메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 23, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 368-380

A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis of the cerebellar deficit hypothesis of dyslexia

Author keywords

ADHD; Cerebellum; Dyslexia; Phonological awareness; Phonological processing; Phonological short term memory; Rapid naming

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER; AWARENESS; BRAIN CORTEX; BRAIN FUNCTION; BRAIN SIZE; CEREBELLUM DISEASE; CEREBELLUM VERMIS; CLINICAL ARTICLE; COGNITIVE DEFECT; COMPUTER PROGRAM; CONTROLLED STUDY; CORRELATION ANALYSIS; DYSLEXIA; FEMALE; HUMAN; IMAGE ANALYSIS; IMPULSIVENESS; LEFT HEMISPHERE; MALE; MOTOR DYSFUNCTION; NEUROIMAGING; NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TEST; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHONETICS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS; RIGHT HEMISPHERE; SCHOOL CHILD; SHORT TERM MEMORY; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; VERBAL MEMORY;

EID: 41549085638     PISSN: 08830738     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0883073807309235     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (46)

References (67)
  • 1
    • 0003422736 scopus 로고
    • World Federation of Neurology. London, England: World Federation of Neurology
    • World Federation of Neurology. Report of Research Group on Dyslexia and World Illiteracy. London, England: World Federation of Neurology; 1968.
    • (1968) Report of Research Group on Dyslexia and World Illiteracy
  • 2
    • 0035451633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental dyslexia: The cerebellar deficit hypothesis
    • Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ, Dean P. Developmental dyslexia: The cerebellar deficit hypothesis. Trends Neurosci. 2001;24(9):508-511.
    • (2001) Trends Neurosci , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 508-511
    • Nicolson, R.I.1    Fawcett, A.J.2    Dean, P.3
  • 3
    • 3142778673 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specific impairment in developmental reading disabilities: A working memory approach
    • Kibby MY, Marks W., Morgan S., Long CJ Specific impairment in developmental reading disabilities: A working memory approach. J Learn Disabil. 2004;37(4):349-363.
    • (2004) J Learn Disabil. , vol.37 , Issue.4 , pp. 349-363
    • Kibby, M.Y.1    Marks, W.2    Morgan, S.3    Long, C.J.4
  • 4
    • 41549098072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of phonological processing to verbal working memory span: Focus on children with reading disabilities
    • Kibby MY The contribution of phonological processing to verbal working memory span: Focus on children with reading disabilities. Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng. 1999.
    • (1999) Diss Abstr Int B Sci Eng
    • Kibby, M.Y.1
  • 7
    • 21444455124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationships between phonological sensitivity, syntactic processing, and verbal working memory in the reading performance of third-grade children
    • Gottardo A., Stanovich KE, Siegel LS The relationships between phonological sensitivity, syntactic processing, and verbal working memory in the reading performance of third-grade children. J Exp Child Psychol. 1996;63(3):563-582.
    • (1996) J Exp Child Psychol. , vol.63 , Issue.3 , pp. 563-582
    • Gottardo, A.1    Stanovich, K.E.2    Siegel, L.S.3
  • 8
    • 84970305078 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive profiles of reading-disabled children: Comparison of language skills in phonology, morphology, and syntax
    • Shankweiler D., Crain S., Katz L., et al. Cognitive profiles of reading-disabled children: Comparison of language skills in phonology, morphology, and syntax. Psychol Sci. 1995;6(3):149-156.
    • (1995) Psychol Sci. , vol.6 , Issue.3 , pp. 149-156
    • Shankweiler, D.1    Crain, S.2    Katz, L.3
  • 9
    • 0031136030 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changing relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading as children develop from beginning to skilled readers: A 5-year longitudinal study
    • Wagner RK, Torgesen JK, Rashotte CA, et al. Changing relations between phonological processing abilities and word-level reading as children develop from beginning to skilled readers: A 5-year longitudinal study. Dev Psychol. 1997;33(3):468-479.
    • (1997) Dev Psychol , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 468-479
    • Wagner, R.K.1    Torgesen, J.K.2    Rashotte, C.A.3
  • 10
    • 0033196763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias
    • Wolf M., Bowers PG The double-deficit hypothesis for the developmental dyslexias. J Educ Psychol. 1999;91(3):415-438.
    • (1999) J Educ Psychol , vol.91 , Issue.3 , pp. 415-438
    • Wolf, M.1    Bowers, P.G.2
  • 11
    • 0040152587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar tests differentiate between groups of poor readers with and without IQ discrepancy
    • Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI, Maclagan F. Cerebellar tests differentiate between groups of poor readers with and without IQ discrepancy. J Learn Disabil. 2001;34(2):119-135.
    • (2001) J Learn Disabil. , vol.34 , Issue.2 , pp. 119-135
    • Fawcett, A.J.1    Nicolson, R.I.2    Maclagan, F.3
  • 12
    • 24744469313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks
    • Fawcett AJ, Nicolson RI, Dean P. Impaired performance of children with dyslexia on a range of cerebellar tasks. Ann Dyslexia. 1996;46:259-283.
    • (1996) Ann Dyslexia. , vol.46 , pp. 259-283
    • Fawcett, A.J.1    Nicolson, R.I.2    Dean, P.3
  • 13
    • 0029998625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Developmental dyslexia: A motor-articulatory feedback hypothesis
    • Heilman KM, Voeller K., Aw A. Developmental dyslexia: A motor-articulatory feedback hypothesis. Ann Neurol. 1996;39(3):407-412.
    • (1996) Ann Neurol. , vol.39 , Issue.3 , pp. 407-412
    • Heilman, K.M.1    Voeller, K.2    Aw, A.3
  • 14
    • 0032020178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • When theories of speech meet the real world
    • Liberman AM When theories of speech meet the real world. J Psycholinguist Res. 1998;27(2):111-122.
    • (1998) J Psycholinguist Res , vol.27 , Issue.2 , pp. 111-122
    • Liberman, A.M.1
  • 16
    • 0004030013 scopus 로고
    • New York, NY: Oxford University Press
    • Baddeley A. Working Memory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1986.
    • (1986) Working Memory
    • Baddeley, A.1
  • 17
    • 85004911417 scopus 로고
    • Differentiating phonological memory and awareness of rhyme: Reading and vocabulary development in children
    • Gathercole SE, Willis C., Baddeley AD Differentiating phonological memory and awareness of rhyme: Reading and vocabulary development in children. Br J Psychol. 1991;82(3):387-406.
    • (1991) Br J Psychol , vol.82 , Issue.3 , pp. 387-406
    • Gathercole, S.E.1    Willis, C.2    Baddeley, A.D.3
  • 19
    • 0036196948 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar morphology in developmental dyslexia
    • Rae C., Harasty JA, Dzendrowskyj TE, et al. Cerebellar morphology in developmental dyslexia. Neuropsychologia. 2002;40(8):1285-1292.
    • (2002) Neuropsychologia , vol.40 , Issue.8 , pp. 1285-1292
    • Rae, C.1    Harasty, J.A.2    Dzendrowskyj, T.E.3
  • 20
    • 0035152697 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomical risk factors for phonological dyslexia
    • Leonard CM, Eckert MA, Lombardino LJ, et al. Anatomical risk factors for phonological dyslexia. Cereb Cortex. 2001;11(2):148-157.
    • (2001) Cereb Cortex. , vol.11 , Issue.2 , pp. 148-157
    • Leonard, C.M.1    Eckert, M.A.2    Lombardino, L.J.3
  • 21
    • 0037317223 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: Frontal and cerebellar findings
    • Eckert MA, Leonard CM, Richards TL, et al. Anatomical correlates of dyslexia: Frontal and cerebellar findings. Brain. 2003;126(2):482-494.
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , Issue.2 , pp. 482-494
    • Eckert, M.A.1    Leonard, C.M.2    Richards, T.L.3
  • 22
    • 0026656318 scopus 로고
    • A new role for the cerebellum in cognitive operations
    • Akshoomoff NA, Courchesne E. A new role for the cerebellum in cognitive operations. Behav Neurosci. 1992;106(5):731-738.
    • (1992) Behav Neurosci. , vol.106 , Issue.5 , pp. 731-738
    • Akshoomoff, N.A.1    Courchesne, E.2
  • 23
    • 0031468533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lobular patterns of cerebellar activation of verbal working-memory and finger-tapping tasks as revealed by functional MRI
    • Desmond JE, Gabrieli JDE, Wagner AD, et al. Lobular patterns of cerebellar activation of verbal working-memory and finger-tapping tasks as revealed by functional MRI. J Neurosci. 1997;17(24):9675-9685.
    • (1997) J Neurosci. , vol.17 , Issue.24 , pp. 9675-9685
    • Desmond, J.E.1    Gabrieli, J.D.E.2    Wagner, A.D.3
  • 24
    • 0037440868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations
    • Mechelli A., Gorno-Tempini ML, Price CJ Neuroimaging studies of word and pseudoword reading: Consistencies, inconsistencies, and limitations. J Cogn Neurosci. 2003;15(2):260-271.
    • (2003) J Cogn Neurosci. , vol.15 , Issue.2 , pp. 260-271
    • Mechelli, A.1    Gorno-Tempini, M.L.2    Price, C.J.3
  • 25
    • 0031033179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebellar size and cognition: Correlations with IQ, verbal memory and motor dexterity
    • Paradiso S., Andreasen NC, O'Leary DS, et al. Cerebellar size and cognition: Correlations with IQ, verbal memory and motor dexterity. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 1997;10(1):1-8.
    • (1997) Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol , vol.10 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-8
    • Paradiso, S.1    Andreasen, N.C.2    O'Leary, D.S.3
  • 26
    • 0026603359 scopus 로고
    • Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage: A single case study
    • Fiez JA, Petersen SE, Cheney MK, Raichle ME Impaired non-motor learning and error detection associated with cerebellar damage: A single case study. Brain. 1992;115(1):155-178.
    • (1992) Brain , vol.115 , Issue.1 , pp. 155-178
    • Fiez, J.A.1    Petersen, S.E.2    Cheney, M.K.3    Raichle, M.E.4
  • 27
    • 0027949186 scopus 로고
    • The cerebellum contributes to linguistic production: A case of agrammatic speech following a right cerebellar lesion
    • Silveri MC, Leggio MG, Molinari M. The cerebellum contributes to linguistic production: A case of agrammatic speech following a right cerebellar lesion. Neurology. 1994;44(11):2047-2050.
    • (1994) Neurology , vol.44 , Issue.11 , pp. 2047-2050
    • Silveri, M.C.1    Leggio, M.G.2    Molinari, M.3
  • 28
    • 0037378781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theories of developmental dyslexia: Insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults
    • Ramus F., Rosen S., Dakin SC, et al. Theories of developmental dyslexia: insights from a multiple case study of dyslexic adults. Brain. 2003;126(4):841-865.
    • (2003) Brain , vol.126 , Issue.4 , pp. 841-865
    • Ramus, F.1    Rosen, S.2    Dakin, S.C.3
  • 29
    • 0035451066 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cerebellum and dyslexia: Perpetrator or innocent bystander
    • [comment from Thomas Zeffiro and Guinevere Eden to Nicholson et al]?
    • Zeffiro T., Eden G. The cerebellum and dyslexia: Perpetrator or innocent bystander [comment from Thomas Zeffiro and Guinevere Eden to Nicholson et al] ? Trends Neurosci. 2001;24(9):512-516.
    • (2001) Trends Neurosci , vol.24 , Issue.9 , pp. 512-516
    • Zeffiro, T.1    Eden, G.2
  • 30
    • 0022764756 scopus 로고
    • Hyperactivity and learning difficulties
    • Holborow PL, Berry PS Hyperactivity and learning difficulties. J Learn Disabil. 1986;19(7):426-431.
    • (1986) J Learn Disabil , vol.19 , Issue.7 , pp. 426-431
    • Holborow, P.L.1    Berry, P.S.2
  • 31
    • 21844522436 scopus 로고
    • Issues in the definition and classification of attention deficit disorder
    • Shaywitz SE, Fletcher JM, Shaywitz BA Issues in the definition and classification of attention deficit disorder. Top Lang Disord. 1994;14(4):1-25.
    • (1994) Top Lang Disord , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 1-25
    • Shaywitz, S.E.1    Fletcher, J.M.2    Shaywitz, B.A.3
  • 32
    • 0031896813 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A morphometric MRI study
    • Berquin PC, Giedd JN, Jacobsen LK, et al. Cerebellum in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A morphometric MRI study. Neurology. 1998;50(4):1087-1093.
    • (1998) Neurology , vol.50 , Issue.4 , pp. 1087-1093
    • Berquin, P.C.1    Giedd, J.N.2    Jacobsen, L.K.3
  • 33
    • 0035095868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
    • Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Berquin PC, et al. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in girls with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2001;58(3):289-295.
    • (2001) Arch Gen Psychiatry , vol.58 , Issue.3 , pp. 289-295
    • Castellanos, F.X.1    Giedd, J.N.2    Berquin, P.C.3
  • 34
    • 0031694157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of cerebellar size inattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
    • Mostofsky SH, Reiss AL, Lockhart P., Denckla MB Evaluation of cerebellar size inattention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Neurol. 1998;13(9):434-439.
    • (1998) J Child Neurol , vol.13 , Issue.9 , pp. 434-439
    • Mostofsky, S.H.1    Reiss, A.L.2    Lockhart, P.3    Denckla, M.B.4
  • 35
    • 2342435328 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings
    • Durston S., Hulshoff Pol HE, Schnack HG, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of boys with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their unaffected siblings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43(3):332-340.
    • (2004) J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 332-340
    • Durston, S.1    Hulshoff Pol, H.E.2    Schnack, H.G.3
  • 37
    • 0017140877 scopus 로고
    • Rapid "Automatized" Naming (R.A.N.): Dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities
    • Denckla MB, Rudel R. Rapid "Automatized" Naming (R.A.N.): dyslexia differentiated from other learning disabilities. Neuropsychologia. 1976;14(4):471-479.
    • (1976) Neuropsychologia , vol.14 , Issue.4 , pp. 471-479
    • Denckla, M.B.1    Rudel, R.2
  • 38
    • 0017231374 scopus 로고
    • Naming of object drawings by dyslexic children and other learning disabled children
    • Denckla MB, Rudel R. Naming of object drawings by dyslexic children and other learning disabled children. Brain Lang. 1976;3(1):1-16.
    • (1976) Brain Lang , vol.3 , Issue.1 , pp. 1-16
    • Denckla, M.B.1    Rudel, R.2
  • 39
    • 0015021890 scopus 로고
    • The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory
    • Oldfield RC The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia. 1971;9(1):97-113.
    • (1971) Neuropsychologia , vol.9 , Issue.1 , pp. 97-113
    • Oldfield, R.C.1
  • 42
    • 0026861796 scopus 로고
    • A reading level match study of nonword reading skills in poor readers with varying IQ
    • Felton RH, Wood FB A reading level match study of nonword reading skills in poor readers with varying IQ. J Learn Disabil. 1992;25(5):318-326.
    • (1992) J Learn Disabil , vol.25 , Issue.5 , pp. 318-326
    • Felton, R.H.1    Wood, F.B.2
  • 43
    • 0024744510 scopus 로고
    • IQ is irrelevant to the definition of learning disabilities
    • 486
    • Siegel LS IQ is irrelevant to the definition of learning disabilities. J Learn Disabil. 1989; 22 (8): 469-478, 486.
    • (1989) J Learn Disabil , vol.22 , Issue.8 , pp. 469-478
    • Siegel, L.S.1
  • 44
    • 0012219207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Differentiating between difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers: More evidence against the IQ-achievement discrepancy definition of reading disability
    • Vellutino FR, Scanlon DM, Lyon GR Differentiating between difficult-to-remediate and readily remediated poor readers: More evidence against the IQ-achievement discrepancy definition of reading disability. J Learn Disabil. 2000;33(3):223-238.
    • (2000) J Learn Disabil , vol.33 , Issue.3 , pp. 223-238
    • Vellutino, F.R.1    Scanlon, D.M.2    Lyon, G.R.3
  • 45
    • 0042204775 scopus 로고
    • Brain morphology and intelligence
    • Bigler ED Brain morphology and intelligence. Dev Neuropsychol. 1995;11(4):377-403.
    • (1995) Dev Neuropsychol. , vol.11 , Issue.4 , pp. 377-403
    • Bigler, E.D.1
  • 46
    • 0035600828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The evolution of neuroimaging research and developmental language disorders
    • Lane AB, Foundas AL, Leonard CM The evolution of neuroimaging research and developmental language disorders. Top Lang Disord. 2001;21(3):20-41.
    • (2001) Top Lang Disord , vol.21 , Issue.3 , pp. 20-41
    • Lane, A.B.1    Foundas, A.L.2    Leonard, C.M.3
  • 47
    • 0034553346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Measurable biological substrates to verbal-performance differences in Wechsler scores
    • Riccio CA, Hynd GW Measurable biological substrates to verbal-performance differences in Wechsler scores. School Psychol Q. 2000;15(4):386-399.
    • (2000) School Psychol Q. , vol.15 , Issue.4 , pp. 386-399
    • Riccio, C.A.1    Hynd, G.W.2
  • 48
    • 1542358812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between perisylvian morphology and verbal short-term memory functioning in children with neurodevelopmental disorders
    • Kibby MY, Kroese JM, Morgan AE, et al. The relationship between perisylvian morphology and verbal short-term memory functioning in children with neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain Lang. 2004;89(1):122-135.
    • (2004) Brain Lang , vol.89 , Issue.1 , pp. 122-135
    • Kibby, M.Y.1    Kroese, J.M.2    Morgan, A.E.3
  • 49
    • 0004235298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • American Psychiatric Association. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994
    • American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
    • Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
  • 53
    • 0021996017 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of objective classroom measures and teacher ratings of attention deficit disorder
    • Atkins MS, Pelham WE, Licht MH A comparison of objective classroom measures and teacher ratings of attention deficit disorder. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1985;13(1):155-167.
    • (1985) J Abnorm Child Psychol , vol.13 , Issue.1 , pp. 155-167
    • Atkins, M.S.1    Pelham, W.E.2    Licht, M.H.3
  • 55
    • 0030030104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined types: Relationship to previous DSM diagnoses/subtype differences
    • Morgan AE, Hynd GW, Riccio CA, Hall J. Validity of DSM-IV ADHD predominantly inattentive and combined types: Relationship to previous DSM diagnoses/subtype differences. Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996;35(3):325-333.
    • (1996) Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry , vol.35 , Issue.3 , pp. 325-333
    • Morgan, A.E.1    Hynd, G.W.2    Riccio, C.A.3    Hall, J.4
  • 56
    • 41549117384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institutes of Health National Institutes of Health. Accessed September 28
    • National Institutes of Health. NIH Image version 1.6. Public domain software developed at the U.S. National Institutes of Health. http://rsb.info.nih.gov/nih-image/. Accessed September 28, 2007.
    • (2007) NIH Image Version 1.6. Public Domain Software Developed at the U.S.
  • 57
    • 0034956407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age and sex differences in the cerebellum and the ventral pons: A prospective MR study of healthy adults
    • Raz N., Gunning-Dixon F., Head D., et al. Age and sex differences in the cerebellum and the ventral pons: A prospective MR study of healthy adults. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(6):1161-1167.
    • (2001) AJNR Am J Neuroradiol , vol.22 , Issue.6 , pp. 1161-1167
    • Raz, N.1    Gunning-Dixon, F.2    Head, D.3
  • 58
    • 0025202161 scopus 로고
    • Brain volume estimation from serial section measurements: A comparison of methodologies
    • Rosen GD, Harry JD Brain volume estimation from serial section measurements: A comparison of methodologies. J Neurosci Methods. 1990;35(2):115-124.
    • (1990) J Neurosci Methods , vol.35 , Issue.2 , pp. 115-124
    • Rosen, G.D.1    Harry, J.D.2
  • 59
    • 0027258714 scopus 로고
    • Anomalous cerebral structure in dyslexia revealed with magnetic resonance imaging
    • Leonard CM, Voeller KKS, Lombardino LJ, et al. Anomalous cerebral structure in dyslexia revealed with magnetic resonance imaging. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(5):461-469.
    • (1993) Arch Neurol. , vol.50 , Issue.5 , pp. 461-469
    • Leonard, C.M.1    Voeller, K.K.S.2    Lombardino, L.J.3
  • 60
    • 0031456734 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain morphology in children with specific language impairment
    • Gauger LM, Lombardino LJ, Leonard CM Brain morphology in children with specific language impairment. J Speech Lang Hear Res. 1997;40(6):1272-1284.
    • (1997) J Speech Lang Hear Res , vol.40 , Issue.6 , pp. 1272-1284
    • Gauger, L.M.1    Lombardino, L.J.2    Leonard, C.M.3
  • 61
    • 0025128080 scopus 로고
    • Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit disorder/hyperactivity
    • Hynd GW, Semrud-Clikeman M., Lorys AR, et al. Brain morphology in developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit disorder/hyperactivity. Arch Neurol. 1990;47(8):919-926.
    • (1990) Arch Neurol , vol.47 , Issue.8 , pp. 919-926
    • Hynd, G.W.1    Semrud-Clikeman, M.2    Lorys, A.R.3
  • 62
    • 0036843722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomical risk factors that distinguish dyslexia from SLI predict reading skill in normal children
    • Leonard CM, Lombardino LJ, Walsh K., et al. Anatomical risk factors that distinguish dyslexia from SLI predict reading skill in normal children. J Commun Disord. 2002;35(6):501-531.
    • (2002) J Commun Disord , vol.35 , Issue.6 , pp. 501-531
    • Leonard, C.M.1    Lombardino, L.J.2    Walsh, K.3
  • 63
    • 0030893073 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter
    • Raz N., Gunning FM, Head D., et al. Selective aging of the human cerebral cortex observed in vivo: Differential vulnerability of the prefrontal gray matter. Cereb Cortex. 1997;7(3):268-282.
    • (1997) Cereb Cortex , vol.7 , Issue.3 , pp. 268-282
    • Raz, N.1    Gunning, F.M.2    Head, D.3
  • 64
    • 0036165889 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Planum temporale asymmetry and ear advantage in dichotic listening in developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
    • Foster LM, Hynd GW, Morgan AE, Hugdahl K. Planum temporale asymmetry and ear advantage in dichotic listening in developmental dyslexia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8(1):22-36.
    • (2002) J Int Neuropsychol Soc. , vol.8 , Issue.1 , pp. 22-36
    • Foster, L.M.1    Hynd, G.W.2    Morgan, A.E.3    Hugdahl, K.4
  • 65
    • 0004297338 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Schmahmann JD, ed. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
    • Schmahmann JD, ed. The Cerebellum and Cognition. San Diego, CA: Academic Press; 1997.
    • (1997) The Cerebellum and Cognition
  • 66
    • 0032551159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Metabolic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia detected by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy
    • Rae C., Lee MA, Dixon RM, et al. Metabolic abnormalities in developmental dyslexia detected by 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Lancet. 1998;351(9119):1849-1852.
    • (1998) Lancet , vol.351 , Issue.9119 , pp. 1849-1852
    • Rae, C.1    Lee, M.A.2    Dixon, R.M.3
  • 67
    • 0035957278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Preliminary evidence of widespread morphological variations of the brain in dyslexia
    • Brown WE, Eliez S., Menon V., et al. Preliminary evidence of widespread morphological variations of the brain in dyslexia. Neurology. 2001;56(6):781-783.
    • (2001) Neurology , vol.56 , Issue.6 , pp. 781-783
    • Brown, W.E.1    Eliez, S.2    Menon, V.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.