RNA-targeted activators, but not DNA-targeted activators, repress the synthesis of short transcripts at the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat

Journal of Virology

Volumn 71, Issue 2, 1997, Pages 910-917

  Pendergrast, P Shannon ^a   Hernandez, Nouria ^a,b  

^a HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE   (United States)

^b Howard Hughes Medical Institute Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold Spring Harbor   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; LONG TERMINAL REPEAT; NONHUMAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RNA SYNTHESIS; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION; VIRUS REPLICATION;

EID: 0031032591     PISSN: 0022538X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.2.910-917.1997     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Adams, M., S. Lamia, J. Kimpton, J. M. Romeo, V. J. Garcia, B. M. Peterlin, M. Groudine, and M. Emerman. 1994. Cellular latency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals with high CD4 levels can be detected by the presence of promoter-proximal transcripts. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3862-3866.
2. Carey, M., H. Kakidani, J. Leatherwood, F. Mostashari, and M. Ptashne. 1989. An amino terminal fragment of GALA4 binds as a dimer. J. Mol. Biol. 209:423-432.
3. Chang, H.-K., R. C. Gallo, and B. Ensoli. 1995. Regulation of cellular gene expression and function by the human immunodeficiency virus I Tat protein. J. Biomed. Sci. 2:189-202.
4. Clemens, M. J., K. G. Laing, I. W. Jeffrey, A. Schofield, T. V. Sharp, A. Elia, V. Matys, M. C. James, and V. J. Tilleray. 1994. Regulation of the interferon-inducible eIF-2α protein kinase by small RNAs. Biochimie 76:770-778.
5. Cullen, B. R. 1993. Does HIV-1 tat induce a change in viral initiation rights. Cell 73:417-420.
6. Feinberg, M. B., D. Baltimore, and A. D. Frankel. 1991. The role of Tat in the human immunodeficiency virus life cycle indicates a primary effect on transcriptional elongation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:4045-4049.
7. Garcia, J. A., D. Harrich, E. Soultanakis, F. Wu, R. Mitsuyasu, and R. B. Gaynor. 1989. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 LTR TATA and TAR region sequences required for transcriptional regulation. EMBO J. 8:765-778.
8. Ghosh, S., M. J. Selby, and B. M. Peterlin. 1993. Synergism between Tat and VP16 in tram-activation of HIV-1 LTR. J. Mol. Biol. 234:610-619.
9. Graham, G. J., and J. J. Maio. 1990. RNA transcripts of the human immunodeficiency virus transactivation response element can inhibit action of the viral transactivator. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:5817-5821.
10. Greenblatt, J., J. R. Nodwell, and S. W. Mason. 1993. Transcriptional anti-termination. Nature 364:401-406.
11. Gunnery, S., S. R. Green, and M. B. Mathews. 1992. Tat-responsive region RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 stimulates protein synthesis in vivo and in vitro: relationship between structure and function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:11557-11561.
12. Gunnery, S., A. P. Rice, H. D. Robertson, and M. B. Mathews. 1990. Tat-responsive region RNA of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 can prevent activation of the double-stranded-RNA-activated protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:8687-8691.
13. Hauber, J., and B. R. Cullen. 1988. Mutational analysis of the trans-activation-responsive region of the human immunodeficiency virus type I long terminal repeat. J. Virol. 62:673-679.
14. Hernandez, N. 1985. Formation of the 3′ end of U1 snRNA is directed by a conserved sequence located downstream of the coding region. EMBO J. 4:1827-1837.
15. Huang, L.-m., A. Joshi, R. Willey, J. Orenstein, and K.-T. Jeang. 1994. Human immunodeficiency viruses regulated by alternative trans-activators: genetic evidence for a novel non-transcriptional function of Tat in virion infectivity. EMBO J. 13:2886-2896.
16. Jakobovits, A., D. H. Smith, E. B. Jakobovits, and D. J. Capon. 1988. A discrete element 3′ of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 mRNA initiation sites mediates transcriptional activation by an HIV trans-activator. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:2555-2561.
17. Jones, K. A., and B. M. Peterlin. 1994. Control of RNA initiation and elongation at the HIV-1 promoter. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:717-743.
18. Judware, R., J. Li, and R. Petryshyn. 1993. Inhibition of the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase by a peptide derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein. J. Interferon Res. 13:153-160.
19. Kamine, J., and G. Chinnadurai. 1992. Synergistic activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter by the viral Tat protein and cellular transcription factor Sp1. J. Virol. 66:3932-3936.
20. Kamine, J., T. Subramanian, and G. Chinnadurai. 1991. Sp1-dependent activation of a synthetic promoter by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:8510-8514.
21. Kao, S. Y., A. F. Calman, P. A. Luciw, and B. M. Peterlin. 1987. Anti-termination of transcription within the long terminal repeat of HIV-1 by tat gene product. Nature 330:489-493.
22. Kato, H., H. Sumimoto, P. Pognonec, C.-H. Chen, C. A. Rosen, and R. G. Roeder. 1992. HIV-1 Tat acts as a processivity factor in vitro in conjunction with cellular elongation factors. Genes Dev. 6:655-666.
23. Laspia, M. F., A. P. Rice, and M. B. Mathews. 1989. HIV-1 Tat protein increases transcriptional initiation and stabilizes elongation. Cell 59:283-292.
24. Laspia, M. F., A. P. Rice, and M. B. Mathews. 1990. Synergy between HIV-1 Tat and adenovirus E1A is principally due to stabilization of transcriptional elongation. Genes Dev. 4:2397-2408.
25. Laspia, M. F., P. Wendel, and M. B. Mathews. 1993. HIV-1 tat overcomes inefficient transcriptional elongation in vitro. J. Mol. Biol. 232:732-746.
26. Lisziewicz, J., J. Rappaport, and R. Dhar. 1991. Tat-regulated production of multimerized TAR RNA inhibits HIV-1 gene expression. New Biol. 3:82-89.
27. Maitra, R. K., N. A. J. McMillan, S. Desai, J. McSwiggen, A. G. Hovanessian, G. Sen, B. R. G. Williams, and R. H. Silverman. 1994. HIV-1 TAR RNA has an intrinsic ability to activate interferon-inducible enzymes. Virology 204:823-827.
28. Marciniak, R. A., B. J. Calnan, A. D. Frankel, and P. A. Sharp. 1990. HIV-1 Tat protein trans-activates transcription in vitro. Cell 63:791-802.
29. Marciniak, R. A., and P. A. Sharp. 1991. HIV-1 Tat protein promotes formation of more-processive elongation complexes. EMBO J. 10:4189-4196.
30. Muesing, M. A., D. H. Smith, and D. J. Capon. 1987. Regulation of mRNA accumulation by a human immunodeficiency virus trans-aclivator protein. Cell 48:691-701.
31. Niman, H. L., R. A. Houghten, L. E. Walker, R. A. Reisfeld, I. A. Wilson, J. M. Hogle, and R. A. Lerner. 1983. Generation of protein-reactive antibodies by short peptides is an event of high frequency: implications for the structural basis of immune recognition. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:4949-4953.
32. Pendergrast, P. S., D. Morrison, W. P. Tansey, and N. Hernandez. 1996. Mutations in the carboxy-terminal domain of TBP affect the synthesis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 full-length and short transcripts similarly. J. Virol. 70:5025-5034.
33. Peng, H., T. A. Reinhart, E. F. Retzel, K. A. Staskus, M. Zupancic, and A. T. Haase. 1995. Single cell transcript analysis of human immunodeficiency virus gene expression in the transition from latent to productive infection. Virology 206:16-27.
34. Pfeifer, K., M. Bachmann, H. C. Schroder, B. E. Weiler, D. Ugarkovic, T. Okamoto, and W. E. Muller. 1991. Formation of a small ribonucleoprotein particle between Tat protein and trans-acting response element in human immunodeficiency virus-infected cells. J. Biol. Chem. 266:14620-14626.
35. Ratnasabapathy, R., M. Sheldon, L. Johal, and N. Hernandez. 1990. The HIV-1 long terminal repeat contains an unusual element that induces the synthesis of short RNAs from various mRNA and snRNA promoters. Genes Dev. 4:2061-2074.
36. Rice, A. P., and F. Carlotti. 1990. Mutational analysis of the conserved cysteine-rich region of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat protein. J. Virol. 64:1864-1868.
37. Rice, A. P., and F. Carlotti. 1990. Structural analysis of wild-type and mutant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat proteins. J. Virol. 64:6018-6026.
38. Rosen, C. A., J. G. Sodrowski, and W. A. Haseltine. 1985. The location of cis-acting regulatory sequences in the human T cell lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III/LAV) long terminal repeat. Cell 41:813-823.
39. r protein kinase. J. Virol. 65:632-640.
40. Roy, S., M. G. Katze, N. T. Parkin, I. Edery, A. G. Hovanessian, and N. Sonenberg. 1990. Control of the interferon-induced 68-kilodalton protein kinase by the HIV-1 tat gene product. Science 247:1216-1219.
41. Selby, M. J., E. S. Bain, P. A. Luciw, and B. M. Peterlin. 1989. Structure, sequence, and position of the stem-loop in tar determine transcriptional elongation by tat through the HIV-1 long terminal repeat. Genes Dev. 3:547-558.
42. SenGupta, D. N., B. Berkhout, A. Gatignol, A. Zhou, and R. H. Silver-man. 1990. Direct evidence for translational regulation by leader RNA and Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:7492-7496.
43. SenGupta, D. N., and R. H. Silverman. 1989. Activation of interferon-regulated, dsRNA-dependent enzymes by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 leader RNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 17:969-978.
44. Sheldon, M., R. Ratnasabapathy, and N. Hernandez. 1993. Characterization of the inducer of short transcripts, a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcriptional element that activates the synthesis of short RNAs. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1251-1263.
45. Southgate, C., and M. R. Green. 1991. The HIV-1 Tat protein activates transcription from an upstream DNA-binding site: implications for Tat function. Genes Dev. 5:2496-2507.
46. Southgate, C. D., and M. R. Green. 1995. Delineating minimal protein domains and promoter elements for transcriptional activation by lentivirus Tat proteins. J. Virol. 69:2605-2610.
47. Sullenger, B. A., H. F. Gallardo, G. E. Ungers, and E. Gilboa. 1990. Overexpression of TAR sequences renders cells resistant to human immunodeficiency virus replication. Cell 63:601-608.
48. Tanaka, M., and W. Herr. 1990. Differential transcriptional activation by Oct-1 and Oct-2: interdependent activation domains induce Oct-2 phosphorylation. Cell 60:375-386.
49. Tansey, W. P., S. Ruppert, R. Tjian, and W. Herr. 1994. Multiple regions of TBP participate in the response to transcriptional activators in vivo. Genes Dev. 8:2756-2769.
50. Tiley, L. S., S. J. Madore, M. H. Malim, and B. R. Cullen. 1992. The VP16 transcription activation domain is functional when targeted to a promoter-proximal RNA sequence. Genes Dev. 6:2077-2087.
51. G is a transcriptional enhancer in human HeLa cells in the presence of the GAL4 trans-activator. Cell 52:169-178.
52. Zhou. Q., and P. A. Sharp. 1995. Novel mechanism and factor for regulation by HIV-1 Tat. EMBO J. 14:321-328.