The prevalence and etiology of nongenetic obesity and associated disorders

Southern Medical Journal

Volumn 101, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 395-399

  Redinger, Richard N ^a,b  

^a University of Louisville School of Medicine   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF LOUISVILLE   (United States)

Author keywords

Metabolic syndrome; Non genetic etiology; Obesity; Prevalence; Psychosocial disorders

Indexed keywords

ADIPOCYTOKINE;

ASTHMA; BRAIN DEVELOPMENT; BREAST CANCER; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASE; CHRONIC DISEASE; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; COLON CANCER; COMORBIDITY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; DOWN SYNDROME; ECLAMPSIA; ENERGY EXPENDITURE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; ESOPHAGUS CANCER; FOOD INTAKE; GALLBLADDER DISEASE; HUMAN; LIVER CANCER; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; NONALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; OBESITY; OVARY POLYCYSTIC DISEASE; PREVALENCE; PROSTATE CANCER; PSYCHOSOCIAL DISORDER; REVIEW; SITTING; SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME;

COMORBIDITY; HUMANS; METABOLIC SYNDROME X; OBESITY; OVERWEIGHT; PREVALENCE; RISK FACTORS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 41949097262     PISSN: 00384348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1097/01.smj.0000308879.67271.09     Document Type: Review

References (48)

1. Tan GD, Goossens GH, Humphreys SM, et al. Upper and lower body adipose tissue function: a direct comparison of fat mobilization in humans. Obes Res 2004;12:114-118.
2. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: the evidence report. National Institutes of Health. Obes Res 1998;6:51S-209S.
3. James WP. Assessing obesity: are ethnic differences in body mass index and waist clarification criteria justified? Obes Rev 2005;6:179-181.
4. McKeigue PM, Shah B, Marmot MG. Relation of central obesity and insulin resistance with high diabetes prevalence and cardiovascular risk in South Asians. Lancet 1991;337:382-386.
5. Gallagher D, Kuznia P, Heshka S, et al. Adipose tissue in muscle: a novel depot similar in size to visceral adipose tissue. Am J Clin Nutr 2005;81:903-910.
6. Strong K, Mathers C, Leeder S, et al. Preventing chronic diseases: how many lives can we save? Lancet 2005;366:1578-1582.
7. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 2002;360:473-482.
8. James WPT, Rigby N, Leach R. The obesity epidemic, metabolic syndrome and future prevention strategies. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2004;11:3-8.
9. Mokdad AH, Marks JS, Stroup DF, et al. Correction: actual causes of death in the United States, 2000. JAMA 2005;293:293-294.
10. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, et al. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults: 1999-2000. JAMA 2002;288:1723-1727.
11. Popkin BM, Gordon-Larsen P. The nutrition transition: worldwide obesity dynamics and their determinants. Int J Obes 2004;28:S2-S9.
12. Grundy SM, Brewer HB Jr, Cleeman JI, et al. Definition of metabolic syndrome: report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute/American Heart Association conference on scientific issues related to definition. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2004;24:e13-e18.
13. Paeratakul S, Lovejoy JC, Ryan DH, et al. The relation of gender, race and socioeconomic status to obesity and obesity comorbidities in a sample of US adults. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:1205-1210.
14. Janssen I, Katzmarzyk PT, Ross R. Body mass index, waist circumference, and health risk: evidence in support of current National Institutes of Health guidelines. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:2074-2079.
15. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002;287:356-359.
16. Shirai K. Obesity as the core of the metabolic syndrome and the management of coronary heart disease. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20:295-304.
17. Pladevall M, Singal B, Williams LK, et al. A single factor underlies the metabolic syndrome: a confirmatory factor analysis. Diabetes Care 2006;29:113-22.
18. Simard B, Turcotte H, Marceau P, et al. Asthma and sleep apnea in patients with morbid obesity: outcome after bariatric surgery. Obes Surg 2004;14:1381-1388.
19. Pagano G, Pacini G, Musso G, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome: further evidence for an etiologic association. Hepatology 2002;35:367-372.
20. Franks S. Polycystic ovary syndrome. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1435.
21. Bodnar LM, Ness RB, Harger GF, et al. Inflammation and triglycerides partially mediate the effect of prepregnancy body mass index on the risk of preeclampsia. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:1198-1206.
22. Barden A. Pre-eclampsia: contribution of maternal constitutional factors and the consequences for cardiovascular health. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2006;33:826-830.
23. Luke A, Roizen NJ, Sutton M, et al. Energy expenditure in children with Down syndrome: correcting metabolic rate for movement. J Pediatr 1994;125:829-838.
24. Redinger RN, Small DM. Bile composition, bile salt metabolism and gallstones. Arch Intern Med 1972;130:618-630.
25. Schoen RE, Tangen CM, Kuller LH, et al. Increased blood glucose and insulin, body size, and incident colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999;91:1147-1154.
26. Bianchini F, Kaaks R, Vainio H. Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention. Obesity Reviews (2002)3:5-8.
27. Carroll KK. Obesity as a risk factor for certain types of cancer. Lipids 1998;33:1055-1059.
28. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998;15:539-553.
29. Chen J, Muntner P, Hamm LL, et al. The metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney disease in U.S. adults. Ann Intern Med 2004;140:167-174.
30. Scott CL. Diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol 2003;92:35i-42i.
31. Diet, nutrition and the prevention of chronic diseases. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 2003;916:1-149.
32. Ravussin E. Physiology: a NEAT way to control weight? Science 2005;307:530-531.
33. Coakley EH, Rimm EB, Colditz G, et al. Predictors of weight change in men: results from Health Professionals follow-up study. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998;22:89-96.
34. Erlanson-Albertsson C. How palatable food disrupts appetite regulation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;97:61-73.
35. Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, et al. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA 1999;282:1539-1546.
36. Allison DB, Kaprio J, Korkeila M, et al. The heritability of body mass index among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart. Int J Obes Relat Metab Dis 1996;20:501-506.
37. Olden K, Wilson S. Environmental health and genomics: visions and implications. Nat Rev Genet 2000;1:149-153.
38. Ravelli GP, Stein ZA, Susser MW. Obesity in young men after famine exposure in utero and early infancy. N Engl J Med 1976;295:349-353.
39. Forsen T, Eriksson J, Tuomilehto J, et al. The fetal and childhood growth of persons who develop type 2 diabetes. Ann Intern Med 2000;133:176-182.
40. Monteiro POA, Victora CG. Rapid growth in infancy and childhood and obesity later in life - a systematic review. Obes Rev 2005;6:143.
41. Crowell MD, Cheskin LJ, Musial F. Prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms in obese and normal weight binge eaters. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:387-391.
42. Drossman DA, Whitehead WE, Camilleri M. Irritable bowel syndrome: a technical review for practice guideline development. Gastroenterology 1997;112:2120-2137.
43. Huang XF, Xin X, McLennan P, et al. Role of fat amount and type in ameliorating diet-induced obesity: insights at the level of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus leptin receptor, neuropeptide Y and pro-opiomelanocortin mRNA expression. Diabetes Obes Metab 2004;6:35-44.
44. Schwartz GJ. The role of gastrointestinal vagal afferents in the control of food intake: current prospects. Nutrition 2000;16:866-873.
45. Broberger C. Brain regulation of food intake and appetite: Molecules and networks. J Intern Med 2005;258:301-327.
46. Thompson RH, Swanson LW. Structural characterization of a hypothalamic visceromotor pattern generator network. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 2003;41:153-202.
47. Hoyer D, Hannon JP, Martin GR. Molecular, pharmacological and functional diversity of 5-HT receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;71:533-554.
48. Matsuzawa Y. Therapy insight: adipocytokines in metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular disease. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 2006;3:35-42.