tison F (2002) Dopamine transporter knock-out mice are hypersensitive to 3-nitropropionic acid-induced striatal damage. Eur J Neurosci 15:2053-2056
36. Filip M, Cunningham KA (2003) Hyperlocomotive and discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine are under the control of serotonin(2C) (5-HT(2C)) receptors in rat prefrontal cortex. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 306:734-743
37. Frame S, Cohen P (2001) GSK3 takes centre stage more than 20 years after its discovery. Biochem J 359:1-16
38. Fukushima S, Shen H, Hata H, Ohara A, Ohmi K, Ikeda K, Numachi Y, Kobayashi H, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Sora I (2007) Methamphetamine-induced locomotor activity and sensitization in dopamine transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 double mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 193:55-62
39. Fumagalli F, Gainetdinov RR, Valenzano KJ, Caron MG (1998) Role of dopamine transporter in methamphetamine-induced neurotoxicity: evidence from mice lacking the transporter. J Neurosci 18:4861-4869
40. Fumagalli F, Racagni G, Colombo E, Riva MA (2003) BDNF gene expression is reduced in the frontal cortex of dopamine transporter knockout mice. Mol Psychiatry 8:898-899
41. Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2000) An animal model of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Med Today 6:43-44
42. Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2001) Genetics of childhood disorders: XXIV. ADHD, part 8: hyperdopaminergic mice as an animal model of ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatr 40:380-382
43. Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2003) Monoamine transporters: from genes to behavior. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 43:261-284
44. Gainetdinov RR, Fumagalli F, Jones SR, Caron MG (1997) Dopamine transporter is required for in vivo MPTP neurotoxicity: evidence from mice lacking the transporter. J Neurochem 69:1322-1325
45. Gainetdinov RR, Mohn AR, Bohn LM, Caron MG (2001a) Glutamatergic modulation of hyperactivity in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:11047-11054
46. Gainetdinov RR, Mohn AR, Caron MG (2001b) Genetic animal models: focus on schizophrenia. Trends Neurosci 24:527-533
47. Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Caron MG (1999a) Functional hyperdopaminergia in dopamine transporter knock-out mice. Biol Psychiatry 46:303-311
48. Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Fumagalli F, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1998) Re-evaluation of the role of the dopamine transporter in dopamine system homeostasis. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 26:148-153
49. Gainetdinov RR, Sotnikova TD, Caron MG (2002) Monoamine transporter pharmacology and mutant mice. Trends Pharmacol Sci 23:367-373
50. Gainetdinov RR, Wetsel WC, Jones SR, Levin ED, Jaber M, Caron MG (1999b) Role of serotonin in the paradoxical calming effect of psychostimulants on hyperactivity. Science 283:397-401
51. Garris PA, Wightman RM (1994) Different kinetics govern dopaminergic transmission in the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and striatum: an in vivo voltammetric study. J Neurosci 14:442-450
52. Giros B, Caron MG (1993) Molecular characterization of the dopamine transporter. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:43-49
53. Giros B, Jaber M, Jones SR, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1996) Hyperlocomotion and indifference to cocaine and amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nature 379:606-612
54. Gordon J, Barnes NM (2003) Lymphocytes transport serotonin and dopamine: agony or ecstasy. Trends Immunol 24:438-443
55. Gould TD, Einat H, Bhat R, Manji HK (2004) AR-A014418, a selective GSK-3 inhibitor, produces antidepressant-like effects in the forced swim test. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 7:387-390
56. Hall FS, Li XF, Sora I, Xu F, Caron M, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR (2002) Cocaine mechanisms: enhanced cocaine, fluoxetine and nisoxetine place preferences following monoamine transporter deletions. Neuroscience 115:153-161
57. Hall FS, Sora I, Drgonova J, Li XF, Goeb M, Uhl GR (2004) Molecular mechanisms underlying the rewarding effects of cocaine. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1025:47-56
58. Hall FS, Sora I, Uhl GR (2003) Sex-dependent modulation of ethanol consumption in vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT2) and dopamine transporter (DAT) knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 28:620-628
59. Heikkila RE, Manzino L, Cabbat FS, Duvoisin RC (1984) Protection against the dopaminergic neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine by monoamine oxidase inhibitors. Nature 311:467-469
60. Hironaka N, Ikeda K, Sora I, Uhl GR, Niki H (2004) Food-reinforced operant behavior in dopamine transporter knockout mice: enhanced resistance to extinction. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1025:140-145
61. Hoffman BJ, Hansson SR, Mezey E, Palkovits M (1998) Localization and dynamic regulation of biogenic amine transporters in the mammalian central nervous system. Front Neuroendocrinol 19:187-231
62. Hornykiewicz O (1998) Biochemical aspects of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 51:S2-S9
63. Johnson SA, Luu NT, Herbst TA, Knapp R, Lutz D, Arai A, Rogers GA, Lynch G (1999) Synergistic interactions between ampakines and antipsychotic drugs. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 289:392-397
64. Jones SR, Gainetdinov RR, Hu XT, Cooper DC, Wightman RM, White FJ, Caron MG (1999) Loss of autoreceptor functions in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Nat Neurosci 2:649-655
65. Jones SR, Gainetdinov RR, Jaber M, Giros B, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1998a) Profound neuronal plasticity in response to inactivation of the dopamine transporter. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:4029-4034
66. Jones SR, Gainetdinov RR, Wightman RM, Caron MG (1998b) Mechanisms of amphetamine action revealed in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. J Neurosci 18:1979-1986
67. Kalueff AV, Ren-Patterson RF, Murphy DL (2007) The developing use of heterozygous mutant mouse models in brain monoamine transporter research. Trends Pharmacol Sci 28:122-127
68. Kopin IJ (1992) Features of the dopaminergic neurotoxin MPTP. Ann N Y Acad Sci 648:96-104
69. Krasnova IN, Ladenheim B, Cadet JL (2005) Amphetamine induces apoptosis of medium spiny striatal projection neurons via the mitochondria-dependent pathway. Faseb J 19:851-853
70. Kuhar MJ, Sanchez-Roa PM, Wong DF, Dannals RF, Grigoriadis DE, Lew R, Milberger M (1990) Dopamine transporter: biochemistry, pharmacology and imaging. Eur Neurol 30(Suppl 1):15-20
71. Langston JW, Langston EB, Irwin I (1984) MPTP-induced parkinsonism in human and non-human primates-clinical and experimental aspects. Acta Neurol Scand Suppl 100:49-54
72. Lucki I (1998) The spectrum of behaviors influenced by serotonin. Biol Psychiatry 44:151-162
73. Martin P, Waters N, Schmidt CJ, Carlsson A, Carlsson ML (1998) Rodent data and general hypothesis: antipsychotic action exerted through 5-Ht2A receptor antagonism is dependent on increased serotonergic tone. J Neural Transm 105:365-396
74. Mateo Y, Budygin EA, John CE, Jones SR (2004) Role of serotonin in cocaine effects in mice with reduced dopamine transporter function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:372-377
75. Mathews TA, John CE, Lapa GB, Budygin EA, Jones SR (2006) No role of the dopamine transporter in acute ethanol effects on striatal dopamine dynamics. Synapse 60:288-294
76. Medvedev IO, Gainetdinov RR, Sotnikova TD, Bohn LM, Caron MG, Dykstra LA (2005) Characterization of conditioned place preference to cocaine in congenic dopamine transporter knockout female mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 180:408-413
77. Miller GW, Gainetdinov RR, Levey AI, Caron MG (1999) Dopamine transporters and neuronal injury. Trends Pharmacol Sci 20:424-429
78. Mohn AR, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Koller BH (1999) Mice with reduced NMDA receptor expression display behaviors related to schizophrenia. Cell 98:427-436
79. Morice E, Billard JM, Denis C, Mathieu F, Betancur C, Epelbaum J, Giros B, Nosten-Bertrand M (2007) Parallel loss of hippocampal ltd and cognitive flexibility in a genetic model of hyperdopaminergia. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2108-2116
80. Morice E, Denis C, Giros B, Nosten-Bertrand M (2004) Phenotypic expression of the targeted null-mutation in the dopamine transporter gene varies as a function of the genetic background. Eur J Neurosci 20:120-126
81. Morice E, Denis C, Macario A, Giros B, Nosten-Bertrand M (2005) Constitutive hyperdopaminergia is functionally associated with reduced behavioral lateralization. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:575-581
82. Moron JA, Brockington A, Wise RA, Rocha BA, Hope BT (2002) Dopamine uptake through the norepinephrine transporter in brain regions with low levels of the dopamine transporter: evidence from knock-out mouse lines. J Neurosci 22:389-395
83. Nirenberg MJ, Chan J, Vaughan RA, Uhl GR, Kuhar MJ, Pickel VM (1997) Immunogold localization of the dopamine transporter: an ultrastructural study of the rat ventral tegmental area. J Neurosci 17:4037-4044
84. Numachi Y, Ohara A, Yamashita M, Fukushima S, Kobayashi H, Hata H, Watanabe H, Hall FS, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR, Sora I (2007) Methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia and lethal toxicity: role of the dopamine and serotonin transporters. Eur J Pharmacol 572:120-128
85. Pecina S, Cagniard B, Berridge KC, Aldridge JW, Zhuang X (2003) Hyperdopaminergic mutant mice have higher "wanting" but not "liking" for sweet rewards. J Neurosci 23:9395-9402
86. Pogorelov VM, Rodriguiz RM, Insco ML, Caron MG, Wetsel WC (2005) Novelty seeking and stereotypic activation of behavior in mice with disruption of the Dat1 gene. Neuropsychopharmacology 30:1818-1831
87. Powell SB, Lehmann-Masten VD, Paulus MP, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Geyer MA (2004) MDMA "ecstasy" alters hyperactive and perseverative behaviors in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 173:310-317
88. Ralph RJ, Paulus MP, Fumagalli F, Caron MG, Geyer MA (2001) Prepulse inhibition deficits and perseverative motor patterns in dopamine transporter knock-out mice: differential effects of D1 and D2 receptor antagonists. J Neurosci 21:305-313
89. Ralph-Williams RJ, Paulus MP, Zhuang X, Hen R, Geyer MA (2003) Valproate attenuates hyperactive and perseverative behaviors in mutant mice with a dysregulated dopamine system. Biol Psychiatry 53:352-359
90. Rocha BA, Fumagalli F, Gainetdinov RR, Jones SR, Ator R, Giros B, Miller GW, Caron MG (1998) Cocaine self-administration in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Nat Neurosci 1:132-137
91. Rocha BA, Goulding EH, O'Dell LE, Mead AN, Coufal NG, Parsons LH, Tecott LH (2002) Enhanced locomotor, reinforcing, and neurochemical effects of cocaine in serotonin 5-hydroxytryptamine 2C receptor mutant mice. J Neurosci 22:10039-10045
92. Rodriguiz RM, Chu R, Caron MG, Wetsel WC (2004) Aberrant responses in social interaction of dopamine transporter knockout mice. Behav Brain Res 148:185-198
93. Russell VA (2007) Neurobiology of animal models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neurosci Methods 161:185-198
94. Salahpour A, Medvedev IO, Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2007) Local knockdown of genes in the brain using small interfering RNA: a phenotypic comparison with knockout animals. Biol Psychiatry 61:65-69
95. Savelieva KV, Caudle WM, Findlay GS, Caron MG, Miller GW (2002) Decreased ethanol preference and consumption in dopamine transporter female knock-out mice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 26:758-764
96. Scheid MP, Woodgett JR (2001) PKB/AKT: functional insights from genetic models. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2:760-768
97. Seeman P, Hall FS, Uhl G (2007) Increased dopamine D2High receptors in knockouts of the dopamine transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter may contribute to spontaneous hyperactivity and dopamine supersensitivity. Synapse 61:573-576
98. Seiden LS, Sabol KE, Ricaurte GA (1993) Amphetamine: effects on catecholamine systems and behavior. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 33:639-677
99. Sesack SR, Hawrylak VA, Guido MA, Levey AI (1998) Cellular and subcellular localization of the dopamine transporter in rat cortex. Adv Pharmacol 42:171-174
100. Shen HW, Hagino Y, Kobayashi H, Shinohara-Tanaka K, Ikeda K, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto T, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Sora I (2004) Regional differences in extracellular dopamine and serotonin assessed by in vivo microdialysis in mice lacking dopamine and/or serotonin transporters. Neuropsychopharmacology 29:1790-1799
101. Snyder SH, D'Amato RJ (1986) MPTP: a neurotoxin relevant to the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. The 1985 George C. Cotzias lecture. Neurology 36:250-258
102. Sora I, Wichems C, Takahashi N, Li XF, Zeng Z, Revay R, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR (1998) Cocaine reward models: conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:7699-7704
103. Sora I, Hall FS, Andrews AM, Itokawa M, Li XF, Wei HB, Wichems C, Lesch KP, Murphy DL, Uhl GR (2001) Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward: combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:5300-5305
104. Sotnikova TD, Budygin EA, Jones SR, Dykstra LA, Caron MG, Gainetdinov RR (2004) Dopamine transporter-dependent and -independent actions of trace amine beta-phenylethylamine. J Neurochem 91:362-373
105. Sotnikova TD, Beaulieu JM, Barak LS, Wetsel WC, Caron MG, Gainetdinov RR (2005) Dopamine-independent locomotor actions of amphetamines in a novel acute mouse model of Parkinson disease. PLoS Biol 3:e271
106. Sotnikova TD, Beaulieu JM, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2006a) Molecular biology, pharmacology and functional role of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter. CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets 5:45-56
107. Sotnikova TD, Caron MG, Gainetdinov RR (2006b) DDD mice, a novel acute mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 67:S12-S17
108. Spielewoy C, Biala G, Roubert C, Hamon M, Betancur C, Giros B (2001) Hypolocomotor effects of acute and daily d-amphetamine in mice lacking the dopamine transporter. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 159:2-9
109. Spielewoy C, Gonon F, Roubert C, Fauchey V, Jaber M, Caron MG, Roques BP, Hamon M, Betancur C, Maldonado R, Giros B (2000a) Increased rewarding properties of morphine in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Eur J Neurosci 12:1827-1837
110. Spielewoy C, Roubert C, Hamon M, Nosten-Bertrand M, Betancur C, Giros B (2000b) Behavioural disturbances associated with hyperdopaminergia in dopamine-transporter knockout mice. Behav Pharmacol 11:279-290
111. Sulzer D, Chen TK, Lau YY, Kristensen H, Rayport S, Ewing A (1995) Amphetamine redistributes dopamine from synaptic vesicles to the cytosol and promotes reverse transport. J Neurosci 15:4102-4108
112. Swanson JM, Kinsbourne M, Nigg J, Lanphear B, Stefanatos GA, Volkow N, Taylor E, Casey BJ, Castellanos FX, Wadhwa PD (2007) Etiologic subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: brain imaging, molecular genetic and environmental factors and the dopamine hypothesis. Neuropsychol Rev 17:39-59
113. Tilley MR, Cagniard B, Zhuang X, Han DD, Tiao N, Gu HH (2007) Cocaine reward and locomotion stimulation in mice with reduced dopamine transporter expression. BMC Neurosci 8:42
114. Tipton KF, Singer TP (1993) Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of the neurotoxicity of MPTP and related compounds. J Neurochem 61:1191-1206
115. Torres GE, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2003) Plasma membrane monoamine transporters: structure, regulation and function. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:13-25
116. Trinh JV, Nehrenberg DL, Jacobsen JP, Caron MG, Wetsel WC (2003) Differential psychostimulant-induced activation of neural circuits in dopamine transporter knockout and wild type mice. Neuroscience 118:297-310
117. Turiault M, Parnaudeau S, Milet A, Parlato R, Rouzeau JD, Lazar M, Tronche F (2007) Analysis of dopamine transporter gene expression pattern-generation of DAT-iCre transgenic mice. Febs J 274:3568-3577
118. Tzavara ET, Li DL, Moutsimilli L, Bisogno T, Di Marzo V, Phebus LA, Nomikos GG, Giros B (2006) Endocannabinoids activate transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptors to reduce hyperdopaminergia-related hyperactivity: therapeutic implications. Biol Psychiatry 59:508-515
119. Uhl GR (1998) Hypothesis: the role of dopaminergic transporters in selective vulnerability of cells in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 43:555-560
120. van der Kooij MA, Glennon JC (2007) Animal models concerning the role of dopamine in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 31:597-618
121. Vincent SG, Waddell AE, Caron MG, Walker JK, Fisher JT (2007) A murine model of hyperdopaminergic state displays altered respiratory control. Faseb J 21:1463-1471
122. Walker JK, Gainetdinov RR, Mangel AW, Caron MG, Shetzline MA (2000) Mice lacking the dopamine transporter display altered regulation of distal colonic motility. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 279:G311-G318
123. Weiss S, Nosten-Bertrand M, McIntosh JM, Giros B, Martres MP (2007a) Nicotine improves cognitive deficits of dopamine transporter knockout mice without long-term tolerance. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:2465-2478
124. Weiss S, Tzavara ET, Davis RJ, Nomikos GG, Michael McIntosh J, Giros B, Martres MP (2007b) Functional alterations of nicotinic neurotransmission in dopamine transporter knock-out mice. Neuropharmacology 52:1496-1508
125. Winstanley CA, Theobald DE, Dalley JW, Robbins TW (2005) Interactions between serotonin and dopamine in the control of impulsive choice in rats: therapeutic implications for impulse control disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 32:669-682
126. Wise RA (1994) Cocaine reward and cocaine craving: the role of dopamine in perspective. NIDA Res Monogr 145:191-206
127. Wisor JP, Nishino S, Sora I, Uhl GH, Mignot E, Edgar DM (2001) Dopaminergic role in stimulant-induced wakefulness. J Neurosci 21:1787-1794
128. Wolinsky TD, Swanson CJ, Smith KE, Zhong H, Borowsky B, Seeman P, Branchek T, Gerald CP (2006) The trace amine 1 receptor knockout mouse: an animal model with relevance to schizophrenia. Genes Brain Behav 6:628-639
129. Wu N, Cepeda C, Zhuang X, Levine MS (2007) Altered corticosteiatal neurotransmission and modulation in dopamine transporter knock-down mice. J Neurophysiol 98:423-432
130. Yamashita M, Fukushima S, Shen HW, Hall FS, Uhl GR, Numachi Y, Kobayashi H, Sora I (2006) Norepinephrine transporter blockade can normalize the prepulse inhibition deficits found in dopamine transporter knockout mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 31:2132-2139
131. Yao WD, Gainetdinov RR, Arbuckle MI, Sotnikova TD, Cyr M, Beaulieu JM, Torres GE, Grant SG, Caron MG (2004) Identification of PSD-95 as a regulator of dopamine-mediated synaptic and behavioral plasticity. Neuron 41:625-638
132. Zhang X, Beaulieu JM, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG (2004) Tryptophan hydroxylase-2 controls brain serotonin synthesis. Science 305:217
133. Zhuang X, Oosting RS, Jones SR, Gainetdinov RR, Miller GW, Caron MG, Hen R (2001) Hyperactivity and impaired response habituation in hyperdopaminergic mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:1982-1987