Structural characterization of a hypothalamic visceromotor pattern generator network

Brain Research Reviews

Volumn 41, Issue 2-3, 2003, Pages 153-202

  Thompson, Richard H ^a   Swanson, Larry W ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Autonomic nervous system; Dorsomedial nucleus; Motor pattern generator; Neuroendocrine system; Preoptic region

Indexed keywords

ANIMAL BEHAVIOR; AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM; BRAIN STEM; DIENCEPHALON; HEMISPHERE; HYPOTHALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS FUNCTION; HYPOTHALAMUS NUCLEUS; NERVE CELL NETWORK; NERVE CONDUCTION; NERVE PROJECTION; NONHUMAN; PREOPTIC AREA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SENSORY SYSTEM;

EID: 0037345605     PISSN: 01650173     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0165-0173(02)00232-1     Document Type: Review

References (107)

1. Ahima R.S., Saper C.B., Flier J.S., Elmquist J.K. Leptin regulation of neuroendocrine systems. Front. Neuroendocrinol. 21:2000;263-307.
2. Arancibia S., Rage F., Astier H., Tapia-Arancibia L. Neuroendocrine and autonomous mechanisms underlying thermoregulation in cold environment. Neuroendocrinology. 64:1996;257-267.
3. Armario A., Montero J.L., Jolin T. Chronic food restriction and the circadian rhythms of pituitary-adrenal hormones, growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 31:1987;81-87.
4. Armario A., Restrepo C., Hidalgo J., Lopez-Calderon A. Differences in prolactin and LH responses to acute stress between peripuberal and adult male rats. J. Endocrinol. 112:1987;9-13.
5. Armstrong W.E., Tian M., Wong H. Electron microscopic analysis of synaptic inputs from the median preoptic nucleus and adjacent regions to the supraoptic nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 373:1996;228-239.
6. Battaglia D.F., Brown M.E., Krasa H.B., Thrun L.A., Viguie C., Karsch F.J. Systemic challenge with endotoxin stimulates corticotropin-releasing hormone and arginine vasopressin secretion into hypophyseal portal blood: coincidence with gonadotropin-releasing hormone suppression. Endocrinology. 139:1998;4175-4181.
7. Benyassi A., Gavalda A., Armario A., Arancibia S. Role of somatostatin in the acute immobilization stress-induced GH decrease in rat. Life Sci. 52:1993;361-370.
8. Bester H., Besson J.M., Bernard J.-F. Organization of efferent projections from the parabrachial area to the hypothalamus: a Phaseolus vulgaris-leucoagglutinin study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 383:1997;245-281.
9. Bjorkstrand E., Eriksson M., Uvnas-Moberg K. Plasma levels of oxytocin after food deprivation and hypoglycaemia, and effects of 1-deamino-2-D-Tyr-(OEt)-4-Thr-8-Orn-oxytocin on blood glucose in rats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 144:1992;355-359.
10. Bleier R., Byne W., Siggelkow I. Cytoarchitectonic sexual dimorphisms of the medial preoptic and anterior hypothalamic areas in guinea pig, rat, hamster, and mouse. J. Comp. Neurol. 212:1982;118-130.
11. D.A. Brittain, The Efferent Connections of the Infralimbic Area in the Rat, Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego, 1989.
12. Broberger C., Johansen J., Johansson C., Schalling M., Hökfelt T. The neuropeptide Y/agouti gene-related protein (AGRP) brain circuitry in normal, anorectic, and monosodium glutamate-treated mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 95:1998;15043-15045.
13. Brogan R.S., Fife S.K., Conley L.K., Giusina A., Wehrenberg W.B. Effects of food deprivation on the GH axis: immunocytochemical and molecular analysis. Neuroendocrinology. 65:1997;129-135.
14. Buijs R.M., Markman M., Nunes-Cardoso B., Hou Y.-X., Shinn S. Projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus to stress-related areas in the rat hypothalamus: a light and electron microscopic study. J. Comp. Neurol. 335:1993;42-54.
15. Campbell G.A., Kurcz M., Marshall S., Meites J. Effects of starvation in rats on serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropin, growth hormone and prolactin; response to LH-releasing hormone and thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Endocrinology. 100:1977;580-587.
16. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. The connections of the posterior nucleus of the amygdala. J. Comp. Neurol. 324:1992;143-179.
17. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. The projections of the ventral premammillary nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 324:1992;195-212.
18. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the ventromedial and tuberal nuclei of the hypothalamus: a PHAL study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 348:1994;41-80.
19. Canteras N.S., Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the medial nucleus of the amygdala: a PHAL study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 360:1995;213-245.
20. Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Projections of the ventral subiculum to the amygdala, septum, and hypothalamus: a PHAL anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 324:1992;180-194.
21. Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. The dorsal premammillary nucleus: an unusual component of the mammillary body. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 89:1992;10089-10093.
22. Chen S., Su H.-S. Afferent connections of the thalamic paraventricular and parataenial nuclei in the rat - a retrograde tracing study with iontophoretic application of Fluoro-Gold. Brain Res. 522:1990;1-6.
23. Czeisler C.A., Klerman E.B. Circadian and sleep-dependent regulation of hormone release in humans. Recent Prog. Horm. Res. 54:1999;97-130.
24. Dong H.-W., Petrovich G., Watts A.G., Swanson L.W. Topography of projections from amygdala to bed nuclei of the stria terminalis. Brain Res. Rev. 38:2001;192-246.
25. Estabrooke I.V., McCarthy M.T., Ko E., Chou T.C., Chemelli R.M., Yanagisawa M., Saper C.B., Scammell T.E. Fos expression in orexin neurons varies with behavioral state. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;1656-1662.
26. Freeman M.E., Kanyicska B., Lerant A., Nagy G. Prolactin: structure, function, and regulation of secretion. Physiol. Rev. 80:2000;1523-1631.
27. Gibbs D.M. Dissociation of oxytocin, vasopressin and corticotropin secretion during different types of stress. Life Sci. 35:1984;487-491.
28. Goto M., Swanson L.W. Axonal projections from the parasubthalamic nucleus: a PHAL study in the rat. Soc. Neurosci. Abst. 26:2000;2219.
29. Grillner S. Recombination of motor pattern generators. Curr. Biol. 1:1991;231-233.
30. Grillner S., Cangiano L., Hu G.-Y., Thompson R., Hill R., Wallén P. The intrinsic function of a motor system - from ion channels to networks and behavior. Brain Res. 886:2000;224-236.
31. Gu G.B., Simerly R.B. Projections of the sexually dimorphic anteroventral periventricular nucleus in the female rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 384:1997;142-164.
32. Hanson E.S., Bradbury M.J., Akana S.F., Scribner K.S., Strack A.M., Dallman M.F. The diurnal rhythm in adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) responses to restraint in adrenalectomized rats is determined by feeding and calorie intake. Endocrinology. 134:1994;2214-2220.
33. Herman J.P., Cullinan W.E. Neurocircuitry of stress: central control of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis. Trends Neurosci. 20:1997;78-84.
34. Hosoya Y., Masukawa M., Okado N., Sugiura Y., Kohno K. Oxytocinergic innervation to the upper thoracic sympathetic preganglionic neurons of the rat: a light and electron microscopical study using a combined retrograde transport and immunocytochemical technique. Exp. Brain Res. 107:1995;9-16.
35. Hurley K.M., Herbert H., Moga M.M., Saper C.B. Efferent projections of the infralimbic cortex of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 308:1991;249-276.
36. Ikonomov O.C., Stoynev A.G., Shisheva A.C. Integrative coordination of circadian mammalian diversity: neuronal networks and peripheral clocks. Prog. Neurobiol. 54:1998;87-97.
37. Janowski B.A., Ling N.C., Giustina A., Wehrenberg W.B. Hypothalamic regulation of growth hormone secretion during food deprivation in the rat. Life Sci. 52:1993;981-987.
38. Kasting N.W. Simultaneous and independent release of vasopressin and oxytocin in the rat. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 66:1988;22-26.
39. Katz P.S., Frost W.N. Intrinsic neuromodulation: altering neuronal circuits from within. Trends Neurosci. 19:1996;54-61.
40. Kawano H., Masuko S. Beta-endorphin-, adrenocorticotrophic hormone- and neuropeptide Y-containing projection fibers from the arcuate hypothalamic nucleus make synaptic contacts on to nucleus preopticus medianus neurons projecting to the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus in the rat. Neuroscience. 98:2000;555-565.
41. Kishi T., Tsumori T., Ono K., Yokota S., Ishino H., Yasui Y. Topographical organization of projections from the subiculum to the hypothalamus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 419:2000;205-222.
42. Kiss A., Jezova D., Aguilera G. Activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and sympathoadrenal system during food and water deprivation in the rat. Brain Res. 663:1994;84-92.
43. Kuypers H.G.J.M., Maisky V.A. Retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase from spinal cord to brain stem cell groups in the cat. Neurosci. Lett. 1:1975;9-14.
44. Lang R.E., Heil J.W., Ganten D., Hermann K., Unger T., Rascher W. Oxytocin unlike vasopressin is a stress hormone in the rat. Neuroendocrinology. 37:1983;314-316.
45. Langer P., Foldes O., Kvetnansky R., Culman J., Torda T., El Daher F. Pituitary-thyroid function during acute immobilization stress in rats. Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. 82:1983;51-60.
46. Leak R.K., Card J.P., Moore R.Y. Suprachiasmatic pacemaker organization analyzed by viral transynaptic transport. Brain Res. 819:1999;23-32.
47. Lenox R.H., Kant G.J., Sessions G.R., Pennington L.L., Mougey E.H., Meyerhoff J.L. Specific hormonal and neurochemical responses to different stressors. Neuroendocrinology. 30:1980;300-308.
48. Loewy A.D. Forebrain nuclei involved in autonomic control. Prog. Brain Res. 87:1991;253-268.
49. Loewy A.D., Spyer K.M. Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions. 1990;Oxford University Press, New York.
50. Lu J., Bjorkum A.A., Xu M., Gaus S.E., Shiromani P.J., Saper C.B. Selective activation of the extended ventrolateral preoptic nucleus during rapid eye movement sleep. J. Neurosci. 22:2002;4568-4576.
51. Lu J., Lang Y.H., Chou T.C., Gaus S.E., Elmquist J.K., Shiromani P., Saper C.B. Contrasting effects of ibotenate lesions of the paraventricular nucleus and subparaventricular zone on sleep-wake cycle and temperature regulation. J. Neurosci. 21:2001;4864-4874.
52. Lund J.P., Kolta A., Westberg K.G., Scott G. Brainstem mechanisms underlying feeding behaviors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8:1998;718-724.
53. Marder E., Calabrese R.L. Principles of rhythmic motor pattern generation. Physiol. Rev. 76:1996;687-717.
54. Markakas E.A., Swanson L.W. Spatiotemporal patterns of secretomotor neuron generation in the parvicellular neuroendocrine system. Brain Res. Rev. 24:1997;255-291.
55. Moga M.M., Herbert H., Hurley K.M., Yasui Y., Gray T.S., Saper C.B. Organization of cortical, basal forebrain, and hypothalamic afferents to the parabrachial nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 295:1990;624-661.
56. Nakamagoe K., Iwamoto Y., Yoshida K. Evidence for brainstem structures participating in oculomotor integration. Science. 288:2000;857-859.
57. Nakamura Y., Katakura N. Generation of masticatory rhythm in the brainstem. Neurosci. Res. 23:1995;1-19.
58. Okuda C., Miyazaki M., Kuriyama K. Hypothalamic control of pituitary and adrenal hormones during hypothermia. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 11:1986;415-427.
59. Orlovsky G.N., Deliagina T.G., Grillner S. Neuronal Control of Locomotion: From Mollusc to Man. 1999;Oxford University Press, Oxford.
60. Otake K., Nakamura Y. Sites of origin of corticotropin-releasing factor-like immunoreactive projection fibers to the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 201:1995;84-86.
61. Pearson K.G. Common principles of motor control in vertebrates and invertebrates. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 16:1993;265-297.
62. Peisen J.N., McDonnell K.J., Mulroney S.E., Lumpkin M.D. Endotoxin-induced suppression of the somatotropic axis is mediated by interleukin-1 beta and corticotropin-releasing factor in the juvenile rat. Endocrinology. 136:1995;3378-3390.
63. Petrovich G.D., Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Combinatorial amygdalar inputs to hippocampal domains and hypothalamic behavior systems. Brain Res. Rev. 38:2001;247-289.
64. Powley T.L., Berthoud H.-R. Participation of the vagus and other autonomic nerves in the control of food intake. Ritter R.C., Ritter S., Barnes C.D. Feeding Behavior: Neural and Humoral Controls. 1986;67-101 Academic Press, San Diego.
65. Rettori V., Dees W.L., Hiney J.K., Lyson K., McCann S.M. An interleukin-1-alpha-like neuronal system in the preoptic-hypothalamic region and its induction by bacterial lipopolysaccharide in concentrations which alter pituitary hormone release. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1:1994;251-258.
66. Risold P.Y., Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the anterior hypothalamic nucleus: a PHAL study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 348:1994;1-40.
67. Risold P.Y., Swanson L.W. Connections of the rat lateral septal complex. Brain Res. Rev. 24:1997;115-196.
68. Risold P.Y., Thompson R.H., Swanson L.W. The structural organization of connections between hypothalamus and cerebral cortex. Brain Res. Rev. 24:1997;197-254.
69. Ruisseau P.D., Tache Y., Brazeau P., Collu R. Pattern of adenohypophyseal hormone changes induced by various stressors in female and male rats. Neuroendocrinology. 27:1978;257-271.
70. Saper C.B., Loewy A.D., Swanson L.W., Cowan W.M. Direct hypothalamo-autonomic connections. Brain Res. 117:1976;305-312.
71. Sawchenko P.E. Toward a new neurobiology of energy balance, appetite, and obesity: the anatomists weigh in. J. Comp. Neurol. 402:1998;435-441.
72. Sawchenko P.E., Swanson L.W. The organization of forebrain afferents to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 218:1983;121-144.
73. Selverston A.I., Moulins M. Oscillatory neural networks. Ann. Rev. Physiol. 47:1985;29-48.
74. Sherin J.E., Elmquist J.K., Torrealba F., Saper C.B. Innervation of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons by GABAergic and galaninergic neurons in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus of the rat. J. Neurosci. 18:1998;4705-4721.
75. Sim L.J., Joseph S.A. Arcuate nucleus projections to brainstem regions which modulate nociception. J. Chem. Neuroanat. 4:1991;97-109.
76. Simerly R.B. Organization and regulation of sexually dimorphic neuroendocrine pathways. Behav. Brain Res. 92:1998;195-203.
77. Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W. Projections of the medial preoptic nucleus: a Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin anterograde tract-tracing study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 270:1988;209-242.
78. Simerly R.B., Swanson L.W., Gorski R.A. Demonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 225:1984;151-166.
79. Simerly R.B., Young B.J., Capozza M.A., Swanson L.W. Estrogen differentially regulates neuropeptide gene expression in a sexually dimorphic pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 86:1989;4766-4770.
80. Swanson L.W. An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the preoptic region in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 167:1976;227-256.
81. Swanson L.W. Organization of mammalian neuroendocrine system. Bloom F.E. Handbook of Physiology. The Nervous System. Vol. IV:1986;317-363 Waverly Press, Baltimore.
82. L.W. Swanson, The hypothalamus, in: T. Hökfelt, A. Björklund, L.W. Swanson (Eds.), Handbook of Chemical Neuroanatomy, Vol. 5, Integrated Systems of the CNS, Part I, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1987, pp. 1-124.
83. Swanson L.W. Biochemical switching in hypothalamic circuits mediating responses to stress. Prog. Brain Res. 87:1991;181-200.
84. L.W. Swanson, Brain Maps: Structure of the Rat Brain, 2nd Edition with CD-ROMs, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1998-99.
85. Swanson L.W. Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior. Brain Res. 886:2000;113-164.
86. Swanson L.W., Kuypers H.G.J.M. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus: cytoarchitectonic subdivisions and organization of projections to the pituitary, dorsal vagal complex, and spinal cord as demonstrated by retrograde fluorescence double-labeling methods. J. Comp. Neurol. 194:1980;555-570.
87. Swanson L.W., Kuypers H.G.J.M. A direct projection from the ventromedial nucleus and retrochiasmatic area of the hypothalamus to the medulla and spinal cord of the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 17:1980;307-312.
88. Swanson L.W., Lind R.W. Neural projections subserving the initiation of a specific motivated behavior in the rat: new projections of the subfornical organ. Brain Res. 379:1986;399-403.
89. Swanson L.W., Petrovich G.D. What is the amygdala? Trends Neurosci. 21:1998;323-331.
90. Swanson L.W., Risold P.Y. On the basic architecture of the septal region. Numan R. The Behavioral Neuroscience of the Septal Region. 2000;1-14 Springer-Verlag, New York.
91. Swanson L.W., Sawchenko P.E. Hypothalamic integration: organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. Ann. Rev. Neurosci. 6:1983;269-324.
92. Takada M., Tokuno H., Ikai Y., Mizuno N. Direct projections from the entopeduncular nucleus to the lower brainstem in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 342:1994;409-429.
93. Taylor E.W., Jordan D., Coote J.H. Central control of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and their interactions in vertebrates. Physiol. Rev. 79:1999;855-916.
94. Thompson R.H., Canteras N.S., Swanson L.W. Organization of projections from the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a PHAL study in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 376:1996;143-173.
95. Thompson R.H., Swanson L.W. Organization of inputs to the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus: a reexamination with fluorogold and PHAL in the rat. Brain Res. Rev. 27:1998;89-118.
96. Valentino R.J., Page M.E., Luppi P.H., Zhu Y., van Bockstaele E., Aston-Jones G. Evidence for widespread afferents to Barrington's nucleus, a brainstem region rich in corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Neuroscience. 62:1994;125-143.
97. Viñuela M.C., Larsen P.J. Identification of NPY-induced c-Fos expression in hypothalamic neurones projecting to the dorsal vagal complex and the lower thoracic spinal cord. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:2001;286-299.
98. Wagner C., Caplan S.R., Tannenbaum G.S. Genesis of the ultradian rhythm of GH secretion: a new model unifying experimental observations in rats. Am. J. Physiol. 275:1998;E1046-E1054.
99. Watts A.G. The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: anatomical insights into the control of circadian rhythms. Klein D.C., Moore R.Y., Reppert S.M. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind's Clock. 1991;77-106 Oxford University Press, New York.
100. A.G. Watts, L.W. Swanson, Anatomy of motivational systems, in: C.R. Gallistel (Ed.), "Stevens" Handbook of Experimental Psychology, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 2002, pp. 563-631.
101. Watts A.G., Swanson L.W., Sanchez-Watts G. Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. I. Studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 258:1987;204-229.
102. Weiss G.F., Leibowitz S.F. Efferent projections from the paraventricular nucleus mediating alpha2-noradrenergic feeding. Brain Res. 347:1985;225-238.
103. Whelan P.J. Control of locomotion in the decerebrate cat. Prog. Neurobiol. 49:1996;481-515.
104. Wiegand S., Terasawa E. Discrete lesions reveal functional heterogeneity of suprachiasmatic structures in regulation of gonadotropin secretion in the female rat. Neuroendocrinology. 34:1982;395-404.
105. Yamaguchi N. Sympathoadrenal system in neuroendocrine control of glucose: mechanisms involved in the liver, pancreas, and adrenal gland under hemorrhagic and hypoglycemic stress. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 70:1992;167-206.
106. Yamamoto T., Kimura T., Ota K., Shoji M., Inoue M., Ohta M., Sato K., Funyu T., Abe K. Effects of interleukin-1 beta on blood pressure, thermoregulation, and the release of vasopressin, ACTH and atrial natriuretic hormone, Tohoku. J. Exp. Med. 173:1994;231-245.
107. Zardetto-Smith A.M., Johnson A.K. Chemical topography of efferent projections from the median preoptic nucleus to pontine monoaminergic cell groups in the rat. Neurosci. Lett. 199:1995;215-219.