Biocompatible initiators for lactide polymerization

Polymer Reviews

Volumn 48, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 11-63

  Platel, Rachel H ^a   Hodgson, Linda M ^a   Williams, Charlotte K ^a  

^a IMPERIAL COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Initiators; Polyester; Polylactide; Ring opening polymerisation

Indexed keywords

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; CATALYSTS; METAL COMPLEXES; RING OPENING POLYMERIZATION; STEREOCHEMISTRY; TOXICITY;

INITIATORS; ORGANOCATALYSTS; PERIODIC TABLES; POLYLACTIDE;

POLYESTERS;

EID: 38949117958     PISSN: 15583724     EISSN: 15583716     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/15583720701834166     Document Type: Article

References (197)

1. Ragauskas, A. J.; Williams, C. K.; Davison, B. H.; Britovsek, G.; Cairney, J.; Eckert, C. A.; Fredrick, W. J., Jr.; Hallett, J. P.; Leak, D. J.; Liotta, C. L.; Mielenz, J. R.; Murphy, R.; Templer, R.; Tschaplinski, T. 'The path forward for biofuels and biomaterials" Science 2006, 311, 484-489.
2. Mecking, S. "Nature or petrochemistry? Biologically degradable materials", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2004, 43, 1078-1085.
3. http://www.natureworksllc.com/.
4. Södergård, A.; Stolt, M. "Properties of lactic acid based polymers and their correlation with composition", Prog. Poly. Sci 2002, 27, 1123-1163.
5. Carruthers, W. H.; Dorough, G. L.; van Natta, F. J. "Studies of polymerization and ring formation. X The reversible polymerization of six-membered cyclic esters", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 761-772.
6. http://www.mitsui.com.
7. Amass, W.; Amass, A.; Tighe, B. "A review of biodegradable polymers: Uses, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blends of biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies", Polymer Int. 1998, 47, 89-144.
8. Lunt, J. "Large-scale production, properties and commercial applications of polylactic acid polymers", Polym. Deg. Stab. 1998, 59, 142-152.
9. Drumright, R. E.; Gruber, P. R.; Henton, D. E. "Polylactic acid technology", Adv. Mater. 2000, 23, 1841-1846.
10. Albertsson, A, C.; Varma, I. K. "Recent developments in ring opening polymerization of lactones for biomedical applications", Biomacromolecules 2003, 4, 1466-1486.
11. Hartmann, M. H. "High molecular weight polylactic acid polymers", In Biopolymers from Renewable Resources; Kaplan, D. H., Ed.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 1998; pp 367-411,
12. Duda, A.; Penczek, S. "Thermodynamics, kinetics and mechanisms of cyclic esters polymerization", In Polymers from Renewable Resources: Biopolyesters and Biocatalysis; Scholz, C., Gross, R. A., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series, Oxford University Press USA: Washington, DC, 2000; Vol. 764, pp 160-199.
13. A review of literature published until January 2007 is presented.
14. Inoue, S. "Immortal polymerization: The outset, development, and application", J. Polym. Sci, Polym. Chem. 2000, 38, 2861-2871.
15. O'Keefe, B. J.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Polymerization of lactide and related cyclic esters by discrete metal complexes", Dalton Trans. 2001, 2215-2224.
16. Nakano, K.; Kosaka, N.; Hiyama, T.; Nozaki, K. "Metal-catalyzed synthesis of stereoregular polyketones, polyesters, and polycarbonates", Dalton Trans. 2003, 4039-4050.
17. Chisholm, M. H.; Zhou, Z. P. "New generation polymers: the role of metal alkoxides as catalysts in the production of polyoxygenates", J. Mater. Chem. 2004, 14, 3081-3092.
18. Dechy-Cabaret, O.; Martin-Vaca, B.; Bourissou, D. "Controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactide and glycolide", Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 6147-6146.
19. Wu, J. C.; Yu, T. L.; Chen, C. T.; Lin, C. C. "Recent developments in main group complexes catalyzed/initiated polymerization of lactides and related cyclic esters", Coord. Chem, Rev. 2006, 250, 602-626.
20. Gross, R. A.; Kumar, A.; Kalra, B. "Polymer synthesis by in vitro enzyme catalysis", Chem. Rev. 2001, 101, 2097-2124.
21. Kobayashi, S. "Enzymatic ring-opening DOI: Polymerization of lactones by lipase catalyst: mechanistic aspects", Macromol. Symp. 2006, 240, 178-185.
22. Dubois, P.; Jacobs, C.; Jérôme, R.; Teyssié, P. "Macromolecular engineering of polylactones and polylactides. 4. Mechanism and kinetics of lactide homopolymerization by aluminum isopropoxide", Macromolecules 1991, 24, 2266-2270.
23. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Berl, M.; Scharnagl, N. "Poly(lactones). 9. Polymerization mechanism of metal alkoxide initiated polymerizations of lactide and various lactones", Macromolecules 1988, 21, 286-293.
24. Eguiburu, J. L.; Fernandez-Berridi, M. J.; Cossio, F. P.; San Román, J. "Ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide initiated by (2-methacryloxy)ethyloxy-aluminum trialkoxides. 1. Kinetics", Macromolecules 1999, 32, 8252-8258.
25. Kowalski, A.; Duda, A.; Penczek, S. "Kinetics and mechanism of cyclic esters polymerization initiated with tin(II) octoate. 3. Polymerization of L,L-dilactide", Macromolecules 2000, 33, 7359-7370.
26. Marshall, E. L.; Gibson, V. C.; Rzepa, H. S. "A computational analysis of the ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide initiated by single-site beta-diketiminate metal complexes: Defining the mechanistic pathway and the origin of stereocontrol". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 6048-6051.
27. Ryner, M.; Stridsberg, K.; Albertsson, A. C.; von Schenck, H.; Svensson, M. "Mechanism of ring-opening polymerization of 1,5-dioxepan-2-one and L-lactide with stannous 2-ethylhexanoate. A theoretical study", Macromolecules 2001, 34, 3877-3881.
28. Connor, E. F.; Nyce, G. W.; Myers, M.; Mock, A.; Hedrick, J. L. "First example of N-heterocyclic carbenes as catalysts for living polymerization: organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters", J. Am, Chem, Soc. 2002, 124, 914-915.
29. Bourissou, D.; Martin-Vaca, B.; Dumitrescu, A.; Graullier, M.; Lacombe, F. "Controlled cationic polymerization of lactide", Macromolecules 2005, 38, 9993-9998.
30. Dove, A. P.; Pratt, R. C.; Lohmeijer, B. G. G.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "Thioureabased bifunctional organocatalysis: Supramolecular recognition for living polymerization", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 13798-13799.
31. Bero, M.; Kaspercyzk, J.; Jedlinski, Z. J. "Coordination polymerization of lactides. 1. Structure determination of obtained polymers", Makromol, Chem. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1990, 191, 2287-2296.
32. Coudane, J.; Ustariz-Peyret, C.; Schwach, G.; Vert, M. "More about the stereodependence of DD and LL pair linkages during the ring-opening polymerization of racemic lactide", J. Polym. Sci, Polym. Chem. 1997, 55, 1651-1658.
33. Spassky, N.; Simic, V.; Montaudo, M. S.; Hubert-Pfalzgraf, L. G. "Inter- and intramolecular ester exchange reactions in the ring-opening polymerization of (DL)-lactide using lanthanid alkoxide initiators", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 2000, 201, 2432-2440.
34. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Boettcher, C.; Tonnes, K. U. "Polylactones. 23. Polymerization of racemic and meso DL-lactide with various organotin catlaysts stereochemical aspects", Polymer 1992, 33, 2817-2824.
35. Chamberlain, B. M.; Cheng, M.; Moore, D. R.; Ovitt, T. M.; Lobkovsky, E. B.; Coates, G. W. "Polymerization of lactide with zinc and magnesium beta-diiminate complexes: Stereocontrol and mechanism", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 3229-3238.
36. Williams, C. K.; Breyfogle, L. E.; Choi, S. K.; Nam, W. W.; Young, V. G., Jr.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "A. highly active zinc catalyst for the controlled polymerization of lactide", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2003, 123, 11350-11359.
37. Aubrecht, K. B.; Chang, K.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Lactide polymerization activity of alkoxide, phenoxide, and amide derivatives of yttrium(III) arylamidinates", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 2001, 39, 284-293.
38. Kasperczyk, J. E. "Microstructure analysis of polyflactic acid) obtained by lithium tertbutoxide as initiator", Macromolecules 1995, 28, 3937-3939.
39. Bero, M.; Dobrzynski, P.; Kasperczyk, J. "Synthesis of disyndiotactic polylactide", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 1999, 37, 4038-4042.
40. Bhaw-Luximon, A.; Jhurry, D.; Spassky, N.; Pensec, S.; Belleney, J. "Anionic polymerization of D,L-lactide initiated by lithium diisopropylamide", Polymer 2001, 42, 9651-9656.
41. Xie, W.; Chen, D.; Fan, X.; Li, J.; Wang, P. G.; Cheng, H. N.; Nickol, R. G. "Lithium chloride as a catalyst for the ring-opening polymerization of lactide in the presence of hydroxyl-containing compounds", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 1999, 37, 3486-3491.
42. Sipos, L.; Zsuga, M.; Kelen, T. "Living ring-opening polymerization of L,L-Lactide initiated with potassium tert-butoxide and its 18-crown-6 complex", Polymer Bull. 1992, 27, 495-502.
43. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Boettcher, C. "Polylactones 27. Anionic-polymerization of L-lactide. Variation of end groups and synthesis of block-copolymers with poly(ethylene oxide)", Makromol, Chem., Macromol. Symp. 1993, 73, 47-64.
44. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Boettcher, C. "Polylactones 26. Lithium alkoxide initiated polymerizations of L-lactide", Makromol. Chem 1993, 794, 1665-1669.
45. Jedlinski, Z.; Walach, W.; Kurcok, P.; Adamus, G. "Polymerization of lactones, 12. Polymerization of L-dilactide and L,D-dilactide in the presence of potassium, methoxide", Makromol. Chem. 1991, 192, 2051-2057.
46. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Kreiser-Saunders, I. "Polylactones 19. Anionic polymerization of L-lactide in solution", Makromol. Chem. 1990, 191, 1057-1066.
47. Baran, J.; Duda, A.; Kowalski, A.; Szymanski, R.; Penczek, S. "Quantitative comparison of selectivities in the polymerization of cyclic esters", Macromol. Symp. 1997, 123, 93-101,
48. Ko, B.-T.; Lin, C.-C. "Synthesis, characterization and catalysis of mixed-ligand lithium aggregates, excellent initiators for the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 7973-7977.
49. Hsueh, M.-L.; Huang, B.-H.; Wu, J.; Lin, C-C. "Synthesis, characterization, and catalytic studies of lithium complexes: efficient initiators for ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide", Macromolecules 2005, 38, 9482-9487.
50. Chisholm, M. H.; Lin, C. C; Gallucci, J. C; Ko, B. T. "Binolate complexes of lithium, zinc, aluminum and titanium; preparations, structures, and studies of lactide polymerization", Dalton Trans. 2003, 406-412.
51. Schwach, G.; Coudane, J.; Engel, R.; Vert, M. "Zn lactate as initiator of DL-lactide ring opening polymerization comparison with Sn octoate", Polymer Bull. 1996, 37, 771-776.
52. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Serra, A. "Polylactones: 6. Influence of various metal salts on the optical purity of poly(L-lactide)", Polymer Bull. 1985, 14, 497-502.
53. Nijenhuis, A. J.; Grijpma, D. W.; Pennings, A. J. "Lewis acid catalyzed polymerization of L-lactide. Kinetics and mechanism of the bulk polymerization", Macromolecules 1992, 25, 6419-6424.
54. Rashkov, I.; Manolova, N.; Li, S. M.; Espartero, J. L.; Vert, M. "Synthesis, characterization, and hydrolytic degradation of PLA/PEO/PLA triblock copolymers with short poly(L-lactic acid) chains", Macromolecules 1996, 50-56.
55. Li, S. M.; Rashkov, I.; Espartero, J. L.; Manolova, N.; Vert, M. "Synthesis, characterization, and hydrolytic degradation of PLA/PEO/PLA triblock copolymers with long poly(L-lactic acid) blocks", Macromolecules 1996, 29, 57-62.
56. Kreiser-Saunders, I.; Kricheldorf, H. R. "Polylactones, 39. Zn lactate-catalyzed copolymerization of L-lactide with glycolide or epsilon-caprolactone", Macromol. Chem Phys. 1998, 199, 1081-1087.
57. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Damrau, D.-O. "Polylactones 33. Polymerization of L-lactide catalyzed by zinc amino acid salts", Macromol, Chem. Phys. 1998, 199, 1747-1752.
58. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Damrau, D.-O. "Polylactones. 44. Polymerizations of L''-lactide catalyzed by manganese salts", J. Mater. Sci, Pure Appl. Chem, 1998, A35, 1875-1887.
59. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Damrau, D.-O. "Polylactones. 37. Polymerizations of L-lactide initiated with Zn(II) L-lactate and other resorbable Zn salts", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1997, 198, 1753-1766.
60. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Kreiser-Saunders, I.; Damrau, D.-O. "Resorbable initiators for polymerizations of lactones", Macromol, Symp. 1999, 144, 269-276.
61. Nijenhuis, A. J.; Grijpma, D. W.; Pennings, A. J. "Highly crystalline as polymerized poly(Llacti.de)", Polymer Bull. 1991, 26, 71 -77.
62. Schwach, G.; Coudane, J.; Engel, R.; Vert, M. "Ring opening polymerization of DL-lactide in the presence of zinc metal and zinc lactate", Polymer Int. 1998, 46, 177-182.
63. Zhong, Z. Y.; Ankoné, M. J. K.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Birg, C.; Westerhausen, M.; Feijen, J. "Calcium methoxide initiated ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone and L-lactide", Polymer Bull. 2001, 46, 51-57.
64. Zhong, Z. Y.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Birg, C.; Westerhausen, M.; Feijen, J. "A novel and versatile calcium-based initiating system for the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters", Macromolecules 2001, 34, 3863-3868.
65. Zhong, Z. Y.; Schneiderbauer, S.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Westerhausen, M.; Feijen, J. "Fast and living ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide initiated with in-situ-generated calcium alkoxides", J. Poly. Environ. 2001, 9, 31-38.
66. Cheng, M.; Attygalle, A. B.; Lobkovsky, E. B.; Coates, G. W. "Single-site catalyts for ringopening polymerization: synthesis of heterotactic poly (lactic acid) from, rac-lactide", J. Am. Chem. Soc 1999, .121, 11583-11584.
67. Chisholm, M. H.; Huffman, J. C.; Phomphrai, K. "Monomeric metal alkoxides and trialkyl siloxides: (BDI)Mg((OBu)-Bu-t)(THF) and (BDI)Zn(OSiPh3)(THF). Comments on single site catalysts for ring-opening polymerization of lactides", J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 2001, 222-224.
68. Chisholm, M. H.; Gallucci, J.; Phomphrai, K. "Coordination chemistry and reactivity of monomeric alkoxides and amides of magnesium and zinc supported by the diiminato ligand CH(CMeNC6H3-2,6-Pr-i(2))(2). A comparative study", Inorg. Chem. 2002, 41, 2785-2794.
69. Chisholm, M. H.; Phomphrai, K. "Conformational effects in beta-diiminate ligated magnesium and zinc amides. Solution dynamics and lactide polymerization", Inorg. Chim. Acta 2003, 350, 121-125.
70. Chisholm, M. H.; Gallucci, J. C.; Phomphrai, K. "Lactide Polymerization by well-defined calcium coordinatioin complexes: comparisons with related magnesium and zinc chemistry", Chem. Commun. 2003, 48-49.
71. Chisholm, M. H.; Gallucci, J. C.; Phomphrai, K. "Well-defined calcium initiators for lactide polymerization", Inorg. Chem. 2004, 43, 6717-6725.
72. Hill, M. S.; Hitchcock, P. B. "Synthesis of C-2 and C-s symmetric zinc complexes supported by bis(phosphinimino)methyl ligands and their use in ring opening polymerisation catalysis", J. Chem, Soc. Dalton Trans. 2002, 4694-4702.
73. Hill, M. S.; Hitchcock, P. B. "Bis(phosphinimino)methyl derivatives of Ca, Sr and Ba: facile access to heavier alkaline earth organometallic chemistry", Chem. Commun. 2003, 1758-1759.
74. Dove, A. P.; Gibson, V. C.; Marshall, E. L.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. "Magnesium and zinc complexes of a potentially tridentate beta-diketirninate ligand", Dalton Trans. 2004, 570-578.
75. Olivers, T.; Fedorchuk, C.; Parvez, M. "Synthetic and structural investigations of organomagnesium complexes of hybrid boraamidinate/amidinate ligands and their use in the polymerization of rac-lactide", Organometallics 2005, 24, 580-586.
76. Chisholm, M. H.; Eilerts, N. W. "Single-site metal alkoxide catalysts for ring-opening polymerizations. Poly(dilactide) synthesis employing {HB(3-Bu(t)pz)3)Mg(OEt)", Chem. Commun. 1996, 853-854.
77. Chisholm, M. H.; Eilerts, N. W.; Huffman, J. C.; Iyer, S. S.; Pacold, M.; Phomphrai, K. "Molecular design of single-site metal alkoxide catalyst precursors for ring-opening polymerization reactions leading to polyoxygenates. 1, Polylactide formation by achiral and chiral magnesium and zinc alkoxides, (eta(3)-L)MOR, where L = trispyrazolyl- and trisindazolylborate ligands", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2000, 722, 11845-11854.
78. Williams, C. K.; Brooks, N. R.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Metalloenzyme inspired dizinc catalyst for the polymerization of lactide", Chem. Commun. 2002, 2132-2133.
79. Chisholm, M. H.; Gallucci, J. C.; Zhen, H. H.; Huffman, J. C. "Three-coordinate zinc amide and phenoxide complexes supported by a bulky Schiff base ligand", Inorg. Chem. 2001, 40, 5051-5054.
80. Chen, H. Y.; Tang, H. Y.; Lin, C. C. "Ring-opening polymerization of lactides initiated by zinc alkoxides derived from NNO-tri dentate ligands", Macromolecules 2006, 39, 3745-3752.
81. Breyfogle, L. E.; Williams, C. K.; Young, V. G.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Comparison of structurally analogous Zn-2, Co-2, and Mg-2 catalysts for the polymerization of cyclic esters", Dalton Trans. 2006, 928-936.
82. Ejfler, J.; Kobylka, M.; Jerzykiewicz, L. B.; Sobota, P. "Highly efficient magnesium initiators for lactide polymerization", Dalton Trans. 2005, 2047-2050.
83. Lian, B.; Thomas, C. M.; Casagrande, O. L., Jr.; Lehmann, C W.; Roisnel, T.; Carpentier, J. F. "Aluminum, and zinc complexes based on amino-bis(pyrazolyl) ligand: synthesis, structures and use in MMA and lactide polymerisation", Inorg. Chem. 2007, 46, 328-340.
84. Huang, B. H.; Lin, C. N.; Hsueh, M. L.; Athar, T.; Lin, C. C. "Well-defined sterically hindered zinc aryloxides: Excellent catalysts for ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone and L-lactide", Polymer 2006, 47, 6622-6629.
85. Bukhaltsev, E.; Frish, L.; Cohen, Y.; Vigalok, A. "Single-site catalysis by bimetallic zinc calixarene inclusion complexes", Org. Lett. 2005, 7, 5123-5126.
86. Coles, M. P.; Hitchcock, P. B. "Zinc guanidinate complexes and their application in ringopening polymerisation catalysis", Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2004, 2662-2672.
87. McClain, S. J.; Drysdale, N. E.; US, E. I. "DuPont de Nemours and Company", 1991, 5, 028, 667.
88. Stevels, W. M.; Ankone, M. J. K.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Feijen, J. "A versatile and highly efficient catalyst system for the preparation of polyesters based on lanthanide tris(2,6-di-tert-butylphenolate)s and various alcohols", Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3332-3333.
89. Stevels, W. M.; Ankone, M. J. K.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Feijen, J. "Kinetics and mechanism of Llactide polymerization using two different yttrium alkoxides as initiators", Macromolecules 1996, 29, 6132-6138.
90. Simic, V.; Spassky, N.; Hubert-Pfalzgraf, L. G. "Ring-opening polymerization of DL- lactide using rare-earth mu-oxo isopropoxides as initiator systems", Macromolecules 1997, 30, 7338-7340.
91. Simic, V.; Girardon, V.; Spassky, N.; Hubert-Pfalzfraf, L. G.; Duda, A. "Ring-opening polymerization of lactides initiated with yttrium tris-isopropoxyethoxide", Polym. Degr. Stab. 1998, 59, 227-229.
92. Stevels, W. M.; Ankone, M. J. K.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Feijen, J. "Well defined block copolymers of epsilon-caprolactone and L-lactide using Y-5(mu-0)(OiPr)13 as an initiator", Macromol, Chem. Phys. 1995, 196, 1153-1161.
93. McClain, S. J.; Ford, T. M.; Drysdale, N. E. "Living ring-opening polymerization of (L,L)lactide by yttrium and lanthanum, alkoxides", Polym. Prep. 1992,463-464.
94. Chamberlain, B. M.; Sun, Y.; Hagadorn, J. R.; Hemmesch, E. W.; Young, V. G., Jr.; Pink, M.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Discrete yttriurn(III) complexes as lactide polymerization complexes", Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2400-2402.
95. Chamberlain, B. M.; Jazdzewski, B. A.; Pink, M.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Controlled polymerization of D,L-lactide and epsilon-caprolactone by structurally well-defined alkoxobridged di- and triyttrium(III) complexes", Macromolecules 2000, 33, 3970-3977.
96. Ovitt, T. M.; Coates, G. W. "Stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of meso-lactide; Synthesis of syndiotactic polyl(lactic acid)", J. Am. Chem. Soc 1999, 121, 4072-4073.
97. Ovitt, T. M.; Coates, G. W. "Stereochemistry of lactide polymerization with chiral catalysts: new opportunities for stereocontrol using polymer exchange mechanisms", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2002, 124, 1316-1326.
98. Ma, H.; Spaniol, T. P.; Okuda, J. "Rare earth metal supported 1, omega-dithiaalkanediylbridged bis(phenolato) ligands: synthesis, characterization and ring-opening polymerization catalysis of L-lactide", Dalton Trans. 2003, 4770-4780.
99. Ma, H.; Spaniol, T. P.; Okuda, J. "Highly heteroselective ring-opening polymerization of raclactide initiated by bis(phenolato)scandium. complexes", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2006, 45, 7818-7821,
100. Ma, H.; Okuda, J. "Kinetics and mechanism of L-lactide polymerization by rare earth metal silylamido complexes: effect of alcohol addition", Macromolecules 2005, 38, 2665-2673.
101. Cai, C. X.; Amgoune, A.; Lehmann, C. W.; Carpentier, J. F. "Stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of racemic lactide using alkoxy-amino-bis(phenolate) group 3 metal complexes", Chem. Commun. 2004, 330-331,
102. Amgoune, A.; Thomas, C M.; Roisnel, T.; Carpentier, J. F. "Ring-opening polymerization of lactide with group 3 metal complexes supported by dianionic alkoxy-amino-bisphenolate ligands: combining high activity, productivity, and selectivity", Chem. Eur. J. 2006, 12, 169-179.
103. Hodgson, L. M.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, C K. "Yttrium(III) complex as a highly active catalyst for lactide polymerization", J. Polym. Sci, Polym. Chem. 2006, 44, 6646-6651,
104. Westmoreland, I.; Arnold, J. "Phenoxytriamine complexes of yttrium: synthesis, structure and use in the polymerization of lactide and epsilon-caprolactone", Dalton Trans. 2006, 4155-4163.
105. Alaaeddine, A.; Amgoune, A.; Thomas, C. M.; Dagorne, S.; Bellemin-Laponnaz, S.; Carpentier, J.-F. "Bis[bis(oxazolinato)] complexes of yttrium and lanthanum: molecular structure and use in polymerization of DL-lactide and DL-beta-butyrolactone", Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 2006, 3652-3658.
106. Kim, Y.; Jnaneshwara, G. K.; Verkade, J. G. "Titanium alkoxides as initiators for the controlled polymerization of lactide", Inorg. Chem. 2003, 42, 1437-1447.
107. Kim, Y.; Verkade, J. G. "A tetrameric titanium alkoxide as a lactide polymerization catalyst", Macromol, Rapid Commun. 2002, 23, 917-921,
108. Kim, Y.; Verkade, J. G. "Novel titanatranes with different ring sizes: syntheses, structures and lactide polymerization catalytic capabilities", Organometallics 2002, 21, 2395-2399.
109. Kim, Y.; Verkade, J. G. "Living polymerization of lactide usign titanium alkoxide catalysts", Macromol. Symp. 2005, 224, 105-117.
110. Gregson, C. K.; Blackmore, I. J.; Gibson, V. C.; Long, N. J.; Marshall, E. L.; White, A. J. P. "Titanium-salen complexes as initiators for the ring opening polymerisation of rac-lactide", Dalton Trans. 2006, 3134-3140.
111. 111, Gregson, C K. A.; Gibson, V. C.; Long, N. J.; Marshall, E. L.; Oxford, P. J.; White, A. J. P. "Redox control within single-site polymerization catalysts", J. Am. Chem, Soc. 2006, 128, 7410-7411,
112. Chmura, A. J.; Davidson, M. G.; Jones, M. D.; Lunn, M. D.; Mahon, M. F.; Johnson, A. F.; Khunkamchoo, P.; Roberts, S. L.; Wong, S. S. F. "Group 4 complexes with aminebisphenolate ligands and their application for the ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters", Macromolecules 2006, 39, 7250-7257.
113. Gendler, S.; Segal, S.; Goldberg, I.; Goldschmidt, Z.; Kol, M. "Titanium and zirconium complexes of dianionic and trianionic amine-phenolate-type ligands in catalysis of lactide polymerization", Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 4783-4790.
114. Russell, S. K.; Gamble, C. L.; Gibbins, K. J.; Juhl, K. C. S.; Mitchell III, W. S.; Turnas, A. J.; Hotmeister, G. E. "Stereoselective controlled polymerization of DL-lactide with [Ti(trisphenolate)0-i-Pr](2) initiators", Macromolecules 2005, 38, 10336-10340.
115. Takashima, Y.; Nakayama, Y.; Watanabe, K.; Itono, T.; Ueyama, N.; Nakamura, A.; Yasuda, H.; Harada, A.; Okuda, J. "Polymerizations of cyclic esters catalyzed by titanium complexes having chalcogen-bridged chelating diaryloxo ligands", Macromolecules 2002, 35, 7538-7544.
116. Stolt, M.; Södergård, A. "Use of monocarboxylic iron derivatives in the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide", Macromolecules. 1999, 32, 6412-6417.
117. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Boettcher, C. "Polylactones 21. Polymerization of L,L-lactide and rac-D,Llactide with hematin and related porphyrin complexes", Makromol. Chem. 1993, 794, 463-473.
118. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Damrau, D.-O. "Polylactones 38. Polymerization of L-lactide with Fe(II) lactate and other resorbable Fe(II) salts", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1997, 798, 1767-1774.
119. Södergard, A.; Stolt, M. "Ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide by means of different iron compounds", Macromol. Symp. 1998, 750, 393-402.
120. Gorczynski, J. L.; Chen, J. B.; Fraser, C. L. "Iron tris(dibenzoylmethane)-centered polylactide stars: multiple roles for the metal complex in lactide ring-opening polymerization", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 14956-14957.
121. Wang, X. Y.; Liao, K. R.; Quan, D. P.; Wu, Q. "Bulk ring-opening polymerization of lactides initiated by ferric alkoxides", Macromolecules 2005, 38, 4611 -4617.
122. McGuinness, D. S.; Marshall, E. L.; Gibson, V. C.; Steed, J. W. "Anionic Iron(II) alkoxides as initiators for the controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactide", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 2003, 41, 3798-3803.
123. O'Keefe, B. J.; Monnier, S. M.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Rapid and controlled polymerization of lactide by structurally characterized ferric alkoxides", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 725, 339-340.
124. O'Keefe, B. J.; Breyfogle, L. E.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Mechanistic comparison of cyclic ester polymerizations by novel iron(III)-alkoxide complexes: single vs multiple site catalysis", J. Am, Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 4384-4393.
125. Gibson, V. C.; Marshall, E. L.; Navarro-Llobet, D.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. "A welldefined iron(II) alkoxide initiator for the controlled polymerization of lactide", J. Chem. Soc. Dalton Trans. 2002, 4321-4322.
126. Penczek, S.; Syzmanski, R.; Duda, A. "Polymerizations with contribution of covalent and ionic species", Macromol. Symp. 1995, 98, 193-216.
127. Kowalski, A.; Duda, A.; Penczek, S. "Polymerization of L.L-lactide initiated by aluminum isopropoxide trimer or tetramer", Macromolecules 1998, 31, 2114-2122.
128. Ropson, N.; Dubois, P.; Jérôme, R.; Teyssié, P. "Macromolecular engineering of polylactones and polylactides. 20. Effect of monomer, solvent and initiator on the ring-opening polymerization as initiated with aluminum alkoxides", Macromolecules 1995, 28, 7589-7598.
129. Degeé, P.; Dubois, P.; Jerome, R. "Bulk polymerization of lactides initiated by aluminum isopropoxide, 2. Beneficial effect of Lewis bases and transfer agents", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1997, 198, 1973-1984.
130. Dubois, P.; Jérôme, R.; Teyssié, P. "Macromolecular engineering of polylactones and polylactides. 10. Selective end-functionalisation of poly(D,L)-lactide", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 505-514.
131. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Kreiser-Saunders, I. "Polylactones: 30. Vitamins, hormones and drugs as co-initiators of AlEt(S)-initiated polymerizations of lactide", Polymer 1994, 35, 4175-4180.
132. Kunioka, M.; Wang, Y.; Onozawa, S. Y. "Poly(lactic acid) polymerized by aluminum triflate", Macromol. Symp. 2005, 224, 167-179.
133. Le Borgne, A.; Vincens, V.; Jouglard, M.; Spassky, N. "Ring-opening oligomerization reactions using aluminum complexes of schiff-bases as initiators", Makromol, Chem., Macromol. Symp. 1993, 73, 37-46.
134. Montaudo, G.; Montaudo, M. S.; Puglisi, C.; Samperi, F.; Spassky, N.; Le Borgne, A.; Wisniewski, M. "Evidence for ester-exchange reactions and cyclic oligomer formation in the ring-opening polymerization of lactide with aluminum complex initiators", Macromolecules 1996,29, 6461-6465.
135. Spassky, N.; Wisniewski, M.; Pluta, C.; Le Borgne, A. "Highly stereoelective polymerization of rac-(D,L)-lactide with a chiral Schiff' s base/aluminum alkoxide initiator", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1996,1.97, 2627-2637.
136. Bhaw-Luximon, A.; Jhurry, D.; Spassky, N. "Controlled polymerization of DL-lactide using a Schiffs base al-alkoxide initiator derived from 2-hydroxyacetophenone", Polymer Bull. 2000, 44, 31-38.
137. Jhurry, D.; Bhaw-Luximon, A.; Spassky, N. "Synthesis of polylactides by new aluminum schoff's base complexes", Macromol. Symp. 2001, 775, 67-79.
138. Radano, C. P.; Baker, G. L.; Smith, M. R. "Stereoselective polymerization of a racemic monomer with a racemic catalyst: direct preparation of the polylactic acid stereocomplex from racemic lactide", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2000, 122, 1552-1553.
139. Ovitt, T. M.; Coates, G. W. "Stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of rac-lactide with a single-site, racemic aluminum alkoxide catalyst: synthesis of stereoblock poly(lactic acid)", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 2000, 38, 4686-4692.
140. Zhong, Z. Y.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Feijen, J. "[(salen)A.l]-mediated, controlled and stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of lactide in solution and without solvent: synthesis of highly isotactic polylactide stereocopolymers from racemic D,L-lactide", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2002, 41, 4510-4513.
141. Zhong, Z. Y.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Feijen, J. "Controlled and stereoselective polymerization of lactide: kinetics, selectivity, and microstructures", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2003, 125, 11291-11298.
142. Chisholm, M. H.; Patmore, N. J.; Zhou, Z. P. "Concerning the relative importance of enantiomorphic site vs. chain end control in the stereoselective polymerization of lactides: reactions of (R,R-salen)- and (S,S-salen)-aluminum alkoxides LA10CH2R complexes (R = CH3 and S-CHMeCl)", Chem. Commun. 2005, 127-129.
143. Cameron, P. A.; Jhurry, D.; Gibson, V. C.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J.; Williams, S. "Controlled polymerization of lactides at ambient temperature using [5-Cl-salen]A10Me", Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1999, 20, 616-618.
144. Nomura, N.; Ishii, R.; Akakura, M.; Aoi, K. "Stereoselective ring-opening polymerization of racemic lactide using aluminum-achiral ligand complexes: exploration of a chain-end control mechanism", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2002, 124, 5938-5939.
145. Tang, Z. H.; Chen, X. S.; Pang, X.; Yang, Y. K.; Zhang, Z. F.; Jing, X. B. "Stereoselective polymerization of rac-lactide using a monoethylaluminium. Schiff base complex", Biomacromolecules 2004, 5, 965-970.
146. Tang, Z. H.; Chen, X. S.; Yang, Y. K.; Pang, X.; Sun, J. R.; Zhang, X. F.; Jing, X. B. "Stereo-selective polymerization of rac-lactide with a bulky aluminum/Schiff base complex", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 2004, 42, 5974-5982.
147. Hormnirun, P.; Marshall, E. L.; Gibson, V. C.; Pugh, R. I.; White, A. J. P. "Study of ligand substituent effects on the rate and stereoselectivity of lactide polymerization using aluminum salen-type initiators", PNAS 2006, 103, 15343-15348.
148. Du, H.; Pang, X.; Yu, H. Y.; Zhuang, X. L.; Chen, X. S.; Cui, D. M.; Wang, X. H.; Jing, X. B. "Polymerization of rac-lactide using schiff base aluminum catalysts: structure, activity, and stereoselectivity", Macromolecules 2007, 40, 1904-1913.
149. Tang, Z.; Yang, Y.; Pang, X.; Hu, J.; Chen, X.; Hu, N.; Jing, X. "Controlled and stereospecific polymerization of rac-lactide with a single site ethyl aluminum and alcohol initiating system", J. App. Polym. Sci. 2005, 98, 102-108.
150. Trofimoff, L.; Aida, T.; Inoue, S. "Formation of poly(lactide) with controlled molecular weight. Polymerization of lactide by aluminum porphyrin", Chem. Lett. 1987, 991-994.
151. Emig, N.; Nguyen, H.; Krautscheid, H.; Reau, R.; Cazaux, J. B.; Bertrand, G. "Neutral and cationic tetracoordinated aluminum complexes featuring tridentate nitrogen donors: synthesis, structure, and catalytic activity for the ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide and (D.L)-lactide", Organometallics 1998, 17, 3599-3608.
152. Huang, C. H.; Wang, F. C.; Ko, B. T.; Yu, T. L.; Lin, C. C. "Ring-opening polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone and L-Lactide using aluminum thiolates as initiator", Macromolecules 2001, 34, 356-361.
153. Liu, Y. C.; Ko, B. T.; Lin, C .C. "A highly efficient catalyst for the "living" and "immortal" polymerization of epsilon-caprolactone and L-lactide", Macromolecules 2001, 34, 6196-6201.
154. Li, H.; Wang, C. H.; Bai, F.; Yue, J.; Woo, H. G. "Living ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide catalyzed by Red-Al", Organometallics 2004, 23, 1411-1415.
155. Doherty, S.; Errington, R. J.; Housley, N.; Clegg, W. "Dimeric aluminum chloride compelxes of N-alkoxyalkyl-beta-ketoimines: activation with propylene oxide to form efficient lactide polymerization catalysts", Organometallics 2004, 23, 2382-2388.
156. Hormnirun, P.; Marshall, E. L.; Gibson, V. C.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. "Remarkable stereocontrol in the polymerization of racemic lactide using aluminum initiators supported by tetradentate aminophenoxide ligands", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2004, 126, 2688-2689.
157. Pang, X.; Du, H.; Chen, X.; Zhuang, X.; Cui, D.; Jing, X. "Aluminum Schiff base catalysts derived from beta-diketone for the stereoselective polymerization of racemic lactides", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 2005, 43, 6605-6612.
158. Ma, H. Y.; Melillo, G.; Oliva, L.; Spaniol, T. P.; Englert, U.; Okuda, J. "Aluminum, alkyl complexes supported by [OSSO] type bisphenolato ligands: synthesis, characterization and living polymerization of rac-lactide", Dalton Trans. 2005, 721-727.
159. Schwach, G.; Coudane, J.; Engel, R.; Vert, M. "More about the polymerization of lactides in the presence of stannous octoate", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 1997, 35, 3431-3440.
160. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Kreiser-Saunders, I.; Strieker, A. "Polylactones 48. SnOct(2)-initiated polymerizations of.lacti.de: a mechanistic study", Macromolecules 2000, 33, 702-709.
161. Kricheldorf, H. R. "Tin-initiated polymerizations of lactones:
162. Duda, A.; Penczek, S.; Kowalski, A.; Libiszowski, J. " Polymerizations of epsilon-caprolactone and L,L-dilactide initiated with stannous octoate and stannous butoxide - A comparison", Macromol. Symp. 2000, 153, 41-53.
163. Penczek, S.; Duda, A.; Kowalski, A.; Libiszowski, J.; Majerska, K.; Biela, T. "On the mechanism of polymerization of cyclic esters induced by tin(II) octoate", Macromol. Symp. 2000, 157, 61-70.
164. Kowalski, A.; Libiszowski, J.; Duda, A.; Penczek, S. "Polymerization of L,L-lactide initiated by tin(II) butoxide", Macromolecules 2000, 33, 1964-1971.
165. Dove, A. P.; Gibson, V. C.; Marshall, E. L.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. "A well defined tin(II) initiator for the living polymerization of lactide", Chem. Commun. 2001, 283-284.
166. Dove, A. P.; Gibson, V. C.; Marshall, E. L.; Rzepa, H. S.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. "Synthetic, structural, mechanistic, and computational studies on single-site beta-diketiminate tin(II) initiators for the polymerization of rac-lactide", J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 9834-9843.
167. Aubrecht, K. B.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman., W. B. "Polymerization of lactide by monomeric Sn(II) alkoxide complexes", Macromolecules 2002, 35, 644-650.
168. Chisholm, M. H.; Delbridge, E. E. "Ring-opening of lactides and related cyclic monomers by triaryltin(IV) alkoxides and amides", Chem. Commun. 2001, 1308-1309.
169. Chisholm, M. H.; Delbridge, E. E. "A study of the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide by Ph2SnX2 precursors (X = NMe2, OiPr): the notable influence of initiator group", New J. Chem 2003, 27, 1177-1183.
170. Chisholm, M. H.; Delbridge, E. E.; Gallucci, J. C. "Modelling the catalyst resting state in aryl tin(IV) polymerizations of lactide and estimating the relative rates of transamidation, transesterification and chain transfer", New J. Chem. 2004, 28, 145-152.
171. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Lee, S.-R.; Bush, S. "Polylactones 36. Macrocyclic polymerization of lactides with cyclic Bu(2)Sn initiators derived from 1,2-ethanediol, 2-mercaptoethanol and 1,2-dimercaptoethane", Macromolecules 1996, 29, 1375-1381.
172. Stridsberg, K.; Ryner, M.; Albertsson, A.-C. "Dihydroxy-terminated poly(L-Lactide) obtained by controlled ring-opening polymerization: investigation of the polymerization mechanism", Macromolecules 2000, 33, 2862-2869.
173. Ryner, M.; Finne, A.; Albertsson, A.-C.; Kricheldorf, H. R. "L-Lactide macromonomer synthesis initiated by new cyclic tin alkoxides functionalized for brushlike structures", Macromolecules 2001, 34, 7281-7287.
174. Kricheldorf, H. R. "Syntheses of biodegradable (multi) block copolymers, star-shaped polyesters and networks via ring-expansion polymerization", Polym. Adv. Technol. 2002, 13, 969-974.
175. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Dunsing, R. "Polylactones 8. Mechanism of the cationic polymerization of L,L-dilactide", Makromol. Chem. 1986, 187, 1611-1625.
176. Kricheldorf, H. R.; Kreiser-Saunders, I. "Polylactones 11. Cationic copolymerization f glycolide with L,L-dilactide", Makromol. Chem. 1987, 188, 1861-1873.
177. Nederberg, F.; Connor, E. F.; Moller, M.; Glauser, T.; Hedrick, J. L. "New paradigms for organic catalysts: the first organocatalytic living polymerization", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2001, 40, 2712-2715.
178. Myers, M.; Connor, E. F.; Glauser, T.; Mock, A.; Nyce, G. W.; Hedrick, J. L. "Phosphines:nucleophilic organic catalysts for the controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactides", J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. 2002, 40, 844-851.
179. Nyce, G. W.; Glauser, T.; Connor, E. F.; Mock, A.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "In situ generation of carbenes: a general and versatile platform, for organocatalytic living polymerisation", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2003, 125, 3046-3056.
180. Nyce, G. W.; Csihony, S.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "A. general and versatile approach to thermally generated N-heterocyclic carbenes", Chem. Eur. J. 2004, 10, 4073-4079.
181. Coulembier, O.; Dove, A. R.; Pratt, R. C.; Sentman, A. C.; Culkin, D. A.; Mespouille, L.; Dubois, P.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "Latent, thermally activated organic catalysts for the on-demand living polymerization of lactide", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2005, 44, 4964-4968.
182. Csihony, S.; Culkin, D. A.; Sentman, A. C.; Dove, A. P.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "Single-component catalysts/initiators for the organocatalytic ring-opening polymerisation of lactide", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2005, 127, 9079-9084.
183. Coulembier, O.; Lohmeijer, B. G. G.; Dove, A. P.; Pratt, R. C.; Mespouille, L.; Culkin, D. A.; Benight, S. J.; Dubois, P.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "Alcohol adducts of N-heterocyclic carbenes: Latent catalysts for the thermally-controlled living polymerization of cyclic esters", Macromolecules 2006, 39, 5617-5628.
184. Pratt, R. C.; Lohmeijer, B. G. G.; Long, D. A.; Lundberg, P. N. P.; Dove, A. P.; Li, H. B.; Wade, C. G.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "Exploration, optimization, and application of supramolecular thiourea-amine catalysts for the synthesis of lactide (copolymers", Macromolecules 2006, 39, 7863-7871.
185. Lohmeijer, B. G. G.; Pratt, R. C.; Leibfarth, F.; Logan, J. W.; Long, D. A.; Dove, A. P.; Nederberg, F.; Choi, J.; Wade, C.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "Guanidine and amidine organocatalysts for ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters", Macromolecules 2006, 39, 8574-8583.
186. Dove, A. P.; Pratt, R. C.; Lohmeijer, B. G. G.; Culkin, D. A.; Hagberg, E. C.; Nyce, G. W.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "N-Heterocyclic carbenes: effective organic catalysts for living polymerization", Polymer 2006, 47, 4018-4025.
187. Pratt, R. C.; Lohmeijer, B. G. G.; Long, D. A.; Waymouth, R. M.; Hedrick, J. L. "Triazacyclodecene: a simple bifunctional organocatalyst for acyl transfer and ring opening polymerization of cyclic esters", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2006, 128, 4556-4557.
188. Jensen, T. R.; Breyfogle, L. E.; Hillmyer, M. A.; Tolman, W. B. "Stereoselective polymerization of D.L-lactide using N-heterocyclic carbene based compounds", Chem. Commun. 2004, 2504-2505.
189. Zhong, Z. Y.; Schneiderbauer, S.; Dijkstra, P. J.; Westerhausen, M.; Feijen, J. "Single-site calcium initiators for the controlled ring-opening polymerization of lactides and lactones", Polymer Bull. 2003, 51, 175-182.
190. Geisbrecht, G. R.; Whitener, G. D.; Arnold, J. "Mono-guanidinate complexes of lanthanum: synthesis, structure and their use in lactide polymerization", Dalton Trans. 2001, 923-927.
191. Beckerle, K.; Hultzsch, K. C.; Okuda, J. "Ring-opening polymerization of lactides using heterobimetallic yttrocene complexes", Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1999, 200, 1702-1707.
192. Chuck, C. J.; Davidson, M. G.; Jones, M. D.; Kociok-Köhn, G.; Lunn, M. D.; Wu, S. "Airstable titanium alkoxide based metal-organic framework as an initiator for ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters", Inorg. Chem. 2006, 45, 6595-6597.
193. Gornshtein, F.; Kapon, M.; Botoshansky, M.; Eisen, M. S. "Titanium and zirconium complexes for polymerization of propylene and cyclic esters", Organometallics 2007, 26, 497-507.
194. Atkinson, R. J.; Gerry, K.; Gibson, V. C.; Long, N. J.; Marshall, E. L.; West, L. J. "Synthesis of 1,1 '-ferrocenediyl salicylaldimine ligands and their application in titanium-initiated lactide polymerization", Organometallics 2007, 26, 316-320.
195. Sun, J.; Shi, W.; Chen, D.; Liang, C. "The ring-opening polymerization of D,L-lactide catalyzed by new complexes of Cu, Zn, Co and Ni Schiff base derived from salicylidene and L-aspartic acid", J. App. Polym. Sci. 2002, 48, 3312-3315.
196. Majerska, K.; Duda, A. "Stereocontrolled polymerization of racemic lactide with chiral initiator: combining stereoelection and chiral ligand-exchange mechanism", J. Am. Chem. Soc 2004, 126, 1026-1027.
197. Tang, Z. H.; Gibson, V. C. "rac-Lactide polymerization using aluminum complexes bearing tetradentate phenoxy-amine ligands", Eur. Polym. J. 2007, 43, 150-155.