The economic impact of affirmative action in the US

Swedish Economic Policy Review

Volumn 14, Issue 1, 2007, Pages 41-71

  Holzer, Harry J ^a,b  

^a GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b URBAN INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

Affirmative action; Employment; Minorities

Indexed keywords

EID: 39449116918     PISSN: 14001829     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (77)

1. Alon, S. and Tienda, M. (2005), Assessing the mismatch hypothesis: Differentials in college graduations rates by institutional selectivity, Sociology of Education 78, 294-315.
2. Antonio, A.L., Chang, M.J., Hakuta, K, Kenny, D.A., Levin, S. and Milem, J.F. (2004), Effects of racial diversity on complex thinking in college students, Psychological Science 15, 507-510.
3. Aspen Institute (2002), Growing Together, Growing Apart, Domestic Strategies Group, Boulder, CO.
4. Athey, S., Avery, C. and Zemsky, P. (2000), Mentoring and diversity, American Economic Review 90, 765-86.
5. Attiyeh, G. and Attiyeh, R. (1997), Testing for bias in graduate school admissions, Journal of Human Resources 32, 524-48.
6. Ayres, I. and Brooks, R. (2005), Does affirmative action reduce the number of black lawyers?, Stanford Law Review 57, 1807-54.
7. Badgett, L. (1995), Affirmative action in a changing legal and economic environment, Industrial Relations 34, 489-506.
8. Barbezat, D. (1989), Affirmative action in higher education, Research in Labor Economics 10, 107-56.
9. Blau, F., Brinton, M. and Grusky, D. (eds.) (2006), The Declining Significance of Gender?, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
10. Bobo, L. and Massagli, M. (2001), Stereotyping and urban inequality, in A. O'Connor, C. Tilly and L. Bobo (eds.), Urban Inequality: Evidence from Four Cities, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
11. Bowen, W.G. and Bok, D. (1998), The Shape of the River, Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
12. Bowen, W., Kurzweil, M. and Tobin, E. (2005), Equity and Excellence in American Higher Education, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville, VA.
13. Bucks, B. (2005), The effects of Texas' top ten percent plan on college choice, Mimeo, University of Wisconsin at Madison.
14. Campbell, J. (1996), Group differences and personnel decisions: Validity, fairness and affirmative action, Journal of Vocational Behavior 49, 122-58.
15. Cancian, M. (1998), Race-based versus class-based affirmative action in college admissions, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 17, 94-105.
16. Canes, B. and Rosen, H. (1995), Following in her footsteps? Faculty gender composition and women's choices of college majors, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, 486-504.
17. Cantor, J., Miles, E., Baker, L. and Baker, D. (1996), Physician service to the under-served: Implications of affirmative action in medical education, Inquiry 33, 167-80.
18. Card, D. and Krueger, A. (2004), Would the elimination of affirmative action affect highly qualified minority applicants? Evidence from California and Texas, NBER Working Paper 10366, National Bureau of Economic Research.
19. Carnevale, A. and Rose, S. (2003), Socioeconomic Status, Race/Ethnicity and Selective College Admissions, The Century Foundation, Washington, D.C.
20. Carter, D. and Sapp, A. (1991), Police education and minority recruitment: The impact of a college requirement, Discussion Paper, Police Executives Research Forum.
21. Coate, S. and Loury, G. (1993), Will affirmative action policies eliminate negative stereotypes, American Economic Review 83, 1220-40.
22. Conrad, C. and Sharpe, R. (1996), The impact of the California Civil Rights Initiative (CCRI) on university and professional school admissions and the implications for the California economy, Review of Black Political Economy 25, 13-59.
23. Darity, W. and Mason, P. (1998), Evidence on discrimination in employment: Codes of color, codes of gender, Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, 63-90.
24. Datcher Loury, L. and Garman, K. (1995), College selectivity and earnings, Journal of Labor Economics 13, 289-308.
25. Davidson, R. and Lewis, E. (1997), Affirmative action and other special considerations admissions at the University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Journal of die American Medical Association 278, 1153-58.
26. Dhami, R.S., Squires, J. and Modood, T. (2006), Developing positive action policies: Learning from the experiences of Europe and North America, Research Report 406, Department for Work and Pensions, UK.
27. Dickens, W. and Kane, T. (1999), Racial test score differences as evidence of reverse discrimination: Less than meets the eye, Industrial Relations 28, 331-63.
28. Dynan, K. and Rouse, C. (1997), The underrepresentation of women in economics: A study of undergraduate economics students, Journal of Economic Education 28, 350-68.
29. Dynarski, S. (2004), The new merit aid, in C. Hoxby (ed.), College Choice: The Economics of Where to Go, When to Go, and How to Pay for It, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
30. Elmore, C. and Blackburn, R. (1983), Black and white faculty in white research universities, Journal of Higher Education 54, 1-15.
31. Fix, M. and Struyk, R. (1994), Clear and Convincing Evidence, The Urban Institute, Washington, D.C.
32. Fryer, R. and Levitt, S. (2004), Understanding the black-white test score gap in the first two years of school, Review of Economics and Statistics 86, 447-64.
33. Furchtgott-Roth, D. and Stolber, C. (1999), Women's Figures: An Illustrated Guide to the Economic Progress of Women in America, American Enterprise Institute, Washington, D.C.
34. Golden, D. (2003), Family ties: Preference for alumni children in college admission draws fire, Wall Street Journal, Jan. 15.
35. Griffin, P. (1992), The impact of affirmative action on labor demand: A test of some implications of the LeChatelier Principle, Review of Economics and Statistics 74, 251-60.
36. Gurin, P. (2004), The educational value of diversity, in P. Gurin, J. Lehman and E. Lewis (eds.), Defending Diversity: Affirmative Action at the University of Michigan, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, MI.
37. Hanushek, E., Kain, J. and Rivkin, S. (2002), New evidence on Brown v. Board of Education: ne complex effects of school racial composition on achievement, NBER Working Paper 8741, National Bureau of Economic Research.
38. Heckman, J. and Payner, B. (1989), Determining the impact of federal antidiscrimination policy on the economic status of blacks, American Economic Review 79, 138-77.
39. Holzer, H. (1996), What Employers Want: Job Prospects for Less-Educated Workers, Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
40. Holzer, H. and Neumark, D. (1999), Are affirmative action hires less qualified?, Journal of Labor Economics 17, 534-69.
41. Holzer, H. and Neumark, D. (2000a), Assessing affirmative action, Journal of Economic literature 38, 483-568.
42. Holzer, H. and Neumark, D. (2006a), Equal employment opportunity and affirmative action, in W. Rodgers (ed.), Handbook on the Economics of Discrimination, Edward Elgar, London.
43. Holzer, H. and Neumark, D. (2000b), What does affirmative action do?, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 53, 240-71.
44. Holzer, H. and Neumark, D. (2006c), Affirmative action: What do we know?, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 25, 463-90.
45. Holzer, H., Offner, P. and Sorensen, E. (2005), Declining employment among young black men: The role of incarceration and child support, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 24, 329-50.
46. Hyer, P. (1985), Affirmative action for women faculty: Case studies of three successful institutions, Journal of Higher Education 56, 282-99.
47. Jencks, C. and Phillips, M. (1998), The Black-White Test Score Gap, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
48. Kain, J. and O'Brien, D. (2003), Hopwood and the top 10 percent law: How they have affected the college enrollment decisions of Texas high school graduates, Mimeo, University of Texas-Dallas.
49. Kane, T. (1994), College entry by blacks since 1970: The role of college costs, family background, and the returns to education, Journal of Political Economy 102, 878-911.
50. Kane, T. (1998), Racial preferences and higher education, in C. Jencks and M. Phillips (eds.), The Black-White Test Score Gap, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D.C.
51. Keith, S., Bell, R. and Williams, A. (1987), Assessing the Outcome of Affirmative Action in Medical Schools, Rand, Los Angeles.
52. Kolpin, V. and Singell, L. (1996), The gender composition and scholarly performance of economics departments: A test for employment discrimination, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 49, 408-23.
53. Krstic, I. (2003), affirmative action in the United States and the European Union: Comparison and analysis, Law and Politics 7, 825-843.
54. Kureger, A., Rothstein, J. and Turner, S. (2004), Race, income and college in 25 years: The legacy of separate and unequal schooling, Mimeo, Princeton University.
55. Leonard, J. (1984), Anti-discriminadon or reverse discrimination? The impact of changing demographics, Title VII, and affirmative action on productivity, Journal of Human Resources 19, 145-74.
56. Leonard, J. (1990), The impact of affirmative action regulation and equal opportunity law on employment, Journal of Economic Perspectives 4, 47-63.
57. Long, M. (2004), Race and college admissions: An alternative to affirmative action?, The Review of Economics and Statistics 86, 1020-33.
58. Lott, J. (2000), Does a helping hand put others at risk? Affirmative action, police departments, and crime, Economic Inquiry 38, 239-77.
59. Loury, G. (2002), The Anatomy of Racial Inequality, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA.
60. Lovrich, N. and Steel, B. (1983), Affirmative action and productivity in law enforcement agencies, Review of Public Personnel Administration 4, 55-66.
61. Lundberg, S. (1991), The enforcement of equal opportunity laws under imperfect information: Affirmative action and alternatives, Quarterly Journal of Economics 106, 309-26.
62. Lundberg, S. and Startz, R. (1983), Private discrimination and social intervention in competitive labor markets, American Economic Review 73, 340-7.
63. Neumark, D. and Gardecki, R. (1998), Women helping women? Role model and mentoring effects on female Ph.D. students in economics, Journal of Human Resources 33, 220-46.
64. Rothstein, D. (1995), Do female faculty influence female students' education and labor market attainments?, Industrial and Labor Relations Review 48, 515-30.
65. Sander, R. (2004), A systematic analysis of affirmative action in American law schools, Stanford Law Review 57, 368-483.
66. Silva, J. and Jacobs, R. (1993), Performance as a function of increased minority hiring, Journal of Applied Psychology 78, 591-601.
67. Sowell, T. (2005), Affirmative Action around the World: An Empirical Analysis, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT.
68. Stephanopoulos, G. and Edley, C. (1995), Review of federal affirmative action programs, unpublished White House Document.
69. Steele, C. (1997), A threat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance, American Psychologist 52, 613-629.
70. Thernstrom, S. and Thernstrom, A. (1997), America in Black and White: One Nation, Indivisible, Simon and Schuster, New York.
71. Tienda, M. and Niu, S. (2006), Flagships, feeders and the Texas top 10 percent plan, Journal of Higher Education 77, 712-739.
72. US Bureau of the Census (2004), Income, poverty and health insurance coverage in the United States, 2004, Series P-60.
73. US Supreme Court (2003), Grutter v. Bollinger et al. Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit.
74. Vernon-Gerstenfeld, S. and Burke, E. (1985), Affirmative action in nine large companies: A field study, Personnel 62, 54-60.
75. Waldfogel, J. (1998), Understanding the family gap in pay for women with children, Journal of Economic Perspectives 12, 137-56.
76. Welch, F. (1976), Employment quotas for minorities, Journal of Political Economy 84, S105-39.
77. Wright, P., Ferris, S., Hiller, J. and Kroll, M. (1995), Competitiveness through management of diversity: Effects on stock market valuation, Academy of Management Journal 38, 272-87.