Carvedilol in the treatment of elderly patients with chronic heart failure

Clinical Interventions in Aging

Volumn 3, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 55-70

  Witte, Klaus K A ^a   Clark, Andrew L ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LEEDS   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF HULL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Beta blockers; Chronic heart failure

Indexed keywords

ALDOSTERONE ANTAGONIST; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BETA 1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA 2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; BISOPROLOL; BUCINDOLOL; CANDESARTAN; CARVEDILOL; DIGOXIN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; DIURETIC AGENT; ENALAPRIL; LOOP DIURETIC AGENT; METOPROLOL; NEBIVOLOL; PLACEBO; PROPRANOLOL; XAMOTEROL;

ACTION POTENTIAL; ADRENERGIC ACTIVITY; ADRENERGIC STIMULATION; APOPTOSIS; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRADYCARDIA; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CLAUDICATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; COMORBIDITY; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIZZINESS; DRUG DOSE COMPARISON; DRUG DOSE REDUCTION; DRUG DOSE TITRATION; DRUG MECHANISM; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG SAFETY; DRUG TOLERABILITY; DRUG WITHDRAWAL; ELDERLY CARE; FATIGUE; FUNCTIONAL DISEASE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART ATRIUM FIBRILLATION; HEART EJECTION FRACTION; HEART FAILURE; HEART INFARCTION; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE FAILURE; HEART LEFT VENTRICLE VOLUME; HEART MUSCLE ISCHEMIA; HEART RATE; HOSPITALIZATION; HUMAN; HYPERKALEMIA; HYPOTENSION; INCIDENCE; KIDNEY DYSFUNCTION; MONOTHERAPY; MORTALITY; ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION; PARASYMPATHETIC INNERVATION; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE; PRESSORECEPTOR REFLEX; PREVALENCE; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; SIDE EFFECT; SUDDEN DEATH; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VASOCONSTRICTION; VASODILATATION;

ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS; AGED; ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ARRHYTHMIAS, CARDIAC; CARBAZOLES; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; DIGOXIN; HEART FAILURE; HUMANS; PROPANOLAMINES; VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, LEFT; VENTRICULAR REMODELING;

EID: 42449091101     PISSN: 11769092     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (173)

1. Andreka P, Aiyar N, Olson LC, et al. 2002. Bucindolol displays intrinsic sympathomimetic activity in human myocardium. Circulation, 105:2429-34.
2. Aranda JM, Krause-Steinrauf HJ, Greenberg BH, et al. 2002. Comparison of the beta blocker bucindolol in younger versus older patients with heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 89:1322-6.
3. Aronow WS, Alm C, Kronzon I. 1997. Effect of propranolol versus no propranolol on total mortality plus nonfatal myocardial infarction in older patients with prior myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, and left ventricular ejection fraction > or = 40% treated with diuretics plus angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. Am J Cardiol, 80:207-9.
4. Aronson D, Burger AJ. 2002. Concomitant beta-blocker therapy is associated with a lower occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with decompensated heart failure. J Card Fail, 8:79-85.
5. Awan NA, Miller RR, DeMaria AN, et al. 1977. Efficacy of ambulatory systemic vasodilator therapy with oral prazosin in chronic refractory heart failure. Concomitant relief of pulmonary congestion and elevation of pump output demonstrated by improvements in symptomatology, exercise tolerance, hemodynamics and echocardiography. Circulation, 56:346-54.
6. Bakris GL, Fonseca V, Katholi RE, et al. 2004. Metabolic effects of carvedilol vs metoprolol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA, 292:2227-36.
7. Ball SG, Hall AS, Mackintosh AF, et al. 1993. Effect oframipril and morbidity of survivors of acute myocardial infarction with clinical evidence of heart failure. Lancet, 342:821-8.
8. Barr CS, Lang CC, Hanson J, et al. 1995. Effects ofadding spironolactone to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol, 76:1259-65.
9. Bell DS, Lukas MA, Holdbrook FK, et al. 2006. The effect of carvedilol on mortality risk in heart failure patients with diabetes: results of a meta-analysis. Curr Med Res Opin, 22:287-96.
10. Bellenger NG, Rajappan K, Rahman SL, et al. 2004. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodelling in chronic stable heart failure: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study. Heart, 90:760-4
11. Beta-Blocker Evaluation of Survival Trial Investigators. 2001. A trial of the beta-blocker bucindolol in patients with advanced chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med, 344:1659-67.
12. Bonneux L, Barendregt JJ, Meeter K. 1994. Estimating clinical morbidity due to ischaemic heart disease and congestive heart failure: the future rise of heart failure. Am J Public Health, 84:20-8.
13. Braunwald E. 1997. Cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities. N Engl J Med, 337:1360-9.
14. Bristow MR, Gilbert EM, Abraham WT, et al. 1996. Carvedilol produces dose-related improvements in left ventricular function and survival in subjects with chronic heart failure. Circulation, 94:2807-16.
15. Brodine WN, Tung RT, Lee JK, et al. 2005. Effects of beta-blockers on implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy and survival in the patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy (from the Multicenter Automatic Defibrillator Implantation Trial-II). Am J Cardiol, 96:691-5.
16. Brown A, Cleland JGF. 1998. Influence of concomitant disease on patterns of hospitalisations in patients with heart failure from Scottish hospitals in 1995. Eur Heart J, 19:1063-9.
17. Buller NP, Jones D, Poole-Wilson PA. 1991. Direct measurements of skeletal muscle fatigue in patients with chronic heart failure. Br Heart J, 65:20-24.
18. Chen J, Radford MJ, Wang Y, et al. 2001. Effectiveness of beta-blocker therapy after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Am Coll Cardiol, 37:1950-6.
19. CIBIS-II Investigators and Committee. 1999. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randormsed trial. Lancet, 353:9-13.
20. Cioffi G, De Feo S, Pulignano G, et al. 2006. Does atrial fibrillation in very elderly patients with chronic systolic heart failure limit the use of carvedilol? Int J Cardiol, 107:220-4.
21. Cioffi G, Stefenelli C, Tarantini L, et al. 2003. Prevalence, predictors and prognostic implications of improvement in left ventricular systolic function and clinical status in patients >70 years of age with recently diagnosed systolic heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 92:166-72.
22. Clark AL, Piepoli M, Coats AJS. 1995. Skeletal muscle and the control of ventilation on exercise; evidence for metabolic receptors. Eur J Clin Invest, 25:299-305.
23. Clark AL, Poole-Wilson PA, Coats AJS. 1996. Exercise limitation in chronic heart failure: the central role of the periphery. J Am Coll Cardiol, 28:1092-102.
24. Cleland JG, Charlesworth A, Lubsen J, et al. 2006. A comparison of the effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on well-being, morbidity, and mortality (the "patient journey") in patients with heart failure: a report from the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET). J Am Coll Cardiol, 47:1603-11.
25. Cleland JG, Chattopadhyay S, Khand A, et al. 2002. Prevalence and incidence of arrhythmias and sudden death in heart failure. Heart Fail Rev, 7:229-42.
26. Cleland JG, Clark A. 1999. Has the survival of the heart failure population changed? Lessons from trials. Am J Cardiol, 83:112D-119D.
27. Cleland JG, Gemmell I, Khand A, et al. 1999. Is the prognosis of heart failure improving? Eur J Heart Fail, 1:229-41.
28. Cleland JG, Tendera M, Adamus J, et al. 2006. The perindopril in elderly people with chronic heart failure (PEP-CHF) study. Eur Heart J, 27:2338-45.
29. Cleland JGF, Bristow M, Erdmann E, et al. 1996. Beta-blocking agents in heart failure. Should they be used and how? Eur Heart J, 17:1629-39.
30. Cleland JGF, Freemantle N, McGowan J, et al. 1999. The evidence for beta-blockers in heart failure. Br Med J, 318:824-5.
31. Cleland JGF, Massie BM, Packer M. 1999. Sudden death in heart failure: vascular or electrical? Eur J Heart Fail, 1:41-5.
32. Cleland JGF, McGowan J, Cowburn PJ. 1998. β-blockers for chronic heart failure: From prejudice to enlightenment. J Cardiovasc Pharm, 32(Suppl 1):S52-60.
33. Cleland JGF, Swedberg K, Poole-Wilson PA. 1998. Successes and failures of current treatment of heart failure. Lancet, 352(Suppl 1): 19-28.
34. Cleland JGF, Thygesen K, Uretsky BF, et al. 2001. Cardiovascular critical event pathways for the progression of heart failure. A report from the ATLAS study. Eur Heart J, 22:1601-12.
35. Cohen Solal A, Jondeau G, Beauvais F, et al. 2004. Beneficial effects of carvedilol on angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and renin plasma levels in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail, 6:463-6.
36. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. 1991. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure. New Engl J Med, 325:303-10.
37. Cohn JN, Levine TB, Olivari MT, et al. 1984. Plasma norepinephrine as a guide to prognosis in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med, 311:819-23.
38. Cohn JN, Tognoni G, for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. 2001. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker Valsartan in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med, 345:1667-75.
39. Colucci WS, Packer M, Bristow MR, et al. 1996. Carvedilol inhibits clinical progression in patients with mild symptoms of heart failure. US Carvedilol Heart Failure Study Group. Circulation, 94:2800-6.
40. Communal C, Singh K, Pimentel DR, et al. 1998. Norepinephrine stimulates apoptosis in adult rat ventricular myocytes by activation of the beta-adrenergic pathway. Circulation, 98:1329-34.
41. Cowie MR, Mosterd A, Wood DA. 1997. The epidemiology of heart failure. Eur Heart Journal, 18:208-25.
42. Cowie MR, Wood DA, Coats AJS, et al. 1999. Incidence and aetiology of heart failure. A population based study. Eur Heart J, 20:421-8.
43. Dargie HJ, McMurray J. 1992. Chronic heart failure: epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology and treatment. In Rowlands DJ, ed. Recent advances in cardiology II. Edinburgh: Churchill Livinstone. p 73-114.
44. Dargie HJ. 2001. Effect of carvedilol on outcome after myocardial infarction in patients with left-ventricular dysfunction: the CAPRICORN randomised trial. Lancet, 357:1385-90.
45. Davis JS, Sinoway LI, Robinson J, et al. 1987. Norepinephrine kinetics during orthostatic stress in congestive heart failure. Circ Res, 61 (Suppl 1):1-87-91.
46. Deedwania PC, Gottlieb S, Ghali JK, et al; MERIT-HF Study Group. 2004. Efficacy, safety and tolerability of beta-adrenergic blockade with metoprolol CR/XL in elderly patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J, 25:1300-9.
47. Dorn GW 2nd. 2002. Adrenergic pathways and left ventricular remodeling. J Card Fail, 8(6 Suppl):S370-3.
48. Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Walsh HA, et al; CAPRICORN Echo Substudy Investigators. 2004. Effects of carvedilol on left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction: the CAPRICORN Echo Substudy. Circulation, 109:2014.
49. Dries DL, Exner DV, Gersh BJ, et al. 1998. Atrial fibrillation is associated with an increased risk for mortality and heart failure progression in patients with asymptomatic and symptomatic left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a retrospective analysis of the SOLVD trials. J Am Coll Cardiol, 32:695-703.
50. Dulin BR, Haas SJ, Abraham WT, et al. 2005. Do elderly systolic heart failure patients benefit from beta blockers to the same extent as the non-elderly? Meta-analysis of > 12,000 patients in large-scale clinical trials. Am J Cardiol, 95:896-8.
51. Ellenbogen KA, Mohanty PK, Szentpetery S, et al. 1989. Arterial baroreflex abnormalities in heart failure: reversal after orthotopic cardiac transplantation. Circulation, 79:51-8.
52. Ferguson DW, Abboud FM, Mark AL. 1984. Selective impairment of baroreflex-mediated vasoconstrictor responses in patients with ventricular dysfunction. Circulation, 69:451-60.
53. Ferrua S, Bobbio M, Catalano E, et al. 2005. Does carvedilol impair insulin sensitivity in heart failure patients without diabetes? J Card Fail, 11:590-4.
54. Flather MD, Shibata MC, Coats AJ, et al; SENIORS Investigators. 2005. Randomized trial to determine the effect of nebivolol on mortality and cardiovascular hospital admission in elderly patients with heart failure (SENIORS). Eur Heart J, 26:215-25.
55. Flather MD, Yusuf S, Kober L, et al; for the ACE inhibitor Myocardial Infarction Collaborative Group. 2000. Long term ACE-inhibitor therapy in patients with heart failure or left ventricular dysfunction: a systematic overview of data from individual patients. Lancet, 355:1575-81.
56. Franciosa JA, Pierpont G, Cohn JN. 1977. Hemodynamic improvement after oral hydralazine in left ventricular failure: a comparison with nitroprusside infusion in 16 patients. Ann Intern Med, 86:388-93.
57. Freemantle N, Cleland JGF, Young S, et al. 1999. Beta blockade after myocardial infarction: systematic review and meta regression analysis. Br Med J, 318:1730-7.
58. Fung JWH, Chan SKW, Yeung LYC, et al. 2002. Is beta-blockage useful in heart failure patients with atrial fibrillation? An analysis of data from two previously completed prospective trials. Eur J Heart Fail, 4:489-94.
59. Garg R, Yusuf S. 1995. Overview of randomized trials of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. JAMA, 273:1450-6.
60. Gattis WA, O'Connor CM, Gallup DS, et al; IMPACT-HF Investigators and Coordinators. 2004. Predischarge initiation of carvedilol in patients hospitalized for decompensated heart failure: results of the Initiation Management Predischarge: Process for Assessment of Carvedilol Therapy in Heart Failure (IMPACT-HF) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 43:1534-41.
61. Gheorghiade M, Hall VB, Jacobsen G, et al. 1995. Effects of increasing maintenance dose of digoxin on left ventricular function and neurohormones in patients with chronic heart failure treated with diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Circulation, 92:1801-7.
62. Ghio S, Magrini G, Serio A, et al; SENIORS investigators. 2006. Effects of nebivolol in elderly heart failure patients with or without systolic left ventricular dysfunction: results of the SENIORS echocardiographic substudy. Eur Heart J, 27:562-8.
63. Goldspink DF, Bumiston JG, Tan LB. 2003. Cardiomyocyte death and the ageing and failing heart. Exp Physiol, 88:447-58.
64. Granger CB, McMurray JJV, Yusuf S, et al; for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. 2003. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function intolerant to angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet, 362:772-6.
65. Grassi G, Giannattasio C, Saino A, et al. 1988. Cardiopulmonary receptor modulation of plasma rennin activity in normotensive and hypertensive subjects. Hypertension, 11:92-9.
66. Grassi C, Seravalle G, Cattaneo BM, et al. 1995. Sympathetic activation and loss of reflex sympathetic control in raild congestive heart failure. Circulation, 92:3206-11.
67. Hall SA, Cigarroa CG, Marcoux L, et al. 1995. Time course of improvement in left ventricular function, mass and geometry in patients with congestive heart failure treated with beta-adrenergic blockade. J Am Coll Cardiol, 25:1154-61.
68. Harris P. 1987. Congestive cardiac failure. Central role of the arterial blood pressure. Br Heart J, 58:190-203.
69. Hiatt WR, Stoll S, Nies AS. 1985. Effect of beta-adrenergic blockers on the peripheral circulation in patients with peripheral vascular disease. Circulation, 72:1226-31.
70. Hjalmarson A, Goldstein S, Fagerberg B, et al. 2000. Effects of controlled-release metoprolol on total mortality, hospitalization, and well-being in patients with heart failure: the metoprolol CR-XL randomized intervention trial in congestive heart failure (MERIT-HF). JAMA, 283:1295-302.
71. Houghton T, Freemantle N, Cleland JGF. 2000. Are beta-blockers effective in patients who develop heart failure soon after myocardial infarction? A meta-regression analysis of randomised trials. Eur J Heart Fail, 2:333-40.
72. Hunt SA, Baker DW, Chin MH, et al. 2001. ACC/AHA guidelines for the evaluation and management of chronic heart failure in the adult: executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee to revise the 1995 Guidelines for the Evaluation and Management of Heart Failure). J Am Coll Cardiol, 38:2101-13.
73. Iaria CT, Jalar UH, Kao FF. 1959. The peripheral neural mechanism of exercise hyperpnoea. J Physiol, 148:49P-50P.
74. Iellamo F, Pizzinelli P, Massaro M, et al. 1999. Muscle metaboreflex contribution to sinus node regulation during static exercise. Circulation, 100:27-32.
75. Joglar JA, Acusta AP, Shusterman NH, et al. 200 1. Effect of carvedilol on survival and haemodynamics in patients with atrial fibrillation and left ventricular dysfunction: retrospective analysis of the US carvedilol heart failure trials program. Am Heart J, 142:498-501.
76. Jong P, Yusuf S, Rousseau MF, et al. 2003. Effect of enalapril on 12-year survival and life expectancy in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction: a follow-up study. Lancet, 361:1843-8.
77. Kaye DM, Lefkovits J, Jennings GL, et al. 1995. Adverse consequences of high sympathetic nervous activity in the failing human heart. J Am Coll Cardiol, 26:1257-63.
78. Khand AU, Gernmell I, Rankin AC, et al. 2001. Clinical events leading to the progression of heart failure: insights from a national database of hospital discharges. Eur Heart J, 22:153-64.
79. Khand AU, Rankin AC, Martin W, et al. 2003. Carvedilol alone or in combination with digoxin for the management of atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure? J Am Coll Cardiol, 42:1944-51.
80. Ko DT, Hebert PR, Coffey CS, et al. 2002. Beta-blocker therapy and symptoms of depression, fatigue, and sexual dysfimction. JAMA, 288:351-7.
81. Komajda M, Follath F, Swedberg K, et al. 2003. Study Group on Diagnosis of the Working Group on Heart Failure of the European Society of Cardiology. The Euroheart Failure Survey Programme - a survey on the quality of care among patients with heart failure in Europe: Part 2. Treatment. Eur Heart J, 24:464-74.
82. Komajda M, Lutiger B, Madeira H, et al; CARMEN investigators and co-ordinators. 2004. Tolerability of carvedilol and ACE-Inhibition in mild heart failure. Results of CARMEN (Carvedilol ACE-Inhibitor Remodelling Mild CHF EvaluatioN). Eur J Heart Fail, 6:467-75.
83. Kotlyar E, Keogh AM, Macdonald PS, et al. 2002. Tolerability of carvedilol in patients with heart failure and concomitant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or asthma. J Heart Lung Transplant, 21:1290-5.
84. Krum H, Bigger JTJ, Goldsmith RL, et al. 1995. Effect of long-term digoxin therapy on autonomic function in patients with chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 25:289-94.
85. Krum H, Hill J, Fruhwald F, et al. 2006. Tolerability of beta-blockers in elderly patients with chronic heart failure: the COLA II study. Eur J Heart Fail, 8:302-7.
86. Krum H, Mohacsi P, Katus HA, et al; Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study Group. 2006. Are beta-blockers needed in patients receiving spironolactone for severe chronic heart failure? An analysis of the COPERNICUS study. Am Heart J, 151:55-61.
87. Krum H, Ninio D, MacDonald P. 2000. Baseline predictors of tolerability to carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure. Heart, 84:615-19.
88. Krum H, Roecker EB, Mohacsi P, et al. Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study Group. 2003. Effects of initiating carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure: results from the COPERNICUS Study. JAMA, 289:712-18.
89. Kubo T, Azevedo ER, Newton GE, et al. 2001. Lack of evidence for peripheral alpha(1)-adrenoceptor blockade during long-term treatment of heart failure with carvedilol. J Am Coll Cardiol, 38:1463-9.
90. Kveiborg B, Christiansen B, Major-Petersen A, et al. 2006. Metabolic effects of beta-adrenoceptor antagonists with special emphasis on carvedilol. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 6:209-17.
91. Lawless CE, Tamlyn T, Shah R, et al. 2005. Titration of carvedilol in elderly heart failure patients. Am J Geriatr Cardiol, 14:230-5.
92. Leimbach WN, Wallin BG, Victor RG, et al. 1986. Direct evidence from intraneural recordings for increased central sympathetic outflow in patients with heart failure. Circulation, 73:913-19.
93. Leonetti Luparini R, Celli V, Piccirillo G, et al. 1999. Carvedilol in elderly patients with chronic heart failure, a 12 weeks randomized, placebo controlled open trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 29:275-82.
94. Lipkin D, Jones D, Round J, et al. 1988. Abnormalities of skeletal muscle in patients with chronic heart failure. Int J Cardiol, 18:187-95.
95. MacFadyen RJ, Barr CS, Struthers AD. 1997. Aldosterone blockade reduces vascular collagen turnover, improves heart rate variability and reduces early morning rise in heart rate in heart failure patients. Cardiovasc Res, 35:30-4.
96. MacMahon S, Sharpe N, Doughty R, et al. 1997. Randomised, placebo-controlled trial of carvedilol in patients with congestive heart failure due to ischaemic heart disease. Lancet, 349:375-80.
97. Maggioni AP, Anand I, Gottlieb SO, et al; for the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial Investigators. 2002. Effects of valsartan on morbidity and mortality in patients with heart failure not receiving angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. J Am Coll Cardiol, 40:1414-21.
98. Maggioni AP, Sinagra G, Opasich C, et al. 2003. Beta blockers in patients with congestive heart failure: guided use in clinical practice investigators. Treatment of chronic heart failure with beta adrenergic blockade beyond controlled clinical trials: the BRING-UP experience. Heart, 89:299-305.
99. Mancia G. 1990. Sympathetic activation in congestive heart failure. Eur Heart J, 11 (Suppl A): 3-11.
100. Mancia G, Seravalle G, Giannattasio C, et al. 1992. Reflex cardiovascular control in congestive heart failure. Am J Cardiol, 69:17G-23G.
101. Mancini DM, Coyle E, Coggan A, et al. 1989. Contribution of intrinsic skeletal muscle changes to 31P NMR skeletal muscle abnormalities in patients with chronic heart failure. Circulation, 80:1338-46.
102. Mancini DM, Walter G, Reichnek N, et al. 1992. Contribution of skeletal muscle atrophy to exercise intolerance and altered muscle metabolism in heart failure. Circulation, 85:1364-73.
103. Marin-Neto JA, Pintya AO, Gallo L Jr, et al. 1991. Abnormal baroreflex control of heart rate in decompensated congestive heart failure and reversal after compensation. Am J Cardiol, 67:604-10.
104. McMurray J, Dargie HJ. 1992. Trends in hospitalisation for chronic heart failure in the United Kingdom. Eur Heart J, 13 (Suppl): 350.
105. McMurray J, Kober L, Robertson M, et al. 2005. Antiarrhythmic effect of carvedilol after acute myocardial infarction: results of the Carvedilol Post-Infarct Survival Control in Left Ventricular Dysfunction (CAPRICORN) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 45:525-30.
106. McMurray J, McDonough T, Morrison CE, et al. 1993a. The growing problem of heart failure in Scottish hospitals. Br Heart J, 69(Suppl):73.
107. McMurray J, McDonagh T, Morrison CE, et al. 1993b. Trends in hospitalisation for heart failure in Scotland 1980-1990. Eur Heart J, 14:1158-62.
108. McMurray J, Östergren J, Swedberg K, et al; for the CHARM Investigators and Committees. 2003. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced left-ventricular systolic function taking angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors: the CHARM-Added trial. Lancet, 362:767-71.
109. Meredith IT, Broughton A, Jennings GL, et al. 1991. Evidence of a selective increase in cardiac sympathetic activity in patients with sustained ventricular arrhythmias. N Engl J Med, 325:618-24,
110. MERIT-HF Study Group. 1999. Effect of metoprolol CR/XL in chronic heart failure: Metoprolol CR/XL Randomised Intervention Trial in Congestive Heart Failure (MERIT-HF). Lancet, 333:2001-7.
111. Middlekauff HR, Stevenson WG, Stevenson LW 199 L Prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in advanced heart failure. Circulation, 84:40-8.
112. Minotti JR, Pillay P, Chang L, et al. Neurophysiological assessment of skeletal muscle fatigue in patients with congestive heart failure. Circulation 1992; 86:903-8
113. Mohanty PK, Thames MD, Arrowood JA, et al. 1987. Impairment of cardiopulmonary baroreflex after cardiac transplantation in humans. Circulation, 75:914-21.
114. Nieminen MS, Brutsaert D, Dickstein K, et al. EuroHeart Survey Investigators; Heart Failure Association, European Society of Cardiology. 2006. Eurolleart Failure Survey II (EHFS II): a survey on hospitalized acute heart failure patients: description of population. Eur Heart J, 27:2725-36.
115. Nodari S, Metra M, Dei Cas A, et al. 2003, Efficacy and tolerability of the long-term administration of carvedilol in patients with chronic heart failure with and without concomitant diabetes mellitus. Eur J Heart Fail, 5:803-9.
116. Nul D, Zambrano C, Diaz A, et al; Grupo de Estudio de la Sobrevida en la Insuficiencia Cardiaca en Argentina. 2005. Impact of a standardized titration protocol with carveddol in heart failure: safety, tolerability, and efficacy-a report from the GESICA registry. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 19:125-34.
117. Opasich C, Boccanelli A, Cafiero M, et al; BRING-UP 2 Investigators. 2006. Programme to improve the use of beta-blockers for heart failure in the elderly and in those with severe symptoms: results of the BRING-UP 2 Study. Eur J Heart Fail, 8:649-57.
118. Opasich C, De Feo S, Cioffi G, et al. 2005. Does atrial fibrillation in elderly patients with chronic heart failure limit the efficacy of carvedilol? Suggestions from an observational study. Ital Heart J, 6:323-7.
119. Packer M, Antonopoulos GV, Berlin JA, et al. 2001. Comparative effects of carvedilol and metoprolol on left ventricular ejection fraction in heart failure: results of a meta-analysis. Am Heart J, 141:899-907.
120. Packer M, Bristow MR, Cohn JN, et al; for the US carvedilol study group. 1996. The effect of carvedilol on morbidity and mortality in patients with chronic heart failure. New Engl J Med, 334:1349-55.
121. Packer M, Coats AJ, Fowler MB, et al; Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. 2001. Effect of carvedilol on survival in severe chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med, 344:1651-8.
122. Packer M, Colucci WS, Sackner-Bemstein JD, et al. 1996. Double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the effects of carvedilol in patients with moderate to severe heart failure. The PRECISE Trial. Prospective Randomized Evaluation of Carvedilol on Symptoms and Exercise. Circulation, 94:2793-9.
123. Packer M, Fowler MB, Roecker EB, et al; Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) Study Group. 2002. Effect of carvedilol on the morbidity of patients with severe chronic heart failure: results of the carvedilol prospective randomized cumulative survival (COPERNICUS) study. Circulation, 106:2194-9.
124. Packer M, Gheorghiade M, Young JB, et al; for the RADIANCE study. 1993. Withdrawal of digoxin from patients with chronic heart failure treated with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors. New Engl J Med, 329:1-7.
125. Packer M, Poole Wilson PA, Armstrong PW, et al; on behalf of the ATLAS investigators. 1999. Comparative effects of low and high doses of the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, lisinopril, on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure. Circulation, 100:2312-18.
126. Patterson AJ, Zhu W, Chow A, et al. 2004. Protecting the myocardium: a role for the beta2 adrenergic receptor in the heart. Crit Care Med, 32:1041-8.
127. Persson H, Eriksson SV, Erhardt L. 1996. Effects of beta receptor antagonists on left ventricular function in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure after myocardial infarction. A double-blind comparison of metoprolol and xamoterol. Echocardiographic results from the Metoprolol and Xamoterol Infarction Study (MEXIS). Eur Heart J, 17:741-9.
128. Persson H, Rythe'n-Alder E, Melcher A, et al. 1995. Effects of beta receptor antagonists in patients with clinical evidence of heart failure after myocardial infarction: double blind comparison of metoprolol and xamoterol. Br Heart J, 74:140-8.
129. Pfeffer MA, Braunwald E, Moye LA, et al. 1992. Effect of captopril on mortality and morbidity in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction - Results of the survival and ventricular enlargement trial. New Engl J Med, 327:669-77.
130. Pfeffer MA, McMurray JJ, Velazquez EJ, et al; Valsartan in Acute Myocardial Infarction Trial Investigators. 2003. Valsartan, captopril, or both in myocardial infarction complicated by heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction, or both. N Engl J Med, 349:1893-906.
131. Pitt B, Remme W, Zannad F, et al.; for the Eplerenone Post-Acute Myocardial Infarction Heart Failure Efficacy and Survival Study Investigators. 2003. Eplerenone, a selective aldosterone blocker, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction after myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med, 349:1309-21.
132. Pitt B, White H, Nicolau J, et al; EPHESUS Investigators. 2005. Eplerenone reduces mortality 30 days after randomization following acute myocardial infarction in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction and heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 46:425-31.
133. Pitt B, Zannad F, Remme WJ, et al. 1999. Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study Investigators. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure. N Engl J Med, 341:709-17.
134. Pitt B. 1995. 'Escape' of aldosterone production in patients with left ventricular dysfunction treated with an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor: Implications for therapy. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 9:145-9.
135. Poole-Wilson PA, Cleland JGF, Hanrath P, et al; on behalf of the COMET Study Investigators. 2002. Rationale and Design of the Carvedilol or Metoprolol European Trial in Patients with Chronic Heart Failure; the COMET trial. Eur J Heart Fail, 4:321-9.
136. Poole-Wilson PA, Swedberg K, Cleland JG, et al; Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial Investigators. 2003. Comparison of carvedilol and metoprolol on clinical outcomes in patients with chronic heart failure in the Carvedilol Or Metoprolol European Trial (COMET): randomised controlled trial. Lancet, 362:7-13.
137. Poole-Wilson PA, Uretsky BF, Thygesen K, et al; Atlas Study Group. 2003. Assessment of treatment with lisinopril and survival. Mode of death in heart failure: findings from the ATLAS trial. Heart, 89:42-8.
138. Rector TS, Olivari MT, Levine TB, et al. 1987. Predicting survival for an individual with congestive heart failure using the plasma norepinephrine concentration. Am Heart J, 114:148-52.
139. Remme WJ, Riegger G, Hildebrandt P, et al. 2004. The benefits of early combination treatment of carvedilol and an ACE-inhibitor in mild heart failure and left ventricular systolic dysfunction. The carvedilol and ACE-inhibitor remodelling mild heart failure evaluation trial (CARMEN). Cardiovasc Drugs Ther, 18:57-66.
140. Remme WJ, Torp-Pedersen C, Cleland JG, et al. 2007. Carvedilol protects better against vascular events than metoprolol in heart failure: results from COMET. J Am Coll Cardiol, 49:963-71.
141. Rickli H, Steiner S, Muller K, Hess OM. 2004. Betablockers in heart failure: Carvedilol Safety Assessment (CASA 2-trial). Eur J Heart Fail, 6:761-8.
142. Rochon PA, Tu JV, Anderson GM, et al. 2000. Rate of heart failure and 1-year survival for older people receiving low-dose beta-blocker therapy after myocardial infarction. Lancet, 356:639-44.
143. Rouleau JL, Roecker EB, Tendera M, et al; Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival Study Group. 2004. Influence of pretreatment systolic blood pressure on the effect of carvedilol in patients with severe chronic heart failure: the Carvedilol Prospective Randomized Cumulative Survival (COPERNICUS) study. J Am Coll Cardiol, 43:1423-9.
144. Rowell LB, O'Learly DS. 1990. Reflex control of the circulation during exercise: chemoreflexes and mechanoreflexes. J Appl Physiol, 69:407-18.
145. Shelton RJ, Rigby AS, Cleland JG, et al. 2006, Effect of a community heart failure clinic on uptake of beta blockers by patients with obstructive airways disease and heart failure. Heart, 92:331-6.
146. Simon T, Mary-Krause M, Funck-Brentano C, et al. 2003. Bisoprolol dose-response relationship in patients with congestive heart failure: a subgroup analysis in the Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS II). Eur Heart J, 24:552-9.
147. Sin DD, McAlister FA. 2002. The effects of beta-blockers on morbidity and mortality in a population-based cohort of 11942 elderly patients with heart failure. Am J Med, 113:650-6.
148. Sirak TE, Jelic S, Le Jemtel TH. 2004. Therapeutic update: non-selective beta- and alpha-adrenergic blockade in patients with coexistent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and chronic heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 44:497-502.
149. Slatton ML, Irani WN, Hall SA, et al. 1997. Does digoxin provide additional hemodynamic and autonomic benefit at higher doses in patients with mild to moderate heart failure and normal sinus rhythm? J Am Coll Cardiol, 29:1206-13.
150. Sliwa K, Norton GR, Kone N, et al. 2004. Impact of initiating carvedilol before angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy on cardiac function in newly diagnosed heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol, 44:1825-30.
151. Stewart AL, Greenfield S, Hays RD, et al. 1989. Functional status and well-being of patients with chronic conditions. JAMA, 262:907-13.
152. Sullivan MJ, Green HJ, Cobb FR. 1990. Skeletal muscle biochemistry and histology in ambulatory patients with long-term heart failure, Circulation, 81:518-27.
153. Sutton GC. 1990. Epidemiologic aspects of heart failure. Am Heart J, 120:1538-40.
154. Swedberg K, Kjekshus J, Snapinn S, and CONSENSUS investigators. 1999. Long-term survival in severe heart failure in patients treated with enalapril; ten year follow-up of CONSENSUS I. Eur Heart J, 20:136-9.
155. Swedberg K, Olsson LG, Charlesworth A, et al. 2005. Prognostic relevance of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic heart failure on long-term treatment with beta-blockers: results from COMET. Eur Heart J, 26:1303-8.
156. Tandon P, McAlister FA, Tsuyuki RT, et al. 2004. The use of beta-blockers in a tertiary care heart failure clinic: dosing, tolerance, and outcomes. Arch Intern Med, 164:769-74.
157. Thackray SD, Ghosh JM, Wright GA, et al. 2006. The effect of altering
158. The CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. 1987. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. Results of the Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS). N Engl J Med, 316:1429-35.
159. The Digitalis Investigation Group. 1997. The effect of digoxin on mortality and morbidity in patients with heart failure. New Engl J Med, 336:525-33.
160. The NETWORK Investigators. 1998. Clinical outcome with enalapril in symptomatic chronic heart failure; a dose comparison. Eur Heart J, 19:481-9.
161. The RALES Investigators. 1996. Effectiveness of spironolactone added to an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a loop diuretic for severe chronic congestive heart failure (the Randomized Aldactone Evaluation Study [RALES]. Am J Cardiol, 78:902-7.
162. The SOLVD Investigators. 1991. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fluctions and congestive heart failure. New Engl J Med, 326:293-302.
163. The Xamoterol in Severe Heart Failure Study Group. Xamoterol in severe heart failure. 1990. Lancet, 336:1-6.
164. Torp-Pedersen C, Kober L. 1999. Effect of ACE inhibitor trandolapril on life expectancy of patients with reduced left ventricular fundtion after acute myocardial infarction. TRACE study group. Lancet, 354:9-12.
165. Torp-Pedersen C, Metra M, Charlesworth A, et al. 2007. Effects of metoprolol and carvedilol on preexisting and new onset diabetes in patients with chronic heart failure {inverted exclamation} V data from the Carvedilol or metoprolol European Trial (COMET). Heart, 93:968-73.
166. Watanabe J, Shinozaki T, Shiba N, et al. 2006. Accumulation ofrisk markers predicts the incidence of sudden death in patients with chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail, 8:237-42.
167. Willenheimer R, van Veldhuisen DJ, Silke B, et al; CIBIS III Investigators. 2005. Effect on survival and hospitalization of initiating treatment for chronic heart failure with bisoprolol followed by enalapril, as compared with the opposite sequence: results of the randomized Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study (CIBIS) III. Circulation, 112:2426-35.
168. Witte KK, Clark AL. 2005. Beta-blockers and inspiratory pulmonary function in chronic heart failure. J Card Fail, 11: 112-16.
169. Witte KK, Thackray S, Nikitin NP, et al. 2005. The effects of long-term beta-blockade on the ventilatory responses to exercise in chronic heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail, 7:612-17.
170. Wynne DG, Del Monte F, Harding SE. 1996. Cyclic AMP levels in ventricular myocytes from noradrenaline-treated guinea-pigs. Eur J Pharmacol, 310:235-42.
171. Yusuf S, Nicklas JM, Timmis G, et al. 1992. Effect of enalapril on mortality and the development of heart failure in asymptomatic patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions. New Engl J Med, 327:685-91.
172. Yusuf S, Pepine CJ, Garces C, et al. 1992. Effect of enalapril on myocardial infarction and unstable angina in patients with low ejection fractions. Lancet, 340:1173-8.
173. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. 2000. Effects of the angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation study investigators. New Engl J Med, 342:145-53.