Current concepts and controversies in prion immunopathology

Journal of Molecular Neuroscience

Volumn 23, Issue 1-2, 2004, Pages 3-11

  Heikenwalder, Mathias ^a   Prinz, Marco ^a,b   Heppner, Frank L ^a   Aguzzi, Adriano ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b UNIVERSITY OF GÖTTINGEN   (Germany)

Author keywords

Follicular dendritic cells (FDCs); Immune system; Lymphotoxin (LT); Prions; Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

Indexed keywords

PRION PROTEIN; LYMPHOTOXIN; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

EPITHELIUM CELL; FOLLICULAR DENDRITIC CELL; HUMAN; IMMUNE SYSTEM; IMMUNOPATHOLOGY; INGUINAL LYMPH NODE; LYMPHATIC SYSTEM; LYMPHOID ORGAN; MESENTERY LYMPH NODE; NONHUMAN; PRION; PRION DISEASE; REVIEW; STROMA; VIRUS REPLICATION; ANIMAL; CYTOLOGY; IMMUNOLOGY; INTESTINE MUCOSA; LYMPH NODE; METABOLISM; PATHOGENICITY; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY;

OVIS ARIES;

ANIMALS; DENDRITIC CELLS, FOLLICULAR; EPITHELIAL CELLS; HUMANS; INTESTINAL MUCOSA; LYMPH NODES; LYMPHOTOXIN-ALPHA; PRION DISEASES; PRIONS; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA;

EID: 4344667471     PISSN: 08958696     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1385/jmn:23:1-2:003     Document Type: Review

References (45)

1. Aguzzi A. and Heppner F. L. (2000) Pathogenesis of prion diseases: a progress report. Cell Death Differ. 7, 889-902.
2. Beringue V., Demoy M., Lasmezas C. I., Gouritin B., Weingarten C., Deslys J. P., et al. (2000) Role of spleen macrophages in the clearance of scrapie agent early in pathogenesis. J. Pathol. 190, 495-502.
3. Blättler T., Brandner S., Raeber A. J., Klein M. A., Voigtländer T., Weissmann C., and Aguzzi A. (1997a) PrP-expressing tissue required for transfer of scrapie infectivity from spleen to brain. Nature 389, 69-73.
4. Bradley R. (2000) Veterinary research at the Central Veterinary Laboratory, Weybridge, with special reference to scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Rev. Sci. Technol. 19, 819-830.
5. Bruce M. E., McConnell I., Will R. G., and Ironside J. W. (2001) Detection of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease infectivity in extraneural tissues. Lancet 358, 208-209.
6. Clarke M. C. and Haig D. A. (1970) Multiplication of scrapie agent in cell culture. Res. Vet. Sci. 11, 500-501.
7. Cole S. and Kimberlin R. H. (1985) Pathogenesis of mouse scrapie: dynamics of vacuolation in brain and spinal cord after intraperitoneal infection. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol. 11, 213-227.
8. Fischer M., Rülicke T., Raeber A., Sailer A., Moser M., Oesch B., et al. (1996) Prion protein (PrP) with aminoproximal deletions restoring susceptibility of PrP knockout mice to scrapie. EMBO J. 15, 1255-1264.
9. Fu Y. X. and Chaplin D. D. (1999) Development and maturation of secondary lymphoid tissues. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 17, 399-433.
10. Fu Y. X., Huang G., Matsumoto M., Molina H., and Chaplin D. D. (1997) Independent signals regulate development of primary and secondary follicle structure in spleen and mesenteric lymph node. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94, 5739-5743.
11. Futterer A., Mink K., Luz A., Kosco-Vilbois M. H., and Pfeffer K. (1998) The lymphotoxin beta receptor controls organogenesis and affinity maturation in peripheral lymphoid tissues. Immunity 9, 59-70.
12. Glatzel M., Abela E., Maissen M., and Aguzzi A. (2003) Extraneural pathological prion protein in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 349, 1812-1820.
13. Glatzel M., Heppner F. L., Albers K. M., and Aguzzi A. (2001) Sympathetic innervation of lymphoreticular organs is rate limiting for prion neuroinvasion. Neuron 31, 25-34.
14. Heppner F. L., Christ A. D., Klein M. A., Prinz M., Fried M., Kraehenbuhl J. P., and Aguzzi A. (2001) Transepithelial prion transport by M cells. Nat. Med. 7, 976-977.
15. Hill A. F., Zeidler M., Ironside J., and Collinge J. (1997) Diagnosis of new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by tonsil biopsy. Lancet 349, 99.
16. Hilton D. A., Fathers E., Edwards P., Ironside J. W., and Zajicek J. (1998) Prion immunoreactivity in appendix before clinical onset of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [letter]. Lancet 352, 703-704.
17. Kaeser P. S., Klein M. A., Schwarz P., and Aguzzi A. (2001) Efficient lymphoreticular prion propagation requires prp(c) in stromal and hematopoietic cells. J. Virol. 75, 7097-7106.
18. Karrer U., Lopez-Macias C., Oxenius A., Odermatt B., Bachmann M. F., Kalinke U., et al. (2000) Antiviral B cell memory in the absence of mature follicular dendritic cell networks and classical germinal centers in TNFR1-/- mice. J. Immunol. 164, 768-778.
19. Kerneis S., Bogdanova A., Kraehenbuhl J. P., and Pringault E. (1997) Conversion by Peyer's patch lymphocytes of human enterocytes into M cells that transport bacteria. Science 277, 949-952.
20. Kitamura T., Sato N., Arai K., and Miyajima A. (1991) Expression cloning of the human IL-3 receptor cDNA reveals a shared beta subunit for the human IL-3 and GM-CSF receptors. Cell 66, 1165-1174.
21. Klein M. A., Frigg R., Flechsig E., Raeber A. J., Kalinke U., Bluethmann H., et al. (1997) A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie. Nature 390, 687-690.
22. Klein M. A., Frigg R., Raeber A. J., Flechsig F., Hegyi I., Zinkernagel R. M., et al. (1998) PrP expression in B lymphocytes is not required for prion neuroinvasion. Nat. Med. 4, 1429-1433.
23. Koni P. A., Sacca R., Lawton P., Browning J. L., Ruddle N. H., and Flavell R. A. (1997) Distinct roles in lymphoid organogenesis for lymphotoxins alpha and beta revealed inlymphotoxinbeta-deficient mice. Immunity 6,491-500.
24. Korner H., Cook M., Riminton D. S., Lemckert F. A., Hoek R. M., Ledermann B., et al. (1997) Distinct roles for lymphotoxin-alpha and tumor necrosis factor in organogenesis and spatial organization of lymphoid tissue. Eur. J. Immunol. 27, 2600-2609.
25. Mabbott N. A., Williams A., Farquhar C. F., Pasparakis M., Kollias G., and Bruce M. E. (2000) Tumor necrosis factor alpha-deficient, but not interleukin-6-deficient, mice resist peripheral infection with scrapie. J. Virol. 74, 3338-3344.
26. Mabbott N. A., Young J., McConnell I., and Bruce M. E. (2003) Follicular dendritic cell dedifferentiation by treatment with an inhibitor of the lymphotoxin pathway dramatically reduces scrapie susceptibility. J. Virol. 77, 6845-6854.
27. Mackay F. and Browning J. L. (1998) Turning off follicular dendritic cells. Nature 395, 26-27.
28. Sc in vivo and antagonizes prion disease. Cell 113, 49-60.
29. Montrasio F., Cozzio A., Flechsig E., Rossi D., Klein M. A., Rulicke T., et al. (2001) B lymphocyte-restricted expression of prion protein does not enable prion replication in prion protein knockout mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 4034-4037.
30. Montrasio F., Frigg R., Glatzel M., Klein M. A. Mackay, F. Aguzzi A., and Weissmann C. (2000) Impaired prion replication in spleens of mice lacking functional follicular dendritic cells. Science 288, 1257-1259.
31. Neutra M. R., Frey A., and Kraehenbuhl J. P. (1996) Epithelial M cells: gateways for mucosal infection and immunization. Cell 86, 345-348.
32. Pasparakis M., Kousteni S., Peschon J., and Kollias G. (2000) Tumor necrosis factor and the p55TNF receptor are required for optimal development of the marginal sinus and for migration of follicular dendritic cell precursors into splenic follicles. Cell. Immunol. 201, 33-41.
33. Prinz M., Heikenwalder M. Junt T., Schwarz P., Glatzel M., Heppner F. L., et al. (2003a) Positioning of follicular dendritic cells within the spleen controls prion neuroinvasion. Nature 452, 957-962.
34. Prinz M., Huber G., Macpherson A. J., Heppner F. L., Glatzel M., Eugster H. P., et al. (2003b) Oral prion infection requires normal numbers of peyer's patches but not of enteric lymphocytes. Am. J. Pathol. 162, 1103-1111.
35. Prinz M., Montrasio F., Klein M. A., Schwarz P., Priller J., Odermatt B., et al. (2002) Lymph nodal prion replication and neuroinvasion in mice devoid of follicular dendritic cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 919-924.
36. Prusiner S. B. (1982) Novel proteinaceous infectious particles cause scrapie. Science 216, 136-144.
37. Race R., Oldstone M., and Chesebro B. (2000) Entry versus blockade of brain infection following oral or intraperitoneal scrapie administration: role of prion protein expression in peripheral nerves and spleen. J. Virol. 74, 828-833.
38. Rennert P. D., Browning J. L., Mebius R., Mackay F., and Hochman P. S. (1996) Surface lymphotoxin alpha/beta complex is required for the development of peripheral lymphoid organs. J. Exp. Med. 184, 1999-2006.
39. Rothe J., Lesslauer W., Lotscher H., Lang Y., Koebel P., Kontgen F., et al. (1993) Mice lacking the tumour necrosis factor receptor 1 are resistant to TNF-mediated toxicity but highly susceptible to infection by Listeria monocytogenes. Nature 364, 798-802.
40. van Keulen L. J., Schreuder B. E., Vromans M. E., Langeveld J. P., and Smits M. A. (1999) Scrapie-associated prion protein in the gastro-intestinal tract of sheep with natural scrapie. J. Comp. Pathol. 121, 55-63.
41. Wadsworth J. D. E., Joiner S., Hill A. F., Campbell T. A., Desbruslais M., Luthert P. J., and Collinge J. (2001) Tissue distribution of protease resistant prion protein in variant CJD using a highly sensitive immunoblotting assay. Lancet 358, 171-180.
42. Ware C. F., VanArsdale T. L., Crowe P. D., and Browning J. L. (1995) The ligands and receptors of the lymphotoxin system. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 198, 175-218.
43. Wells G. A., Dawson M., Hawkins S. A., Green R. B., Dexter I., Francis, M. E., et al. (1994) Infectivity in the ileum of cattle challenged orally with bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Vet. Rec. 135, 40-41.
44. Wells G. A., Hawkins S. A., Green R. B., Austin A. R., Dexter I., Spencer Y. I., et al. (1998) Preliminary observations on the pathogenesis of experimental bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE): an update. Vet. Rec. 142, 103-106.
45. Yap P. L., Leaver H. A., and Gillon J. (1998) Prions: properties, occurrence, modes of transmission and relevance for blood transfusion and blood derivatives. Vox. Sang. 74, 131-134.