Iron deficiency anemia

Nutrition in Clinical Practice

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 128-141

  Clark, Susan F ^a  

^a VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE AND STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Anemia; Ferritins; Iron; Iron deficiency anemia; Iron metabolism disorders

Indexed keywords

FERROUS GLUCONATE; FERROUS SULFATE; IRON DEXTRAN;

ARTHRALGIA; BLEEDING; CELIAC DISEASE; CHEMICAL ANALYSIS; CHRONIC DISEASE; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS; FEVER; GASTROINTESTINAL SURGERY; GASTROINTESTINAL SYMPTOM; GERIATRIC PATIENT; HUMAN; INFLAMMATION; IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA; IRON INTAKE; IRON THERAPY; LABORATORY TEST; MYALGIA; OUTCOME ASSESSMENT; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; REVIEW;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE FACTORS; AGED; ANEMIA, IRON-DEFICIENCY; BIOLOGICAL AVAILABILITY; CHILD; COMORBIDITY; DIAGNOSIS, DIFFERENTIAL; FEMALE; GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES; HUMANS; INTESTINAL ABSORPTION; IRON, DIETARY; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS; PREVALENCE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 41949113085     PISSN: 08845336     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0884533608314536     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Crichton RR, Wilmet S, Legssyer R, Ward FR. Molecular and cellular mechanisms of iron homeostasis and toxicity in mammalian cells. J Inorg Biochem. 2001;91:9-18.
2. Halliberg L. Perspectives on nutritional iron deficiency. Annu Rev Nutr. 2001;21:1-21.
3. Schumann K, Ettle T, Szegner B, Elsenhans B, Sololmons N. On risks and benefits of iron supplementation recommendations for iron intake revisited. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2007;21:147-168.
4. Theil EC. Iron, ferritin, and nutrition. Ann Rev Nutr. 2004;24:327-343.
5. Looker AD, Cogswell ME, Gunter EW. Iron deficiency - United States, 1999-2000. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:897-899.
6. Beghe C, Wilson A, Ershler WB. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in geriatrics: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med. 2004;116(suppl 7A):S3-S10.
7. Smith DL. Anemia in the elderly. Am Fam Physician. 2000;62:1565-1572.
8. Joosten E, Hiele M, Pelemans W, Haesen E. Blood loss from diagnostic laboratory tests in elderly patients. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1992;40:298.
9. Knight K, Wade S, Balducci L. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in cancer: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med. 2004;116(suppl 7A):S11-S26.
10. Shander A, Knight K, Thruer R, Adamson J, Spence R. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in surgery: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med. 2004;116(suppl 7A):S58-S69.
11. Denic S, Agarwal MM. Nutritional iron deficiency: an evolutionary perspective. Nutrition. 2007;23:603-614.
12. Stoltzfus RJ. Defining iron-deficicney anemia in public health terms: a time for reflection. J Nutr. 2001;131(suppl 2):S565-S567.
13. Haas JD, Brownlie T IV. Iron deficiency and reduced work capacity: a critical review of the research to determine a casual relationship. J Nutr. 2001;131(suppl 2):S676-S690.
14. Oppenheimer SJ. Iron and its relation to immunity and infectious disease. J Nutr. 2001;131(suppl 2):S616-S635.
15. Beard JL. Iron biology in immune function, muscle metabolism and neuronal functioning. J Nutr. 2001;131(suppl 2):S568-S580.
16. Franceschi F, Gasbarrini A. Helicobacter pylori and extragastric diseases. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;21:325-334.
17. Hershko C, Patz J, Ronson A. The anemia of achylia gastrica revisited. Blood Cell Mol Dis. 2007;39:178-183.
18. Beard J. Iron deficiency alters brain development and functioning. J Nutr. 2003;133(suppl 1):S1468-S1472.
19. Beard JL, Connor JR. Iron status and neural functioning. Annu Rev Nutr. 2003;23:41-58.
20. McCann JC, Ames BN. An overview of evidence for a causal relation between iron deficiency during development and deficits in cognitive or behavioral function. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:931-945.
21. Lozoff B, Corapci F, Burden MJ, et al. Preschool-aged children with iron deficiency anemia show altered affect and behavior. J Nutr. 2007;137:683-689.
22. Grantham-McGregor S, Ani C. A review of studies on the effect of iron deficiency on cognitive development in children. J Nutr. 2001;131(suppl 2):S649-S668.
23. Rasmussen KM. Is there a causal relationship between iron deficiency anemia and weight at birth, length of gestation and perinatal mortality? J Nutr. 2001;131(suppl 2):S649-S668.
24. Lozoff B, Kaciroti N, Walter T. Iron deficiency in infancy: applying a physiologic framework for prediction. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:1412-1421.
25. Brabin BJ, Hakimi M, Pelletier D. An analysis of anemia and pregnancy-related maternal mortality. J Nutr. 2001;131(suppl 2):S604-S615.
26. Cook JD. Defining optimal body iron. Proc Nutr Soc. 1999;58:489-495.
27. Butler J, Forman DE, Abraham WT, et al. Relationship between heart failure treatment and development of worsening renal function among hospitalized patients. Am Heart J. 2004;147:331-338.
28. Silverberg DS, Iaina A, Wexler D, Blum M. The pathological consequences of anaemia. Clin Lab Haematol. 2001;23:1-6.
29. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Iaina A, Steinbruch S, Wollman Y, Schwartz. Anemia, chronic renal disease and congestive heart failure - the cardio renal anemia syndrome: the need for cooperation between cardiologists and nephrologists. Int Urol Nephrol. 2006;38:295-310.
30. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Iaina A, Schwartz D. The interaction between heart failure and other heart diseases, renal failure, and anemia. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26:296-306.
31. Vagianos K, Bector S, McConnell J, Bernstein CN. Nutrition assessment of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2007;31:311-319.
32. Willoughby JMT, Laitner SM. Audit of the investigation of iron deficiency anaemia in a district general hospital, with sample guidelines for future practice. Med J. 2000;76:218-222.
33. Ahmad I, Gibson PR. Management of iron deficiency in patients admitted to hospital: time for a rethink of treatment principles. Intern Med J. 2006;36:347-354.
34. Jolobe OMP. Medicine in the elderly: does this elderly patient have iron deficiency anaemia, and what is the underlying cause? Postgrad Med J. 2000;76:195-198.
35. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2002. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. http://www.cdc.gov/. Accessed September 7, 2007.
36. Looker A, Dallman P, Carroll M, Gunter E, Johnson C. Prevalence of iron deficiency in the United States. JAMA. 1997;277:973-976.
37. Bodnar LM, Cogswell ME, Scanlon KS. Low income postpartum women are at risk of iron deficiency. J Nutr. 2002;132:2298-2302.
38. Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Cleveland L. What We Eat in America NHANES 2001-2002: Usual Nutrient Intake Form Food Compared to Dietary Reference Intakes. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2005.
39. Turner RE, Langkamp-Henken B, Littell RC, Lukowski MJ, Suarez MF. Comparing nutrient intake from food to the estimated average requirements shows middle-to-upper income pregnant women lack iron and possibly magnesium. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003;103:461-466.
40. Sinclair LM, Hinton PS. Prevalence of iron deficiency with and without anemia in recreationally active men and women. J Am Diet Assoc. 2005;105:975-978.
41. Izaks GJ, Westendorp RG, Knook DL. The definition of anemia in older persons. JAMA. 1999;281:1714-1717.
42. Guralnik JM, Eisenstaedt RS, Ferrucci L, Klein HG, Woodman RC. Prevalence of anemia in persons 65 years and older in the United States: evidence for a high rate of unexplained anemia. Blood. 2004;104:2263-2268.
43. Anía BJ, Suman VJ, Fairbanks VF, Rademacher DM, Melton LJ. Incidence of anemia in older people: an epidemiologic study in a well defined population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1997;45:825-831.
44. Mukhopadhyay D, Mohanaruban K. Iron deficiency anaemia in older people: investigation, management and treatment. Age Ageing. 2002;31:87-91.
45. Joosten E, Pelemans W, Hiele M. Prevalence and causes of anaemia in a geriatric hospitalized population. Gerontology. 1992;38:111-117.
46. Nilsson-Ehle H, Jagenburg R, Landahl S, Svanborg A. Blood haemoglobin declines in the elderly: implications for reference intervals from age 70 to 88. Eur J Haematol. 2000;65:297-305.
47. The National Nursing Home Survey: 1999 summary. Rockville, MD: U.S. Dept of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat. 2002;13:1-50.
48. Artz AS, Fergusson D, Drinka PJ, et al. Prevalence of anemia in skilled nursing home residents. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2004;39:201-206.
49. Wilson A, Reyes E, Ofman J. Prevalence and outcomes of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of the literature. Am J Med. 2004;116(suppl 7A):S44-S49.
50. Semrin G, Fishman DS, Bousvaros A, et al. Impaired intestinal iron absorption in Crohn's disease correlates with disease activity and markers of inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:1101-1106.
51. Agarwal AK. Practical approach to the diagnosis and treatment of anemia associated with CKD in elderly. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7:S7-S12.
52. Silverberg DS, Wexler D, Blum M, Iaina A. The cardio renal anemia syndrome: correcting anemia in patients with resistant congestive heart failure can improve both cardiac and renal function and reduce hospitalizations. Clin Nephrol. 2003;60(suppl 1):S93-S102.
53. O'Keeffe ST, Gavin K, Lavan JN. Iron status and restless leg syndrome in the elderly. Age Ageing. 1994;23:200-203.
54. Patrick LR. Restless legs syndrome: pathophysiology and the role of iron and folate. Altern Med Rev. 2007;12:101-112.
55. Rockey DC, Cello JP. Evaluation of the gastro-intestinal tract in patients with iron deficiency anemia. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:1691-1695.
56. Intragumtornchai T, Rojnukkarin P, Swasdikul D, Israsena S. The role of serum ferritin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anaemia in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Intern Med. 1998;243:233-241.
57. Annibale B, Capurso G, Chistolini A, et al. Gastrointestinal causes of refractory iron deficiency anemia in patients without gastrointestinal symptoms. Am J Med. 2001;111:439-445.
58. Pastrana RJ, Torres ES, Arroyo JM, Rivera CE, Sanchez CJ, Morales L. Iron-deficiency anemia as presentation of pouchitis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2007;41:41-44.
59. Gasche C. Anemia in IBD: the overlooked villain. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2000;6:142-150.
60. Giannini S, Martes C. Anemia in inflammatory bowel disease. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2006;52:275-291.
61. Halfdanarson TR, Litzow MR, Murray JA. Hematologic manifestations of celiac disease. Blood. 2007;109:412-421.
62. Mody RJ, Brown PI, Wechsler DS. Refractory iron deficiency anemia as the primary clinical manifestation of celiac disease. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;25:169-172.
63. Beyan C, Beyan E, Kaptan K, Ifran A, Uzar AI. Post-gastrectomy anemia: evaluation of 72 cases with post-gastrectomy anemia. Hematology. 2007;12:81-84.
64. Malinowski SS. Nutritional and metabolic complications of bariatric surgery. Am J Med Sci. 2006;331:219-225.
65. Brolin RE. Bariatric surgery and long-term control of morbid obesity. JAMA. 2002;288:2793-2796.
66. Wood RJ, Ronnenberg AG. Iron. In: Shils ME, Shike M, Ross AC, Caballero B, Cousins RJ, eds. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease. 10th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006:248-270.
67. Peng S, Plank LD, McCall JL, Gillanders LK, McIlroy K, Gane EJ. Body composition, muscle function, and energy expenditure in patients with liver cirrhosis: a comprehensive study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85:1257-1266.
68. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 2000.
69. Pynaert I, Delanghe J, Temmerman M, De Henauw S. Iron intake in relation to diet and iron status of young adult women. Ann Nutr Metab. 2007;51:172-181.
70. Vincent JL, Baron JF, Reinhart K, et al. Anemia and blood transfusions in critically ill patients. JAMA. 2002;288:1499-1507.
71. Annibale B, Capurso G, Fave GD. The stomach and iron deficiency anaemia: a forgotten link. Dig Liv Dis. 2003;35:288-295.
72. Bini EJ. Helicobacter pylori and iron deficiency anemia: guilty as charged? Am J Med. 2001;111:495-497.
73. Nahon S, Lahmek P, Massard J, et al. Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis and unexplained iron deficiency anemia: a reliable association? Helicobacter. 2003;8:573-577.
74. Joosten E, Ghesquiere B, Linthoudt H, et al. Upper and lower gastrointestinal evaluation of elderly inpatients who are iron deficient. Am J Med. 1999;107:24-29.
75. McIntyre AS, Long RG. Prospective survey of investigations in outpatients referred with iron deficiency anaemia. Gut. 1993;34:1102-1107.
76. Capurso G, Lahner E, Pallotta N, Panzuto F, Delle Fave G, Annibale B. Iron deficiency anemia caused by nonspecific (idiopathic) small bowel ulcerations: an uncommon presentation of an uncommon disease. Can J Gastroenterol. 2007;16:855-859.
77. Harper JW, Holleran SF, Ramakrishnan R, Bhagat G, Green PH. Anemia in celiac disease is multifactorial in etiology. Am J Hematol. 2007;82:996-1000.
78. Annibale B, Capurso G, Lahner E, et al. Concomitant alterations in intragastric pH and ascorbic acid concentration in patients with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and associated iron deficiency anaemia. Gut. 2003;52:496-501.
79. Annibale B, Di Giulio E, Caruana P, et al. The long-term effects of cure of Helicobacter pylori infection on patients with atrophic body gastritis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2002;16:1723-1731.
80. DuBois S, Kearney D. Iron-deficiency anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection: a review of the evidence. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100:453-459.
81. 12 levels in healthy adults. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2003;36:130-133.
82. Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori and gastric diseases. BMJ. 1998;316:1507-1510.
83. Olivares A, Buadze M, Kutubidze T, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Georgian patients with dyspepsia. Helicobacter. 2006;11:81-85.
84. Annibale B, Marignani M, Monarca B, et al. Reversal of iron deficiency anemia after Helicobacter pylori eradication in patients with asymptomatic gastritis. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131:668-672.
85. Choe YH, Kim SK, Son BK, Lee DH, Hong YC, Pai SH. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of Helicobacter pylori eradication for iron-deficiency anemia in preadolescent children and adolescents. Helicobacter. 1999;4:135-139.
86. Hines JD, Hoffbrand AV, Mollin DL. The hematologic complications following partial gastrectomy: a study of 292 patients. Am J Med. 1967;43:555-569.
87. Roviello F, Fotia G, Marrelli D, De Stefano A, Macchiarelli R, Pinto E. Iron deficiency anemia after subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2004;51:1510-1514.
88. Shah M, Simha V, Garg A. Review: long-term impact of bariatric surgery on body weight, comorbidities, and nutritional status. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91:4223-4231.
89. Folope V, Coeffier M, Dechelotte P. Nutritional deficiencies associated with bariatric surgery. Gastroenterol Clin Biol. 2007;31:369-377.
90. Alvarez-Leite JI. Nutrient deficiencies secondary to bariatric surgery. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2004;7:569-575.
91. Flancbaum L, Belsley S, Drake V, Colarusso T, Tayler E. Preoperative nutritional status of patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for morbid obesity. J Gastrointest Surg. 2006;10:1033-1037.
92. Bloomberg RD, Fleishman A, Nalle JE, Herron DM, Kini S. Nutritional deficiencies following bariatric surgery: what have we learned? Obes Surg. 2005;15:145-154.
93. Hernandez L, Green PH. Extraintestinal manifestations of celiac disease. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2006;8:383-389.
94. Annibale B, Severi C, Chistolini A, et al. Efficacy of gluten-free diet alone on recovery from iron deticiency anemia in adult celiac patients. Am J Gastroenterol. 2001;96:132-137.
95. Lombardo T, Ximenes B, Ferro G. Hypochromic microcytic anemia as a clinical presentation of celiac disease. Clin Lab. 2006;52:231-236.
96. Wolverton SE, Remlinger K. Suggested guidelines for patient monitoring: hepatic and hematologic toxicity attributable to systemic dermatologic drugs. Dermatol Clin. 2007;25:195-205.
97. Gawkrodger DJ, Ferguson A, Bameton RS. Nutritional status in patients with dermatitis herpetiformis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988;48:355-360.
98. Nino M, Ciacci C, Delfino M. A long-term gluten-free diet as an alternative treatment in severe forms of dermatitis herpetiformis. J Dermatol Treat. 2007;18:10-12.
99. Mant MJ, Bain VG, Maguire CG, Murland K, Yacysthyn BR. Prevalence of occult gastrointestinal bleeding in celiac disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:451-454.
100. Ania BJ, Suman VJ, Fairbanks VF. Prevalence of anemia in medical practice: community versus referral patients. Mayo Clinic Proc. 1994;69:730-735.
101. Artz AS, Fergusson D, Drinka PJ, et al. Mechanisms of unexplained anemia in the nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2004;52:423-427.
102. Mitrache C, Passweg JR, Libura J, et al. Anemia: an indicator for malnutrition in the elderly. Ann Hematol. 2001;80:295-298.
103. Spivak JL. Anemia in the elderly. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165:2187-2189.
104. Child JA, Brozovi B, Dyer NY, Mollin DL, Dawson AM. The diagnosis of iron deficiency in patients with Crohn's disease. Gut. 1973;14:642-648.
105. Means RT. Advances in the anemia of chronic disease. Int J Hematol. 1999;70:7-12.
106. Weiss G, Goodnough LT. Anemia of chronic disease. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1011-1023.
107. Gasche C, Lomer MC, Cavill I, Weiss G. Iron, anaemia, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Gut. 2004;53:1190-1197.
108. Balla J, Jeney V, Varga Z, Komodi E, Nagy E, Balla G. Iron homeostasis in chronic inflammation. Acta Physiol Hung. 2007;94:95-106.
109. Garg AX, Papaioannou A, Ferko N, Campbell G, Clarke JA, Ray JG. Estimating the prevalence of renal insufficiency in seniors requiring long-term care. Kidney Int. 2004;65:649-653.
110. Robinson BE. Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease and anemia. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2006;7(suppl 9):S3-S6.
111. Schoorl M, Schoori M, Nube MJ, Barteis PC. Erythropoiesis activity, iron availability and reticulocyte hemoglobinization during treatment with hemodialysis and in subjects with uremia. Clin Lab. 2006;52:621-629.
112. Radtke HW, Claussner A, Erbes PM, Scheuermann EH, Schoeppe W, Koch KM. Serum erythropoietin concentration in chronic renal failure: relationship to degree of anemia and excretory renal function. Blood. 1979;54:877-884.
113. Obrador GT, Roberts T, St Peter WL, Frazier E, Pereira BJ, Collins AJ. Trends in anemia at initiation of dialysis in the United States. Kidney Int. 2001;60:1875-1884.
114. Kazmi WH, Kausz AT, Khan S, et al. Anemia: an early complication of chronic renal insufficiency. Am J Kidney Dis. 2001;38:803-812.
115. Ohmit SE, Flack JM, Peters RM, Brown WW, Grimm R. Longitudinal study of the National Kidney Foundation's (NKF) Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP). J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14(suppl 2):S117-S121.
116. Grabe DW. Update on clinical practice recommendations and new therapeutic modalities for treating anemia in patients with chronic kidney disease. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2007;64(suppl 8):S8-S14.
117. Brown WW, Collins A, Chen SC, et al. Identification of persons at high risk for kidney disease via targeted screening: the NKF Kidney Early Evaluation Program. Kidney Int Suppl. 2003;83:S50-S55.
118. Forman DE, Butler J, Wang Y, et al. Incidence, predictors at admission, and impact of worsening renal function among patients hospitalized with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43:61-67.
119. Wexler D, Silverberg D, Sheps D, et al. Prevalence of anemia in patients admitted to hospital with a primary diagnosis of congestive heart failure. Int J Cardiol. 2004;96:79-87.
120. Gantz T. Molecular control of iron transport. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;18:394-400.
121. Malyszko J, Mysliwiec M. Hepcidin in anemia and inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2007;30:15-30.
122. Andrews NC, Schmidt PJ. Iron homeostasis. Annu Rev Physiol. 2007;69:69-85.
123. Elnicki DM, Shockcor WT, Brick JE, Beynon D. Evaluating the complaint of fatigue in primary care: diagnoses and outcomes. Am J Med. 1992;93:303-306.
124. O'Keeffe ST. Secondary causes of restless legs syndrome in older people. Age Ageing. 2005;34:349-352.
125. Beard JL, Murray-Kolb LE, Rosales FJ, Solomons NW, Angelilli ML. Interpretation of serum ferritin concentrations as indicators of total-body iron stores in survey populations: the role of biomarkers for the acute phase response. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:1498-1505.
126. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Ali M, Willan A, McIlory W, Patterson C. Laboratory diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia: an overview. J Gen Intern Med. 1992;7:145-153.
127. Tefferi A. Anemia in adults: a contemporary approach to diagnosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78:1274-1280.
128. Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD. Iron deficiency anemia. Am Fam Physician. 2007;75:671-678.
129. Ioannou GN, Spector J, Scott K, Rockey DC. Prospective evaluation of a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of iron deficiency anemia. Am J Med. 2002;113:281-287.
130. Kis AM, Carnes M. Detecting iron deficiency in anemic patients with concomitant medical problems. J Gen Intern Med. 1998;13:455-461.
131. Rimon E, Levy S, Sapir A, et al. Diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia in the elderly by transferrin receptor-ferritin index. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:445-449.
132. Loria A, Hershko C, Konijn AM. Serum ferritin in an elderly population. J Gerontol. 1979;34:521-524.
133. Joosten E, VanLoon R, Billen J, Blanckaert N, Gabri R, Pelemmans W. Serum transferring receptor in the evaluation of the iron status in elderly hospitalized patients with anemia. Am J Hematol. 2002;69:1-6.
134. Ahmad I, Gibson PR. Management of iron deficiency in patients admitted to hospital: time for a rethink of treatment principles. Intern Med J. 2006;36:347-354.
135. Croby WH. The rationale for treating iron deficiency anemia. Arch Intern Med. 1984;144:471-472.
136. Clark SF. Vitamins and trace elements. In: Gottschlich MM, DeLegge MH, Mattox T, Mueller C, Worthington P, eds. The A.S.P.E.N. Nutrition Support Core Curriculum: A Case-Based Approach - The Adult Patient. Silver Spring, MD: A.S.P.E.N; 2007:129-159.
137. Cook J. Diagnosis and management of iron-deficiency anaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2005;18:319-332.
138. Maslovsky I. Intravenous iron in a primary-care clinic. Am J Hematol. 2005;78:261-264.
139. Kumpf VJ. Update on parenteral iron therapy. Nutr Clin Pract. 2003;18:318-326.
140. Auerbach M, Ballard H, Glaspy J. Clinical update: intravenous iron for anemia. Lancet. 2007;369:1502-1504.
141. Beutler E, Hoffbrand AV, Cook JD. Iron deficiency and overload. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program. 2003;40-61.
142. Miller HJ, Hu J, Valentine JK, Gable PS. Efficacy and tolerability of intravenous ferric gluconate in the treatment of iron deficiency anemia in patients without kidney disease. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:1327-1328.
143. Sane R, Baribeault D, Rosenberg CL. Safe administration of iron sucrose in a patient with a previous hypersensitivity reaction to ferric gluconate. Pharmacotherapy. 2007;27:613-615.
144. Chertow GM, Mason PD, Vaage-Nilsen O, Ahlmen J. Update on adverse drug events associated with parenteral iron. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2006;21:378-382.