Diagnosis, prevention, and intervention for the metabolic syndrome

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 92, Issue 1 SUPPL., 2003, Pages 35-42

  Scott, Cranford L ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b NONE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALCOHOL; ALPHA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CLOFIBRATE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ESTROGEN; FENOFIBRATE; FIBRIC ACID DERIVATIVE; GEMFIBROZIL; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; MEVINOLIN; NICOTINIC ACID; PIOGLITAZONE; PRAVASTATIN; RAMIPRIL; ROSIGLITAZONE; SIMVASTATIN; THIAZOLIDINE DERIVATIVE;

ARTICLE; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CARDIOVASCULAR RISK; CLINICAL FEATURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIET; DISEASE COURSE; DYSLIPIDEMIA; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; EXERCISE; HEREDITY; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; INCIDENCE; INSULIN RESISTANCE; LETHALITY; METABOLIC DISORDER; OBESITY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RISK FACTOR; STROKE; TREATMENT OUTCOME; VIRULENCE;

EID: 0038642367     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0002-9149(03)00507-1     Document Type: Article

References (71)

1. Wingard D.L., Barrett-Connor E., Criqui M., Suarez L. Clustering of heart disease risk factors in diabetic compared to nondiabetic adults. Am J Epidemiol. 117:1983;19-26.
2. Reaven G.M. Role of insulin resistance in human disease. Diabetes. 37:1988;1595-1607.
3. Denke M.A. Connections between obesity and dyslipidemia. Curr Opin Lipidol. 12:2001;625-628.
4. Alberti K.G., Zimmet P.Z. Definition, diagnosis, and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1 Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Provisional report of a WHO consultation . Diabet Med. 15:1998;539-553.
5. Isomaa B., Almgren P., Tuomi T., Forsen B., Lahti K., Nissen M., Taskinen M.R., Groop L. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality associated with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 24:2001;683-689.
6. Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). JAMA 2001;285:2486-2497.
7. Bonora E., Kiechl S., Willeit J., Oberhollenzer F., Egger G., Targher G., Alberiche M., Bonadonna R.C., Muggeo M. Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders the Bruneck Study . Diabetes. 47:1998;1643-1649.
8. Rantala A.O., Kauma H., Lilja M., Savolainen M.J., Reunanen A., Kesäniemi Y.A. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in drug-treated hypertensive patients and control subjects. J Intern Med. 245:1999;163-174.
9. Ford E.S., Giles W.H., Dietz W.H. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults findings from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey . JAMA. 287:2002;356-359.
10. Despres J.P., Lamarche B., Mauriege P., Cantin B., Dagenais G.R., Moorjani S., Lupien P.J. Hyperinsulinemia as an independent risk factor for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med. 334:1996;952-957.
11. Lapidus L., Bengstsson C., Larsson B., Pennert K., Rybo E., Sjostrom L. Distribution of adipose tissue and risk of cardiovascular disease and death a 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden . BMJ. 289:1984;1257-1261.
12. Larsson B., Svärdsudd K., Welin L., Wilhemsen L., Björntorp P., Tibblin G. Abdominal adipose tissue distribution, obesity, and risk of cardiovascular disease and death 13-year follow-up of participants in the study of men born in 1913 . BMJ. 288:1984;1401-1404.
13. Ducimetiere P., Richard J., Cambien F. The pattern of subcutaneous fat distribution in middle-aged men and the risk of coronary heart disease the Paris Prospective Study . Int J Obes. 10:1986;229-240.
14. Ohlson L.O., Larsson B., Svardsudd K., Welin L., Eriksson H., Wilhelmsen L., Bjorntorp P., Tibblin G. The influence of body fat distribution on the incidence of diabetes mellitus 13.5 years of follow-up of the participants in the study of men born in 1913 . Diabetes. 34:1985;1055-1058.
15. Tchernof A., Lamarche B., Prud'Homme D., Nadeau A., Moorjani S., Labrie F., Lupien P.J., Despres J.P. The dense LDL phenotype association with plasma lipoprotein levels, visceral obesity, and hyperinsulinemia in men . Diabetes Care. 19:1996;629-637.
16. Banajeri M.A., Lebowitz J., Chaiken R.L., Gordon D., Kral J.G., Lebovitz H.E. Relationship of visceral adipose tissue and glucose disposal is independent of sex in black NIDDM subjects. Am J Physiol. 273:1997;E425-E432.
17. McFarlane S.I., Banerji M., Sowers J.R. Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 86:2001;713-718.
18. Sowers J.R., Epstein M., Frohlich E.D. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease an update . Hypertension. 37:2001;1053-1059.
19. Haffner S.M., Stern M.P., Hazuda H.P., Mitchell B.D., Patterson J.K. Cardiovascular risk factors in confirmed prediabetic individuals does the clock for coronary heart disease start ticking before the onset of clinical diabetes? JAMA. 263:1990;2893-2898.
20. Lillioja S., Mott D.M., Spraul M., Ferraro R., Foley J.E., Ravussin E., Knowler W.C., Bennett P.H., Bogardus C. Insulin resistance and insulin secretory dysfunction as precursors of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus prospective studies of Pima Indians . N Engl J Med. 329:1993;1988-1992.
21. Warram J.H., Martin B.C., Krolewski A.S., Soeldner J.S., Kahn C.R. Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in offspring of diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med. 113:1990;909-915.
22. Martin B.C., Warram J.H., Krolewski A.S., Bergman R.N., Soeldner J.S., Kahn C.R. Role of glucose and insulin resistance in development of type 2 diabetes mellitus results from a 25-year follow-up study . Lancet. 340:1992;925-929.
23. Gerstein H.C., Yusuf S. Dysglycemia and the risk of cardiovascular disease. Lancet. 347:1996;949-950.
24. 119 → Met) in the insulin receptor gene in 5 sibs with familial insulin resistance. J Med Genet. 31:1994;715-716.
25. Taylor S.I., Cama A., Accili D., Barbetti F., Quon M.J., de la Luz Sierra M., Suzuki Y., Koller E., Levy-Toledano R., Wertheimer E., et al. Mutations in the insulin receptor gene. Endocr Rev. 13:1992;566-595.
26. Muller-Wieland D., Taub R., Tewari D.S., Kriauciunas K.M., Sethu S., Reddy K., Kahn C.R. Insulin-receptor gene and its expression in patients with insulin resistance. Diabetes. 38:1989;31-38.
27. Prochazka M., Lillioja S., Tait J.F., Knowler W.C., Mott D.M., Spraul M., Bennett P.H., Bogardus C. Linkage of chromosomal markers on 4q with a putative gene determining maximal insulin action in Pima Indians. Diabetes. 42:1993;514-519.
28. Baier L.J., Sacchettini J.C., Knowler W.C., Eads J., Paolisso G., Tataranni P.A., Mochizuki H., Bennett P.H., Bogardus C., Prochazka M. An amino acid substitution in the human intestinal fatty acid binding protein is associated with increased fatty acid binding, increased fat oxidation, and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 95:1995;1281-1287.
29. Aitman T.J., Gotoda T., Evans A.L., Imrie H., Heath K.E., Trembling P.M., Truman H., Wallace C.A., Rahman A., Dore C., et al. Quantitative trait loci for cellular defects in glucose and fatty acid metabolism in hypertensive rats. Nat Genet. 16:1997;197-201.
30. Taegtmeyer H., McNulty P., Young M. Adaptation and maladaptation of the heart in diabetes part I: general concepts . Circulation. 105:2002;1727-1733.
31. Clinical practice recommendations 2002. Diabetes Care. 25:2002;S1-S147.
32. Yki-Järvinen H. Glucose toxicity. Endocr Rev. 13:1992;415-431.
33. Boden G. Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes. 45:1996;3-10.
34. Haffner S.M., Lehto S., Rönnemaa T., Pyörälä K., Laakso M. Mortality from coronary heart disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes and in nondiabetic subjects with and without prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 339:1998;229-234.
35. Reaven G.M., Lithell H., Landsberg L. Hypertension and associated metabolic abnormalities the role of insulin resistance and the sympathoadrenal system . N Engl J Med. 334:1996;374-381.
36. van Tol A. Phospholipid transfer protein. Curr Opin Lipidol. 13:2002;135-139.
37. Stampfer M.J., Krauss R.M., Ma J., Blanche P.J., Holl L.G., Sacks F.M., Hennekens C.H. A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA. 276:1996;882-888.
38. Gardner C.D., Fortmann S.P., Krauss R.M. Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA. 276:1996;875-881.
39. Lamarche B., Tchernof A., Mauriege P., Cantin B., Dagenais G.R., Lupien P.J., Despres J.P. Fasting insulin and apolipoprotein B levels and low-density lipoprotein particle size as risk factors for ischemic heart disease. JAMA. 279:1998;1955-1961.
40. Krauss R.M. Triglycerides and atherogenic lipoproteins rationale for lipid management . Am J Med. 105:(suppl):1998;58S-62S.
41. Chait A., Brazg R.L., Tribble D.L., Krauss R.M. Susceptibility of small, dense, low-density lipoproteins to oxidative modification in subjects with the atherogenic lipoprotein phenotype, pattern B. Am J Med. 94:1993;350-356.
42. Zambon A., Brown B.G., Deeb S.S., Brunzell J.D. Hepatic lipase as a focal point for the development and treatment of coronary artery disease. J Investig Med. 49:2001;112-118.
43. G-nitro-L-arginine in rats. Am J Physiol. 263:1992;H1090-H1094.
44. Baron A.D., Steinberg H.O., Chaker H., Leaming R., Johnson A., Brechtel G. Insulin-mediated skeletal muscle vasodilation contributes to both insulin sensitivity and responsiveness in lean humans. J Clin Invest. 96:1995;786-792.
45. Baron A.D., Quon M.J. Insulin action and endothelial function. Reaven G., Laws A. Textbook of Insulin Resistance. 1999;247-263 Humana Press, Totowa, NJ.
46. Grundy S., Howard B., Smith S., Eckel R., Redberg R., Bonow R. Prevention Conference VI Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease. Executive Summary. Conference proceedings for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the American Heart Association . Circulation. 105:2002;2231-2239.
47. Meigs J.B., D'Agostino R.B. Sr, Wilson P.W., Cupples L.A., Nathan D.M., Singer D.E. Risk variable clustering in the insulin resistance syndrome the Framingham Offspring Study . Diabetes. 46:1997;1594-1600.
48. Brown N.J., Kim K.S., Chen Y.Q., Blevins L.S., Nadeau J.H., Meranze S.G., Vaughan D.E. Synergistic effect of adrenal steroids and angiotensin II on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 production. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 85:2000;336-344.
49. Mykkänen L., Haffner S.M., Kuusisto J., Pyorälä K., Laakso M. Microalbuminuria precedes the development of NIDDM. Diabetes. 43:1994;552-557.
50. Gerstein H.C., Mann J.F., Yi Q., Zinman B., Dinneen S.F., Hoogwerf B., Halle J.P., Young J., Rashkow A., Joyce C., Nawaz S., Yusuf S. Albuminuria and risk of cardiovascular events, death, and heart failure in diabetic and nondiabetic individuals. JAMA. 286:2001;421-426.
51. Yusuf S., Gerstein H., Hoogwerf B., Pogue J., Bosch J., Wolffenbuttel B.H., Zinman B. Ramipril and the development of diabetes. JAMA. 286:2001;1882-1885.
52. Tuomilehto J., Lindstrom J., Eriksson J.G., Valle T.T., Hamalainen H., Ilanne-Parikka P., Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi S., Laakso M., Louheranta A., Rastas M., Salminen V., Uusitupa M. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med. 344:2001;1343-1350.
53. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med. 346:2002;393-403.
54. Pan X.R., Li G.W., Hu Y.H., Wang J.X., Yang W.Y., An Z.X., Hu Z.X., Lin J., Xiao J.Z., Cao H.B., et al. Effects of diet and exercise in preventing NIDDM in people with impaired glucose tolerance the Da Qing IGT and Diabetes Study . Diabetes Care. 20:1997;537-544.
55. Azen S.P., Peters R.K., Berkowitz K., Kjos S., Xiang A., Buchanan T.A. TRIPOD (TRoglitazone in the Prevention of Diabetes) a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of troglitazone in women with prior gestational diabetes mellitus . Control Clin Trials. 19:1998;217-231.
56. Chiasson J.L., Gomis R., Hanefeld M., Josse R.G., Karasik A., Laakso M. The STOP-NIDDM Trial an international study on the efficacy of an α-glucosidase inhibitor to prevent type 2 diabetes in a population with impaired glucose tolerance: rationale, design, and preliminary screening data. Study to Prevent Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus . Diabetes Care. 21:1998;1720-1725.
57. Sacks F.M., Pfeffer M.A., Moyé L., Brown L.E., Hamm P., Cole T.G., Hawkins C.M., Braunwald E. Rationale and design of a secondary prevention trial of lowering normal plasma cholesterol levels after acute myocardial infarction the Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial . Am J Cardiol. 68:1991;1436-1446.
58. Prevention of cardiovascular events and death with pravastatin in patients with coronary heart disease and a broad range of initial cholesterol levels. N Engl J Med. 339:1998;1349-1357.
59. Pyorala K., Pedersen T.R., Kjekshus J., Faergeman O., Olsson A.G., Thorgeirsson G. Cholesterol lowering with simvastatin improves prognosis of diabetic patients with coronary heart disease a subgroup analysis of the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) . Diabetes Care. 20:1997;614-620.
60. Haffner S.M., Alexander C.M., Cook T.J., Boccuzzi S.J., Musliner T.A., Pedersen T.R., Kjekshus J., Pyorala K. Reduced coronary events in simvastatin-treated patients with coronary heart disease and diabetes or impaired fasting glucose levels subgroup analyses in the Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study . Arch Intern Med. 159:1999;2661-2667.
61. Downs J.R., Clearfield M., Weis S., Whitney E., Shapiro D.R., Beere P.A., Langendorfer A., Stein E.A., Kruyer W., Gotto A.M. Jr. Primary prevention of acute coronary events with lovastatin in men and women with average cholesterol levels results of AFCAPS/TexCAPS: Air Force/Texas Coronary Atherosclerosis Prevention Study . JAMA. 279:1998;1615-1622.
62. Shepherd J., Cobbe S.M., Ford I., Isles C.G., Lorimer A.R., MacFarlane P.W., McKillop J.H., Packard C.J. Prevention of coronary heart disease with pravastatin in men with hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 333:1995;1301-1307.
63. Collins R., Peto R., Armitage J. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study preliminary results . Int J Clin Pract. 56:2002;53-56.
64. Steiner G. The use of fibrates and statins in preventing atherosclerosis in diabetes. Curr Opin Lipidol. 12:2001;611-617.
65. Martens F.M., Visseren F.L., Lemay J., DeKoning E.J., Rabelink T.J. Metabolic and additional vascular effects of thiazolidinediones. Drugs. 62:2002;1463-1480.
66. Komers R., Vrana A. Thiazolidinediones tools for the research of metabolic syndrome X . Physiol Res. 47:1998;215-225.
67. Zimmet P. Addressing the insulin resistance syndrome a role for the thiazolidinediones . Trends Cardiovasc Med. 12:2002;354-362.
68. Lebovitz H.E. Rationale for and role of thiazolidinediones in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Am J Cardiol. 90:(suppl):2002;34G-41G.
69. Reusch J.E. Current concepts in insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and the metabolic syndrome. Am J Cardiol. 90:(suppl):2002;19G-26G.
70. Belalcazar L.M., Ballantyne C.M. Defining specific goals of therapy in treating dyslipidemia in the patient with low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 41:1998;151-174.
71. Masuzaki H., Paterson J., Shinyama H., Morton N.M., Mullins J.J., Seckl J.R., Flier J.S. A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Science. 294:2001;2166-2170.