Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcriptional elongation in resting CD4+ T cells in vivo

Journal of Virology

Volumn 78, Issue 17, 2004, Pages 9105-9114

  Lassen, Kara G ^a   Bailey, Justin R ^a   Siliciano, Robert F ^a,b  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CD4 ANTIGEN; COMPLEMENTARY DNA; MESSENGER RNA; PLASMID DNA; POLYADENYLATED RNA; VIRUS DNA; VIRUS RNA;

ARTICLE; GENE EXPRESSION; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; NONHUMAN; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; T LYMPHOCYTE; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANTI-HIV AGENTS; ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY, HIGHLY ACTIVE; CD4-POSITIVE T-LYMPHOCYTES; CELL CYCLE; CELL DIVISION; CELL SEPARATION; CELLS, CULTURED; EXONS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, VIRAL; GENOME, VIRAL; HIV-1; HUMANS; RNA SPLICING; RNA, VIRAL; TRANSCRIPTION, GENETIC; VIRUS LATENCY;

EID: 4143061435     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.78.17.9105-9114.2004     Document Type: Article

References (85)

1. Adams, M., L. Sharmeen, J. Kimpton, J. M. Romeo, J. V. Garcia, B. M. Peterlin, M. Groudine, and M. Emerman. 1994. Cellular latency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with high CD4 levels can be detected by the presence of promoter-proximal transcripts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3862-3866.
2. Adams, M., C. Wong, D. Wang, and J. Romeo. 1999. Limitation of Tat-associated transcriptional processivity in HIV-infected PBMC Virology 257:397-405.
3. Alcami, J., D. L. Lain, L. Folgueira, M. A. Pedraza, J. M. Jacque, F. Bachelerie, A. R. Noriega, R. T. Hay, D. Harrich, and R. B. Gaynor. 1995. Absolute dependence on kappa B responsive elements for initiation and Tat-mediated amplification of HIV transcription in blood CD4 T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 14:1552-1560.
4. Bagnarelli, P., A. Valenza, S. Menzo, R. Sampaolesi, P. E. Varaldo, L. Butini, M, Montroni, C. F. Perno, S. Aquaro, D. Mathez, J. Leibowitch, C. Balotta, and M. Clementi. 1996. Dynamics and modulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcripts in vitro and in vivo. J. Virol. 70:7603-7613.
5. Barboric, M., R. M. Nissen, S. Kanazawa, N. Jabrane-Ferrat, and B. M. Peterlin. 2001. NF-kappaB binds P-TEFb to stimulate transcriptional elongation by RNA polymerase II. Mol. Cell 8:327-337.
6. Benkirane, M., R. F. Chun, H. Xiao, V. V. Ogryzko, B. H. Howard, V. Nakatani, and K. T. Jeang. 1998. Activation of integrated provirus requires histone acetyltransferase. p300 and P/CAF are coactivators for HIV-1 Tat. J. Biol. Chem. 273:24898-24905.
7. Bohnlein, E., J. W. Lowenthal, M. Siekevitz, D. W. Ballard, B. R. Franza, and W. C. Greene. 1988. The same inducible nuclear proteins regulates mitogen activation of both the interleukin-2 receptor-alpha gene and type 1 HIV. Cell 53:827-836.
8. Brenchley, J. M., B. J. Hill, D. R. Ambrozak, D. A. Price, F. J. Guenaga, J. P. Casazza, J. Kuruppu, J. Yazdani, S. A. Migueles, M. Connors, M. Roederer, D. C. Douek, and R. A. Koup. 2004. T-cell subsets that harbor human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vivo: implications for HIV pathogenesis. J. Virol. 78:1160-1168.
9. Brooks, D. G., P. A. Arlen, L. Gao, C. M. Kitchen, and J. A. Zack. 2003. Identification of T cell-signaling pathways that stimulate latent HIV in primary cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:12955-12960.
10. Brooks, D. G., D. H. Hamer, P. A. Arlen, L. Gao, G. Bristol, C. M. Kitchen, E. A. Berger, and J. A. Zack. 2003. Molecular characterization, reactivation, and depletion of latent HIV. Immunity 19:413-423.
11. Chen, B. K., M. B. Feinberg, and D. Baltimore. 1997. The kappaB sites in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat enhance virus replication yet are not absolutely required for viral growth. J. Virol. 71:5495-5504.
12. Chin, V. L., E. Coronel, C. K. Ho, S. Shuman, and T. M. Rana. 2001. HIV-1 Tat protein interacts with mammalian capping enzyme and stimulates capping of TAR RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 276:12959-12966.
13. Chiu, Y. L., C. K. Ho, N. Saha, B. Schwer, S. Shuman, and T. M. Rana. 2002. Tat stimulates cotranscriptional capping of HIV mRNA. Mol. Cell 10:585-597.
14. Chun, T. W., L. Carruth, D. Finzi, X. Shen, J. A. DiGiuseppe, H. Taylor, M. Hermankova, K. Chadwick, J. Margolick, T. C. Quinn, Y. H. Kuo, R. Brookmeyer, M. A. Zeiger, P. Barditch-Crovo, and R. F. Siliciano. 1997. Quantification of latent tissue reservoirs and total body viral load in HIV-1 infection. Nature 387:183-188.
15. Chun, T. W., D. Finzi, J. Margolick, K. Chadwick, D. Schwartz, and R. F. Siliciano. 1995. In vivo fate of HIV-1-infected T cells: quantitative analysis of the transition to stable latency. Nat. Med. 1:1284-1290.
16. Chun, T. W., J. S. Justement, R. A. Lempicki, J. Yang, G. Dennis, Jr., C. W. Hallahan, C. Sanford, P. Pandya, S. Liu, M. McLaughlin, L. A. Ehler, S. Moir, and A. S. Fauci. 2003. Gene expression and viral production in latently infected, resting CD4+ T cells in viremic versus aviremic HIV-infected individuals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:1908-1913.
17. Chun, T. W., L. Stuyver, S. B. Mizell, L. A. Ehler, J. A. Mican, M. Baseler, A. L. Lloyd, M. A. Nowak, and A. S. Fauci. 1997. Presence of an inducible HIV-1 latent reservoir during highly active antiretroviral therapy. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:13193-13197.
18. Chun, T.-W., D. Engel, S. B. Mizell, L. A. Ehler, and A. S. Fauci. 1998. Induction of HIV-1 replication in latently infected CD4+ T cells using a combination of cytokines. J. Exp. Med. 188:83-91.
19. Col, E., B. Gilquin, C. Caron, and S. Khochbin. 2002. Tat-controlled protein acetylation. J. Biol. Chem. 277:37955-37960.
20. Coull, J. J., F. Romerio, J. M. Sun, J. L. Volker, K. M. Calvin, J. R. Davie, Y. Shi, U. Hansen, and D. M. Margolis. 2000. The human factors YY1 and LSF repress the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat via recruitment of histone deacetylase 1. J. Virol. 74:6790-6799.
21. Duh, E. J., W. J. Maury, T. M. Folks, A. S. Fauci, and A, B. Rabson. 1989. Tumor necrosis factor alpha activates human immunodeficiency virus type 1 through induction of nuclear factor binding to the NF-kappa B sites in the long terminal repeat. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:5974-5978.
22. Eckstein, D. A., M. L. Penn, Y. D. Korin, D. D. Scripture-Adams, J. A. Zack, J. F. Kreisberg, M. Roederer, M. P. Sherman, P. S. Chin, and M. A. Goldsmith. 2001. HIV-1 actively replicates in naive CD4(+) T cells residing within human lymphoid tissues. Immunity 15:671-682.
23. Feinberg, M. B., D. Baltimore, and A. D. Frankel. 1991. The role of Tat in the human immunodeficiency virus life cycle indicates a primaiy effect on transcriptional elongation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4045-4049.
24. Finzi, D., J. Blankson, J. D. Siliciano, J. B. Margolick, K. Chadwick, T. Pierson, K. Smith, J. Lisziewicz, F. Lori, C. Flexner, T. C. Quinn, R. E. Chaisson, E. Rosenberg, B. Walker, S. Gange, J. Gallant, and R. F. Siliciano. 1999. Latent infection of CD4+ T cells provides a mechanism for lifelong persistence of HIV-1, even in patients on effective combination therapy. Nat. Med. 5:512-517.
25. Finzi, D., M. Hermankova, T. Pierson, L. M. Carruth, C. Buck, R. E. Chaisson, T. C. Quinn, K. Chadwick, J. Margolick, R. Brookmeyer, J. Gallant, M. Markowitz, D. D. Ho, D. D. Richman, and R. F. Siliciano. 1997. Identification of a reservoir for HIV-1 in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. Science 278:1295-1300.
26. Fujinaga, K., D. Irwin, Y. Huang, R. Taube, T. Kurosu, and B. M. Peterlin. 2004. Dynamics of human immunodeficiency virus transcription: P-TEFb phosphorylates RD and dissociates negative effectors from the transactivation response element. Mol. Cell Biol. 24:787-795.
27. Furtado, M. R., D. S. Callaway, J. P. Phair, K. J. Kunstman, J. L. Stanton, C. A. Macken, A. S. Perelson, and S. M. Wolinsky. 1999. Persistence of HIV-1 transcription in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells in patients receiving potent antiretroviral therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 340:1614-1622.
28. Gunthard, H. F., D. V. Havlir, S. Fiscus, Z. Q. Zhang, J. Eron, J. Mellors, R. Gulick, S. D. Frost, A. J. Brown, W. Schleif, F. Valentine, L. Jonas, A. Meibohm, C. C. Ignacio, R. Isaacs, R. Gamagami, E. Emini, A. Haase, D. D. Richman, and J. K. Wong. 2001. Residual human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) type 1 rna and dna in lymph nodes and hiv rna in genital secretions and in cerebrospinal fluid after suppression of viremia for 2 years. J. Infect. Dis. 183:1318-1327.
29. Hamer, D. H., S. Bocklandt, L. McHugh, T. W. Chun, P. M. Blumberg, D. M. Sigano, and V. E. Marquez. 2003. Rational design of drugs that induce human immunodeficiency virus replication. J. Virol. 77:10227-10236.
30. Man, Y., K. Lassen, D. Monie, A. R. Sedaghat, S. Shimoji, X. Liu, T. C. Pierson, J. B. Margolick, R. F. Siliciano, and J. D. Siliciano. 2004. Resting CD4+ T cells from HIV-1-infected individuals carry integrated HIV-1 genomes within actively transcribed host genes. J. Virol.
31. He, G., and D. M. Margolis. 2002. Counterregulation of chromatin deacetylation and histone deacetylase occupancy at the integrated promoter of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) by the HIV-1 repressor YYI and HIV-1 activator Tat. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22:2965-2973.
32. He, G., L. Ylisastigui, and D. M. Margolis. 2002. The regulation of HIV-1 gene expression: the emerging role of chromatin. DNA Cell Biol. 21:697-705.
33. + T lymphocytes in vivo. J. Virol. 77:7383-7392.
34. Herrmann, C. H., R. G. Carroll, P. Wei, K. A. Jones, and A. P. Rice. 1998. Tat-associated kinase, TAK, activity is regulated by distinct mechanisms in peripheral blood lymphocytes and promonocytic cell lines. J. Virol. 72:9881-9888.
35. Herrmann, C. H., M. O. Gold, and A. P. Rice. 1996. Viral transactivators specifically target distinct cellular protein kinases that phosphorylate the RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain. Nucleic Acids Res. 24:501-508.
36. Herrmann, C. H., and A. P. Rice. 1995. Lentivirus Tat proteins specifically associate with a cellular protein kinase, TAK, that hyperphosphorylates the carboxyl-terminal domain of the large subunit of RNA polymerase II: candidate for a Tat cofactor. J. Virol. 69:1612-1620.
37. Hockett, R. D., J. M. Kilby, C. A. Derdeyn, M. S. Saag, M. Sillers, K. Squires, S. Chiz, M. A. Nowak, G. M. Shaw, and R. P. Bucy. 1999. Constant mean viral copy number per infected cell in tissues regardless of high, low, or undetectable plasma HIV RNA. J. Exp. Med. 189:1545-1554.
38. Ilyinskii, P. O., and R. C. Desrosiers. 1996. Efficient transcription and replication of simian immunodeficiency virus in the absence of NF-kappaB and Sp1 binding elements. J. Virol. 70:3118-3126.
39. Jones, K. A., and B. M. Peterlin. 1994. Control of RNA initiation and elongation at the HIV-1 promoter. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:717-743.
40. Jordan, A., D. Bisgrove, and E. Verdin. 2003. HIV reproducibly establishes a latent infection after acute infection of T cells in vitro. EMBO J. 22:1868-1877.
41. Jordan, A., P. Defechereux, and E. Verdin. 2001. The site of HIV-1 integration in the human genome determines basal transcriptional activity and response to Tat transactivation. EMBO J. 20:1726-1738.
42. Kao, S. Y., A. F. Calman, P. A. Luciw, and B. M. Peterlin. 1987. Antitermination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HlV-1 by tat gene product. Nature 330:489-493.
43. Kiernan, R. E., C. Vanhulle, L. Schiltz, E. Adam, H. Xiao, F. Maudoux, C. Calomme, A. Burny, Y. Nakatani, K. T. Jeang, M. Benkirane, and C. Van Lint. 1999. HIV-1 tat transcriptional activity is regulated by acetylation. EMBO J. 18:6106-6118.
44. Korin, Y. D., D. G. Brooks, S. Brown, A. Korotzer, and J. A. Zack. 2002. Effects of prostratin on T-cell activation and human immunodeficiency virus latency. J. Virol. 76:8118-8123.
45. Kulkosky, J., D. M. Culnan, J. Roman, G. Dornadula, M. Schnell, M. R. Boyd, and R. J. Pomerantz. 2001. Prostratin: activation of latent HIV-1 expression suggests a potential inductive adjuvant therapy for HAART. Blood 98:3006-3015.
46. Kulkosky, J., G. Nunnari, M. Otero, S. Calarota, G. Dornadula, H. Zhang, A. Malin, J. Sullivan, Y. Xu, J. DeSimone, T. Babinchak, J. Stern, W. Cavert, A. Haase, and R. J. Pomerantz. 2002. Intensification and stimulation therapy for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reservoirs in infected persons receiving virally suppressive highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 186:1403-1411.
47. Lewin, S. R., M. Vesanen, L. Kostrikis, A. Hurley, A. Duran, L. Zhang, D. D. Ho, and M. Markowitz. 1999. Use of real-time PCR and molecular beacons to detect virus replication in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals on prolonged effective antiviral therapy. J. Virol. 73:6099-6103.
48. Lin, X., D. Irwin, S. Kanazawa, L. Huang, J. Romeo, T. S. Yen, and B. M. Peterlin. 2003. Transcriptional profiles of latent human immunodeficiency virus in infected individuals: effects of Tat on the host and reservoir. J. Virol. 77:8227-8236.
49. Lin, X., R, Taube, K. Fujinaga, and B. M. Peterlin. 2002. P-TEFb containing cyclin K and Cdk9 can activate transcription via RNA. J. Biol. Chem. 277:16873-16878.
50. Liou, H. C. 2002. Regulation of the immune system by NF-kappaB and IkappaB. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 35:537-546.
51. Lusic, M., A. Marcello, A. Cereseto, and M. Giacca. 2003. Regulation of HIV-1 gene expression by histone acetylation and factor recruitment at the LTR promoter. EMBO J. 22:6550-6561.
52. Majello, B., G. Napolitano, A. Giordano, and L. Lania. 1999. Transcriptional regulation by targeted recruitment of cyclin-dependent CDK9 kinase in vivo. Oncogene 18:4598-4605.
53. Malim, M. H., and B. R. Cullen. 1991. HIV-1 structural gene expression requires the binding of multiple Rev monomers to the viral RRE: implications for HIV-1 latency. Cell 63:241-248.
54. Marzio, G., M. Tyagi, M. I. Gutierrez, and M. Giacca. 1998. HIV-1 tat transactivator recruits p300 and CREB-binding protein histone acetyltransferases to the viral promoter. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95:13519-13524.
55. Michael, N. L., P. Morrow, J. Mosca, M. Vahey, D. S. Burke, and R. R. Redfield. 1991. Induction of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in chronically infected cells is associated primarily with a shift in RNA splicing patterns. J. Virol. 65:7084.
56. Nabel, G., and D. Baltimore. 1987. An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature 326:711-713.
57. Ott, M., M. Schnolzer, J. Garnica, W. Fischle, S. Emiliani, H. R. Rackwitz, and E. Verdin. 1999. Acetylation of the HIV-1 Tat protein by p300 is important for its transcriptional activity. Curr. Biol. 9:1489-1492.
58. Pendergrast, P. S., and N. Hernandez. 1997. RNA-targeted activators, but not DNA-targeted activators, repress the synthesis of short transcripts at the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat. J. Virol. 71:910-917.
59. Pendergrast, P. S., D. Morrison, W. P. Tansey, and N. Hernandez. 1996. Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly. J. Virol. 70:5025-5034.
60. Pierson, T., T. L. Hoffman, J. Blankson, D. Finzi, K. Chadwich, J. B. Margolick, C. Buck, J. D. Siliciano, R. W. Doms, and R. F. Siliciano. 2000. Characterization of chemokine receptor utilization of viruses in the latent reservoir for HIV-1. J. Virol. 74:7824-7833.
61. Ping, Y. H., and T. M. Rana. 1999. Tat-associated kinase (P-TEFb): a component of transcription preinitiation and elongation complexes. J. Biol. Chem. 274:7399-7404.
62. Pomerantz, R. J., T. Seshamma, and D. Trono. 1992. Efficient replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 requires a threshold level of Rev: potential implications for latency. J. Virol. 66:1809-1813.
63. Pomerantz, R. J., D. Trono, M. B. Feinberg, and D. Baltimore. 1990. Cells nonproductively infected with HIV-1 exhibit an aberrant pattern of viral RNA expression: a molecular model for latency. Cell 61:1271-1276.
64. Pumfery, A., L. Deng, A. Maddukuri, F. C. de la, H. Li, J. D. Wade, P. Lambert, A. Kumar, and F. Kashanchi. 2003. Chromatin remodeling and modification during HIV-1 Tat-activated transcription. Curr. HIV Res. 1:343-362.
65. Pureell, D. F., and M. A. Martin. 1993. Alternative splicing of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA modulates viral protein expression, replication, and infectivity. J. Virol. 67:6365-6378.
66. Saltarelli, M. J., E. Hadziyannis, C. E. Hart, J. V. Harrison, B. K. Felber, T. J. Spira, and G. N. Pavlakis. 1996. Analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 mRNA splicing patterns during disease progression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from infected individuals, AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses 12:1443-1456.
67. Schwartz, S., B. K. Felber, D. M. Benko, E. M. Fenyo, and G. N. Pavlakis. 1990. Cloning and functional analysis of multiply spliced mRNA species of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 64:2519-2529.
68. Scripture-Adams, D. D., D. G. Brooks, Y. D. Korin, and J. A. Zack. 2002. Interleukin-7 induces expression of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with minimal effects on T-cell phenotype. J. Virol. 76:13077-13082.
69. Seshamma, T., O. Bagasra, D. Trono, D. Baltimore, and R. J. Pomerantz. 1992. Blocked early-stage latency in the peripheral blood cells of certain individuals infected with human immunodefidency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:10663-10667.
70. Sheldon, M., R. Ratnasabapathy, and N. Hernandez. 1993. Characterization of the inducer of short transcripts, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcripttonal element that activates the synthesis of short RNAs. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1251-1263.
71. Siliciano, J. D., J. Kajdas, D. Finzi, T. C. Quinn, K. Chadwick, J. B. Margolick, C. Kovacs, S. J. Gange, and R. F. Siliciano. 2003. Long-term follow-up studies confirm the stability of the latent reservoir for HIV-1 in resting CD4+ T cells. Nat. Med. 9:727-728.
72. Strain, M. C., H. F. Gunthard, D. V. Havlir, C. C. Ignacio, D. M. Smith, A. J. Leigh-Brown, T. R. Macaranas, R. Y. Lam, O. A. Daly, M. Fischer, M. Opravil, H. Levine, L. Bacheler, C. A. Spina, D. D. Richman, and J. K. Wong. 2003. Heterogeneous clearance rates of long-lived lymphocytes infected with HIV; intrinsic stability predicts lifelong persistence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:4819-4824.
73. Swingler, S., B. Brichacek, J. M. Jacque, C. Ulich, J. Zhou, and M. Stevenson. 2003. HIV-1 Nef intersects the macrophage CD40L signalling pathway to promote resting-cell infection. Nature 424:213-219.
74. Taube, R., K. Fujinaga, J. Wimmer, M. Barboric, and B. M. Peterlin. 1999. Tat transactivation: a model for the regulation of eukaryotic transcriptional elongation. Virology 264:245-253.
75. Tong-Starksen, S. E., P. A. Luciw, and B. M. Peterlin. 1987. Human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat responds to T-cell activation signals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6845-6849.
76. Unutmaz, D., V. N. KewalRamani, S. Marmon, and D. R. Littman. 1999. Cytokine signals are sufficient for HIV-1 infection of resting human T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 189:1735-1746.
77. West, M. J., A. D. Lowe, and J. Karn. 2001. Activation of human immunodeficiency virus transcription in T cells revisited: NF-κB p65 stimulates transcriptional elongation. J. Virol. 75:8524-8537.
78. Winslow, B. J., R. J. Pomerantz, O. Bagasra, and D. Trono. 1993. HIV-1 latency due to the site of proviral integration. Virology 196:849-854.
79. Wong, J. K., M. Hezareh, H. F. Gunthard, D. V. Havlir, C. C. Ignacio, C. A. Spina, and D. D. Richman. 1997. Recovery of replication-competent HIV despite prolonged suppression of plasma viremia. Science 278:1291-1295.
80. Zhang, J., and C. S. Crumpacker. 2001. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients receiving prolonged highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Infect. Dis. 184:1341-1344.
81. Zhang, Z., T. Schuler, M. Zupancic, S. Wietgrefe, K. A. Staskus, K. A. Reimann, T. A. Reinhart, M. Rogan, W. Cavert, C. J. Miller, R. S. Veazey, D. Notermans, S. Little, S. A. Danner, D. D. Richman, D. Havlir, J. Wong, H. L. Jordan, T. W. Schacker, P. Racz, K. Tenner-Racz, N. L. Letvin, S. Wolinsky, and A. T. Haase. 1999. Sexual transmission and propagation of SIV and HIV in resting and activated CD4+ T cells. Science 236:1353-1357. (Erratum, 286:2273.)
82. Zhou, M., L. Deng, F. Kashanchi, J. N. Brady, A. J. Shatkin, and A. Kumar. 2003. The Tat/TAR-dependent phosphorylation of RNA polymerase II C-terminal domain stimulates cotranscriptional capping of HIV-1 mRNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100:12666-12671.
83. Zhou, M., M. A. Halanski, M. F. Radonovich, F. Kashanchi, J. Peng, D. H. Price, and J. N. Brady. 2000. Tat modifies the activity of CDK9 to phosphorylate serine 5 of the RNA polymerase II carboxyl-terminal domain during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20:5077-5086.
84. + monocytes and its potential role as a source of virus in patients on highly active antiretroviral therapy. J. Virol. 76:707-716.
85. Zhu, Y., T. Pe'ery, J. Peng, Y. Ramanathan, N. Marshall, T. Marshall, B. Amendt, M. B. Mathews, and D. H. Price. 1997. Transcription elongation factor P-TEFb is required for HIV-1 tat transactivation in vitro. Genes Dev. 11:2622-2632.