Molecular evolution of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and pathogenic Escherichia coli: From pathogenesis to therapeutics

Infection, Genetics and Evolution

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 217-226

  Lavigne, Jean Philippe ^a,b   Blanc Potard, Anne Béatrice ^a,c  

^a INSERM   (France)

^b DEPARTMENT OF NEUROLOGY   (France)

^c UNIV MONTPELLIER   (France)

Author keywords

Antimicrobial therapy; EHEC; Horizontal gene transfer; Pathogenicity island; Prophage; Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium; UPEC; Vaccine; Virulence gene

Indexed keywords

ADHESIN; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; BACTERIAL VACCINE; CARRIER PROTEIN; CATALASE; CYTOTOXIC NECROTIZING FACTOR 1; HEMOLYSIN; INTIMIN; PEROXIDASE; SALICYLANILIDE DERIVATIVE; SERINE PROTEINASE; SHIGA TOXIN; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY; ARTICLE; BACTERIAL INFECTION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; DRUG TARGETING; ENTEROHEMORRHAGIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ENTEROTOXIGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI; GASTROENTERITIS; HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER; HUMAN; INFECTION CONTROL; INTESTINE INFECTION; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; NONHUMAN; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOGENICITY ISLAND; PLASMID; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROPHAGE; RISK ASSESSMENT; SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM; SALMONELLOSIS; SPECIES DIFFERENCE; STRAIN DIFFERENCE; URINARY TRACT INFECTION; UROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI;

ESCHERICHIA COLI; SALMONELLA ENTERICA SUBSP. ENTERICA SEROVAR TYPHIMURIUM;

EID: 39649088012     PISSN: 15671348     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2007.11.005     Document Type: Note

References (131)

1. Alix E., and Blanc-Potard A.B. MgtC: a key player in intramacrophage survival. Trends Microbiol. 15 (2007) 252-256
2. Amavisit P., Lightfoot D., Browning G.F., and Markham P.F. Variation between pathogenic serovars within Salmonella pathogenicity islands. J. Bacteriol. 185 (2003) 3624-3635
3. Anjum M.F., Marooney C., Fookes M., Baker S., Dougan G., Ivens A., and Woodward M.J. Identification of core and variable components of the Salmonella enterica subspecies I genome by microarray. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 7894-7905
4. Bekal S., Brousseau R., Masson L., Prefontaine G., Fairbrother J., and Harel J. Rapid identification of Escherichia coli pathotypes by virulence gene detection with DNA microarrays. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41 (2003) 2113-2125
5. Bergsten G., Wullt B., and Svanborg C. Escherichia coli, fimbriae, bacterial persistence and host response induction in the human urinary tract. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295 (2005) 487-502
6. Bielaszewska M., Dobrindt U., Gartner J., Gallitz I., Hacker J., Karch H., Muller D., Schubert S., Alexander Schmidt M., Sorsa L.J., and Zdziarski J. Aspects of genome plasticity in pathogenic Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 297 (2007) 625-639
7. Bispham J., Tripathi B.N., Watson P.R., and Wallis T.S. Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 influences both systemic salmonellosis and Salmonella-induced enteritis in calves. Infect. Immun. 69 (2001) 367-377
8. Blanc-Potard A.B., and Groisman E.A. The Salmonella selC locus contains a pathogenicity island mediating intramacrophage survival. EMBO J. 16 (1997) 5376-5385
9. Blanc-Potard A.B., Solomon F., Kayser J., and Groisman E.A. The SPI-3 pathogenicity island of Salmonella enterica. J. Bacteriol. 181 (1999) 998-1004
10. Blattner F.R., Plunkett G., Bloch C.A., Perna N.T., Burland V., Riley M., Collado-Vides J., Glasner J.D., Rode C.K., Mayhew G.F., Gregor J., Davis N.W., Kirkpatrick H.A., Goeden M.A., Rose D.J., Mau B., and Shao Y. The complete genome sequence of Escherichia coli K-12. Science 277 (1997) 1453-1474
11. Blum G., Falbo V., Caprioli A., and Hacker J. Gene clusters encoding the cytotoxic necrotizing factor type 1, Prs-fimbriae and alpha-hemolysin form the pathogenicity island II of the uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain J96. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 126 (1995) 189-195
12. Boyd E.F., and Brüssow H. Common themes among bacteriophage-encoded virulence factors and diversity among the bacteriophages involved. Trends Microbiol. 10 (2002) 521-529
13. Branger C., Zamfir O., Geoffroy S., Laurans G., Arlet G., Thien H.V., Gouriou S., Picard B., and Denamur E. Genetic background of Escherichia coli and extended-spectrum β-lactamase type. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 11 (2005) 54-61
14. Bruant G., Maynard C., Bekal S., Gaucher I., Masson L., Brousseau R., and Harel J. Development and validation of an oligonucleotide microarray for detection of multiple virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in Escherichia coli. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 72 (2006) 3780-3784
15. Brunder W., Schmidt H., and Karch H. KatP, a novel catalase peroxidase encoded by the large plasmid of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microbiology 142 (1996) 3305-3315
16. Brunder W., Schmidt H., and Karch H. EspP, a novel extracellular serine protease of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 cleaves human coagulation factor V. Mol. Microbiol. 24 (1997) 767-778
17. Brzuszkiewicz E., Bruggemann H., Liesegang H., Emmerth M., Olschlager T., Nagy G., Albermann K., Wagner C., Buchrieser C., Emody L., Gottschalk G., Hacker J., and Dobrindt U. How to become a uropathogen: comparative genomic analysis of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strains. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 12879-12884
18. Burland V., Shao Y., Perna N.T., Plunkett G., Sofia H.J., and Blattner F.R. The complete DNA sequence and analysis of the large virulence plasmid of Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nucleic Acids Res. 26 (1998) 4196-4204
19. Campellone K.G., Robbins D., and Leong J.M. EspFU is a translocated EHEC effector that interacts with Tir and N-WASP and promotes Nck-independent actin assembly. Dev. Cell 7 (2004) 217-228
20. Caron E., Crepin V.F., Simpson N., Knutton S., Garmendia J., and Frankel G. Subversion of actin dynamics by EPEC and EHEC. Curr. Opin. Microbiol. 9 (2006) 40-45
21. Coburn B., Li Y., Owen D., Vallance B.A., and Finlay B.B. Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 2 is necessary for complete virulence in a mouse model of infectious enterocolitis. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 3219-3227
22. Coombes B.K., Coburn B.A., Potter A.A., Gomis S., Mirakhur K., Li Y., and Finlay B.B. Analysis of the contribution of Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 to enteric disease progression using a novel bovine ileal loop model and a murine model of infectious enterocolitis. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 7161-7169
23. Dahan S., Wiles S., La Ragione R.M., Best A., Woodward M.J., Stevens M.P., Shaw R.K., Chong Y., Knutton S., Phillips A., and Frankel G. EspJ is a prophage-carried type III effector protein of attaching and effacing pathogens that modulates infection dynamics. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 679-686
24. Dean-Nystrom E.A., Gansheroff L.J., Mills M., Moon H.W., and O'Brien A.D. Vaccination of pregnant dams with intimin (O157) protects suckling piglets from Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 2414-2418
25. Diard M., Baeriswyl S., Clermont O., Gouriou S., Picard B., Taddei F., Denamur E., and Matic I. Caenorhabditis elegans as a simple model to study phenotypic and genetic virulence determinants of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Microbes Infect. 9 (2007) 214-223
26. Dobrindt U. (Patho-)genomics of Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295 (2005) 357-371
27. Dobrindt U., Agerer F., Michaelis K., Janka A., Buchrieser C., Samuelson M., Svanborg C., Gottschalk G., Karch H., and Hacker J. Analysis of genome plasticity in pathogenic and commensal Escherichia coli isolates by use of DNA arrays. J. Bacteriol. 185 (2003) 1831-1840
28. Dobrindt U., Blum-Oehler G., Nagy G., Schneider G., Johann A., Gottschalk G., and Hacker J. Genetic structure and distribution of four pathogenicity islands (PAI I(536) to PAI IV(536)) of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain 536. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 6365-6372
29. Doolittle R.F., Feng D.F., Tsang S., Cho G., and Little E. Determining divergence times of the major kingdoms of living organisms with a protein clock. Science 271 (1996) 470-477
30. Dorsey C.W., Laarakker M.C., Humphries A.D., Weening E.H., and Baumler A.J. Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium MisL is an intestinal colonization factor that binds fibronectin. Mol. Microbiol. 57 (2005) 196-211
31. Drews S.J., Poutanen S.M., Mazzulli T., McGeer A.J., Sarabia A., Pong-Porter S., Rzayev Y., Willey B., Green K., and Low D.E. Decreased prevalence of virulence factors among ciprofloxacin-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 4218-4220
32. Durant L., Metais A., Soulama-Mouze C., Genevard J.M., Nassif X., and Escaich S. Identification of candidates for a subunit vaccine against extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 75 (2007) 1916-1925
33. Dziva F., Vlisidou I., Crepin V.F., Wallis T.S., Frankel G., and Stevens M.P. Vaccination of calves with EspA, a key colonisation factor of Escherichia coli O157:H7, induces antigen-specific humoral responses but does not confer protection against intestinal colonisation. Vet. Microbiol. 123 (2007) 254-261
34. Ehrbar K., and Hardt W.D. Bacteriophage-encoded type III effectors in Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium. Infect. Genet. Evol. 5 (2005) 1-9
35. Ehrbar K., Mirold S., Friebel A., Stender S., and Hardt W.D. Characterization of effector proteins translocated via the SPI1 type III secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 291 (2002) 479-485
36. Escobar-Paramo P., Clermont O., Blanc-Potard A.B., Bui H., Le Bouguenec C., and Denamur E. A specific genetic background is required for acquisition and expression of virulence factors in Escherichia coli. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21 (2004) 1085-1094
37. Figueroa-Bossi N., and Bossi L. Inducible prophages contribute to Salmonella virulence in mice. Mol. Microbiol. 33 (1999) 167-176
38. Figueroa-Bossi N., Uzzau S., Maloriol D., and Bossi L. Variable assortment of prophages provides a transferable repertoire of pathogenic determinants in Salmonella. Mol. Microbiol. 39 (2001) 260-271
39. Foultier B., Troisfontaines P., Muller S., Opperdoes F.R., and Cornelis G.R. Characterization of the ysa pathogenicity locus in the chromosome of Yersinia enterocolitica and phylogeny analysis of type III secretion systems. J. Mol. Evol. 55 (2002) 37-51
40. Gal-Mor O., and Finlay B.B. Pathogenicity islands: a molecular toolbox for bacterial virulence. Cell. Microbiol. 8 (2006) 1707-1719
41. Garmendia J., Phillips A.D., Carlier M.F., Chong Y., Schüller S., Marches O., Dahan S., Oswald E., Shaw R.K., Knutton S., and Frankel G. TccP is an enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 type III effector protein that couples Tir to the actin-cytoskeleton. Cell. Microbiol. 6 (2004) 1167-1183
42. Gauthier A., Robertson M.L., Lowden M., Ibarra J.A., Puente J.L., and Finlay B.B. Transcriptional inhibitor of virulence factors in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (2005) 4101-4109
43. Gerlach R.G., Jackel D., Stecher B., Wagner C., Lupas A., Hardt W.D., and Hensel M. Salmonella pathogenicity island 4 encodes a giant non-fimbrial adhesin and the cognate type 1 secretion system. Cell. Microbiol. 9 (2007) 1834-1850
44. Gruenheid S., Sekirov I., Thomas N.A., Deng W., O'Donnell P., Goode D., Li Y., Frey E.A., Brown N.F., Metalnikov P., Pawson T., Ashman K., and Finlay B.B. Identification and characterization of NleA, a non-LEE-encoded type III translocated virulence factor of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Mol. Microbiol. 51 (2004) 1233-1249
45. Gupta K., Hooton T.M., and Stamm W.E. Increasing antimicrobial resistance and the management of uncomplicated community-acquired urinary tract infections. Ann. Intern. Med. 135 (2001) 41-50
46. Guyer D.M., Gunther IV N.W., and Mobley H.L. Secreted proteins and other features specific to uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Dis. 183 (2001) S32-S35
47. Guyer D.M., Henderson I.R., Nataro J.P., and Mobley H.L. Identification of sat, an autotransporter toxin produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 53-66
48. Guyer D.M., Kao J.S., and Mobley H.L. Genomic analysis of a pathogenicity island in uropathogenic Escherichia coli CFT073: distribution of homologous sequences among isolates from patients with pyelonephritis, cystitis, and catheter-associated bacteriuria and from fecal samples. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 4411-4417
49. Guyer D.M., Radulovic S., Jones F.E., and Mobley H.L. Sat, the secreted autotransporter toxin of uropathogenic Escherichia coli, is a vacuolating cytotoxin for bladder and kidney epithelial cells. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 4539-4546
50. Hacker J., Bender L., Ott M., Wingender J., Lund B., Marre R., and Goebel W. Deletions of chromosomal regions coding for fimbriae and hemolysins occur in vitro and in vivo in various extraintestinal Escherichia coli isolates. Microb. Pathog. 8 (1990) 213-225
51. Hagan E.C., and Mobley H.L. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli outer membrane antigens expressed during urinary tract infection. Infect. Immun. 75 (2007) 3941-3949
52. Hapfelmeier S., Ehrbar K., Stecher B., Barthel M., Kremer M., and Hardt W.D. Role of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 effector proteins SipA, SopB, SopE, and SopE2 in Salmonella enterica subspecies 1 serovar Typhimurium colitis in streptomycin-pretreated mice. Infect. Immun. 72 (2004) 795-809
53. Hapfelmeier S., and Hardt W.D. A mouse model for S. typhimurium-induced enterocolitis. Trends Microbiol. 13 (2005) 497-503
54. Hapfelmeier S., Stecher B., Barthel M., Kremer M., Muller A.J., Heikenwalder M., Stallmach T., Hensel M., Pfeffer K., Akira S., and Hardt W.D. The Salmonella pathogenicity island (SPI)-2 and SPI-1 type III secretion systems allow Salmonella serovar typhimurium to trigger colitis via MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent mechanisms. J. Immunol. 174 (2005) 1675-1685
55. Hardt W.D., Urlaub H., and Galan J.E. A substrate of the centisome 63 type III protein secretion system of Salmonella typhimurium is encoded by a cryptic bacteriophage. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (1998) 2574-2579
56. Hayashi T., Makino K., Ohnishi M., Kurokawa K., Ishii K., Yokoyama K., Han C.G., Ohtsubo E., Nakayama K., Murata T., Tanaka M., Tobe T., Iida T., Takami H., Honda T., Sasakawa C., Ogasawara N., Yasunaga T., Kuhara S., Shiba T., Hattori M., and Shinagawa H. Complete genome sequence of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 and genomic comparison with a laboratory strain K-12. DNA Res. 8 (2001) 11-22
57. Herzer P.J., Inouye S., Inouye M., and Whittam T.S. Phylogenetic distribution of branched RNA-linked multicopy single-stranded DNA among natural isolates of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 172 (1990) 6175-6181
58. Hudson D.L., Layton A.N., Field T.R., Bowen A.J., Wolf-Watz H., Elofsson M., Stevens M.P., and Galyov E.E. Inhibition of Salmonella type III secretion by small-molecule inhibitors. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 51 (2007) 2631-2635
59. Henderson I.R., Navarro-Garcia F., Desvaux M., Fernandez R.C., and Ala'Aldeen D. Type V protein secretion pathway: the autotransporter story. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 68 (2004) 692-744
60. Hensel M., Shea J.E., Baumler A.J., Gleeson C., Blattner F., and Holden D.W. Analysis of the boundaries of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 and the corresponding chromosomal region of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 179 (1997) 1105-1111
61. Hopkins K.L., and Threlfall E.J. Frequency and polymorphism of sopE in isolates of Salmonella enterica belonging to the ten most prevalent serotypes in England and Wales. J. Med. Microbiol. 53 (2004) 539-543
62. Horcajada J.P., Soto S., Gajewski A., Smithson A., Jimenez de Anta M.T., Mensa J., Vila J., and Johnson J.R. Quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains from phylogenetic group B2 have fewer virulence factors than their susceptible counterparts. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43 (2005) 2962-2964
63. Johnson J.R., and Kuskowski M. Clonal origin, virulence factors, and virulence. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 424-425
64. Johnson J.R., Kuskowski M.A., O'Bryan T.T., Colodner R., and Raz R. Virulence genotype and phylogenetic origin in relation to antibiotic resistance profile among Escherichia coli urine sample isolates from Israeli women with acute uncomplicated cystitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49 (2005) 26-31
65. Johnson J.R., Kuskowski M.A., Owens K., Gajewski A., and Winokur P.L. Phylogenetic origin and virulence genotype in relation to resistance to fluoroquinolones and/or extended-spectrum cephalosporins and cephamycins among Escherichia coli isolates from animals and humans. J. Infect. Dis. 188 (2003) 759-768
66. Johnson J.R., and Russo T.A. Molecular epidemiology of extraintestinal pathogenic (uropathogenic) Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295 (2005) 383-404
67. Johnson J.R., van der Schee C., Kuskowski M.A., Goessens W., and van Belkum A. Phylogenetic background and virulence profiles of fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical Escherichia coli isolates from the Netherlands. J. Infect. Dis. 186 (2002) 1852-1856
68. Kaper J.B. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295 (2005) 355-356
69. Kaper J.B., Nataro J.P., and Mobley H.L. Pathogenic Escherichia coli. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2 (2004) 123-140
70. Karch H., Tarr P.I., and Bielaszewska M. Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli in human medicine. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 295 (2005) 405-418
71. Knodler L.A., Celli J., Hardt W.D., Vallance B.A., Yip C., and Finlay B.B. Salmonella effectors within a single pathogenicity island are differentially expressed and translocated by separate type III secretion systems. Mol. Microbiol. 43 (2002) 1089-1103
72. Lane M.C., and Mobley H.L. Role of P-fimbrial-mediated adherence in pyelonephritis and persistence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) in the mammalian kidney. Kidney Int. 72 (2007) 19-25
73. Lathem W.W., Grys T.E., Witowski S.E., Torres A.G., Kaper J.B., Tarr P.I., and Welch R.A. StcE, a metalloprotease secreted by Escherichia coli O157:H7, specifically cleaves C1 esterase inhibitor. Mol. Microbiol. 45 (2002) 277-288
74. Lavigne J.P., Blanc-Potard A.B., Bourg G., Moreau J., Chanal C., Bouziges N., O'callaghan D., and Sotto A. Virulence genotype and nematode-killing properties of extra-intestinal Escherichia coli producing CTX-M beta-lactamases. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 12 (2006) 1199-1206
75. Le Bouguénec C., and Servin A.L. Diffusely adherent Escherichia coli strains expressing Afa/Dr adhesins (Afa/Dr DAEC): hitherto unrecognized pathogens. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 256 (2006) 185-194
76. Lee Y.M., Almqvist F., and Hultgren S.J. Targeting virulence for antimicrobial chemotherapy. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 3 (2003) 513-519
77. Li Y., Frey E., Mackenzie A.M., and Finlay B.B. Human response to Escherichia coli O157:H7 infection: antibodies to secreted virulence factors. Infect. Immun. 68 (2000) 5090-5095
78. Li M., Rosenshine I., Yu H.B., Nadler C., Mills E., Hew C.L., and Leung K.Y. Identification and characterization of NleI, a new non-LEE-encoded effector of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC). Microbes Infect. 8 (2006) 2890-2898
79. Lloyd A.L., Rasko D.A., and Mobley H.L. Defining genomic islands and uropathogen-specific genes in uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 189 (2007) 3532-3546
80. Lostroh C.P., and Lee C.A. The Salmonella pathogenicity island-1 type III secretion system. Microbes Infect. 3 (2001) 1281-1291
81. McClelland M., Sanderson K.E., Spieth J., Clifton S.W., Latreille P., Courtney L., Porwollik S., Ali J., Dante M., Du F., Hou S., Layman D., Leonard S., Nguyen C., Scott K., Holmes A., Grewal N., Mulvaney E., Ryan E., Sun H., Florea L., Miller W., Stoneking T., Nhan M., Waterston R., and Wilson R.K. Complete genome sequence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2. Nature 413 (2001) 852-856
82. Marcato P., Griener T.P., Mulvey G.L., and Armstrong G.D. Recombinant Shiga toxin B-subunit-keyhole limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine protects mice from Shigatoxemia. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 6523-6529
83. Marches O., Ledger T.N., Boury M., Ohara M., Tu X., Goffaux F., Mainil J., Rosenshine I., Sugai M., De Rycke J., and Oswald E. Enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli deliver a novel effector called Cif, which blocks cell cycle G2/M transition. Mol. Microbiol. 50 (2003) 1553-1567
84. Marklund B.I., Tennent J.M., Garcia E., Hamers A., Båga M., Lindberg F., Gaastra W., and Normark S. Horizontal gene transfer of the Escherichia coli pap and prs pili operons as a mechanism for the development of tissue-specific adhesive properties. Mol. Microbiol. 6 (1992) 2225-2242
85. Mills D.M., Bajaj V., and Lee C.A. A 40 kb chromosomal fragment encoding Salmonella typhimurium invasion genes is absent from the corresponding region of the Escherichia coli K-12 chromosome. Mol. Microbiol. 15 (1995) 749-759
86. Mirold S., Rabsch W., Rohde M., Stender S., Tschape H., Russmann H., Igwe E., and Hardt W.D. Isolation of a temperate bacteriophage encoding the type III effector protein SopE from an epidemic Salmonella typhimurium strain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (1999) 9845-9850
87. Morgan E., Bowen A.J., Carnell S.C., Wallis T.S., and Stevens M.P. SiiE is secreted by the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenicity island 4-encoded secretion system and contributes to intestinal colonization in cattle. Infect. Immun. 75 (2007) 1524-1533
88. Muller S., Feldman M.F., and Cornelis G.R. The Type III secretion system of Gram-negative bacteria: a potential therapeutic target ?. Expert Opin. Ther. Targets 5 (2001) 327-339
89. Nordfelth R., Kauppi A.M., Norberg H.A., Wolf-Watz H., and Elofsson M. Small-molecule inhibitors specifically targeting type III secretion. Infect. Immun. 73 (2005) 3104-3114
90. Ochman H., Soncini F.C., Solomon F., and Groisman E.A. Identification of a pathogenicity island required for Salmonella survival in host cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 7800-7804
91. O'Hanley P., Lalonde G., and Ji G. Alpha-hemolysin contributes to the pathogenicity of piliated digalactoside-binding Escherichia coli in the kidney: efficacy of an alpha-hemolysin vaccine in preventing renal injury in the BALB/c mouse model of pyelonephritis. Infect. Immun. 59 (1991) 1153-1161
92. Ohnishi M., Kurokawa K., and Hayashi T. Diversification of Escherichia coli genomes: are bacteriophages the major contributors?. Trends Microbiol. 9 (2001) 481-485
93. Ohnishi M., Terajima J., Kurokawa K., Nakayama K., Murata T., Tamura K., Ogura Y., Watanabe H., and Hayashi T. Genomic diversity of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 revealed by whole genome PCR scanning. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 17043-17048
94. Palaniappan R.U., Zhang Y., Chiu D., Torres A., Debroy C., Whittam T.S., and Chang Y.F. Differentiation of Escherichia coli pathotypes by oligonucleotide spotted array. J. Clin. Microbiol. 44 (2006) 1495-1501
95. Parham N.J., Srinivasan U., Desvaux M., Foxman B., Marrs C.F., and Henderson I.R. PicU, a second serine protease autotransporter of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 230 (2004) 73-83
96. Parsot C. Shigella spp. and enteroinvasive Escherichia coli pathogenicity factors. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 252 (2005) 11-18
97. Perna N.T., Plunkett 3rd G., Burland V., Mau B., Glasner J.D., Rose D.J., Mayhew G.F., Evans P.S., Gregor J., Kirkpatrick H.A., Posfai G., Hackett J., Klink S., Boutin A., Shao Y., Miller L., Grotbeck E.J., Davis N.W., Lim A., Dimalanta E.T., Potamousis K.D., Apodaca J., Anantharaman T.S., Lin J., Yen G., Schwartz D.C., Welch R.A., and Blattner F.R. Genome sequence of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Nature 409 (2001) 529-533
98. Phillips A.D., and Frankel G. Intimin-mediated tissue specificity in enteropathogenic Escherichia coli interaction with human intestinal organ cultures. J. Infect. Dis. 181 (2000) 1496-1500
99. Picard B., Garcia J.S., Gouriou S., Duriez P., Brahimi N., Bingen E., Elion J., and Denamur E. The link between phylogeny and virulence in Escherichia coli extraintestinal infection. Infect. Immun. 67 (1999) 546-553
100. Porwollik S., and McClelland M. Lateral gene transfer in Salmonella. Microbes Infect. 5 (2003) 977-989
101. Potter A.A., Klashinsky S., Li Y., Frey E., Townsend H., Rogan D., Erickson G., Hinkley S., Klopfenstein T., Moxley R.A., Smith D.R., and Finlay B.B. Decreased shedding of Escherichia coli O157:H7 by cattle following vaccination with type III secreted proteins. Vaccine 22 (2004) 362-369
102. Roberts J.A., Kaack M.B., Baskin G., Chapman M.R., Hunstad D.A., Pinkner J.S., and Hultgren S.J. Antibody responses and protection from pyelonephritis following vaccination with purified Escherichia coli PapDG protein. J. Urol. 171 (2004) 1682-1685
103. Rotger R., and Casadesus J. The virulence plasmids of Salmonella. Int. Microbiol. 2 (1999) 177-184
104. Russo T.A., McFadden C.D., Carlino-MacDonald U.B., Beanan J.M., Olson R., and Wilding G.E. The siderophore receptor IroN of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli is a potential vaccine candidate. Infect. Immun. 71 (2003) 7164-7169
105. Sánchez J., and Holmgren J. Virulence factors, pathogenesis and vaccine protection in cholera and ETEC diarrhea. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 17 (2005) 388-398
106. Santos R.L., Zhang S., Tsolis R.M., Kingsley R.A., Adams L.G., and Baumler A.J. Animal models of Salmonella infections: enteritis versus typhoid fever. Microbes Infect. 3 (2001) 1335-1344
107. Schlundt J., Toyofuku H., Jansen J., and Herbst S.A. Emerging food-borne zoonoses. Rev. Sci. Tech. 23 (2004) 513-533
108. Schmidt H., and Hensel M. Pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis. Clin. Microbiol. Rev. 17 (2004) 14-56
109. Schmidt H., Henkel B., and Karch H. A gene cluster closely related to type II secretion pathway operons of gram-negative bacteria is located on the large plasmid of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157 strains. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 148 (1997) 265-272
110. Schmidt H., Kernbach C., and Karch H. Analysis of the EHEC hly operon and its location in the physical map of the large plasmid of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Microbiology 142 (1996) 907-914
111. Shea J.E., Hensel M., Gleeson C., and Holden D.W. Identification of a virulence locus encoding a second type III secretion system in Salmonella typhimurium. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 (1996) 2593-2597
112. Shelton D.R., Karns J.S., Higgins J.A., Van Kessel J.A., Perdue M.L., Belt K.T., Russell-Anelli J., and Debroy C. Impact of microbial diversity on rapid detection of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in surface waters. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 261 (2006) 95-101
113. Soto S.M., Rodríguez I., Rodicio M.R., Vila J., and Mendoza M.C. Detection of virulence determinants in clinical strains of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis and mapping on macrorestriction profiles. J. Med. Microbiol. 55 (2006) 365-373
114. Spears K.J., Roe A.J., and Gally D.L. A comparison of enteropathogenic and enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 255 (2006) 187-202
115. Strömberg M., Marklund B.I., Lund B., Ilver D., Hamers A., Gaastra W., Karlsson K.A., and Normark S. Host-specificity of uropathogenic Escherichia coli depends on differences in binding specificity to Galα 1-4Gal-containing isoreceptors. EMBO J. 9 (1990) 2001-2010
116. Tatsuno I., Horie M., Abe H., Miki T., Makino K., Shinagawa H., Taguchi H., Kamiya S., Hayashi T., and Sasakawa C. toxB gene on pO157 of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7 is required for full epithelial cell adherence phenotype. Infect. Immun. 69 (2001) 6660-6669
117. Tobe T., Beatson S.A., Taniguchi H., Abe H., Bailey C.M., Fivian A., Younis R., Matthews S., Marches O., Frankel G., Hayashi T., and Pallen M.J. An extensive repertoire of type III secretion effectors in Escherichia coli O157 and the role of lambdoid phages in their dissemination. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 103 (2006) 14941-14946
118. Van Donkersgoed J., Hancock D., Rogan D., and Potter A.A. Escherichia coli O157:H7 vaccine field trial in 9 feedlots in Alberta and Saskatchewan. Can. Vet. J. 46 (2005) 724-728
119. Vila J., Simon K., Ruiz J., Horcajada J.P., Velasco M., Barranco M., Moreno A., and Mensa J. Are quinolone-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli less virulent?. J. Infect. Dis. 186 (2002) 1039-1042
120. Vlisidou I., Marches O., Dziva F., Mundy R., Frankel G., and Stevens M.P. Identification and characterization of EspK, a type III secreted effector protein of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 263 (2006) 32-40
121. Waterman S.R., and Holden D.W. Functions and effectors of the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system. Cell. Microbiol. 5 (2003) 501-511
122. Weintraub A. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli: epidemiology, virulence and detection. J. Med. Microbiol. 56 (2007) 4-8
123. Welch R.A., Burland V., Plunkett III G., Redford P., Roesch P., Rasko D., Buckles E.L., Liou S.R., Boutin A., Hackett J., Stroud D., Mayhew G.F., Rose D.J., Zhou S., Schwartz D.C., Perna N.T., Mobley H.L., Donnenberg M.S., and Blattner F.R. Extensive mosaic structure revealed by the complete genome sequence of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 (2002) 17020-17024
124. Wells T.J., Tree J.J., Ulett G.C., and Schembri M.A. Autotransporter proteins: novel targets at the bacterial cell surface. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 274 (2007) 163-172
125. Wullt B., Bergsten G., Connell H., Rollano P., Gebretsadik N., Hull R., and Svanborg C. P fimbriae enhance the early establishment of Escherichia coli in the human urinary tract. Mol. Microbiol. 38 (2000) 456-464
126. Wong K.K., McClelland M., Stillwell L.C., Sisk E.C., Thurston S.J., and Saffer J.D. Identification and sequence analysis of a 27-kilobase chromosomal fragment containing a Salmonella pathogenicity island located at 92 minutes on the chromosome map of Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium LT2. Infect. Immun. 66 (1998) 3365-3371
127. Wood M.W., Jones M.A., Watson P.R., Hedges S., Wallis T.S., and Galyov E.E. Identification of a pathogenicity island required for Salmonella enteropathogenicity. Mol. Microbiol. 29 (1998) 883-891
128. Yamamoto S. Molecular epidemiology of uropathogenic Escherichia coli. J. Infect. Chemother. 13 (2007) 68-73
129. Zhang W.L., Kohler B., Oswald E., Beutin L., Karch H., Morabito S., Caprioli A., Suerbaum S., and Schmidt H. Genetic diversity of intimin genes of attaching and effacing Escherichia coli strains. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40 (2002) 4486-4492
130. Zhang S., Santos R.L., Tsolis R.M., Mirold S., Hardt W.D., Adams L.G., and Bäumler A.J. Phage mediated horizontal transfer of the sopE1 gene increases enteropathogenicity of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium for calves. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 217 (2002) 243-247
131. Zhang S., Santos R.L., Tsolis R.M., Stender S., Hardt W.D., Baumler A.J., and Adams L.G. The Salmonella enterica serotype typhimurium effector proteins SipA, SopA, SopB, SopD, and SopE2 act in concert to induce diarrhea in calves. Infect. Immun. 70 (2002) 3843-3855