A review of biodegradable polymers: Uses, current developments in the synthesis and characterization of biodegradable polyesters, blends of biodegradable polymers and recent advances in biodegradation studies

Polymer International

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 89-144

  Amass, Wendy ^a   Amass, Allan ^a   Tighe, Brian ^a  

^a ASTON UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Biodegradable polyesters; Biod gradation; Blends; Characterization; Packaging; Synthesis

Indexed keywords

BIODEGRADABILITY; BIODEGRADATION; COMPOSTING; POLYHYDROXYALKANOIC ACID; POLYMER; WASTE MANAGEMENT;

BACTERIA; PLASTICS APPLICATIONS; POLYESTERS; POLYMER BLENDS; POLYMERIZATION; REACTION KINETICS;

ABIOTIC REACTIONS; BIODEGRADABLE POLYMERS; BIOTIC REACTIONS;

BIODEGRADATION;

BIODEGRADABILITY; POLYMER; STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS;

EID: 0032194734     PISSN: 09598103     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0126(1998100)47:2<89::AID-PI86>3.0.CO;2-F     Document Type: Article

References (285)

1. Albertsson, A.-C. & Karlsson, S., in Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers, Blackie, Glasgow, 1994, Chap. 2, p. 48.
2. Albertsson, A.-C. & Karlsson, S., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 33 (1996) 1565.
3. Législative Requirements for Packaging Waste Recovery, Valuplast Information Leaflet, London, 1997.
4. Plastics Recovery in Perspective, APME Information Leaflet, Brussels, 1997.
5. Gesellchaftfür Verpackungsmarktforschung, 1992.
6. Yasin, M., Amass, A. J. & Tighe, B. J., Polymers and Other Advanced Materials: Emerging Technical and Business Opportunities, Plenum, New York, 1995, p. 597.
7. Hamilton, J. D, Reinhert, K. H., Hagan, J. V. & Lord, W. V., J. Air Waste Mgmt. Assoc., 45 (1995) 247.
8. Swift, G, J. Macromol. Sei. A, 32 (1995) 641.
9. Eggleston, D., EMAP Business Publication No. 1726,1998.
10. Holmes, P. A, Phys. Technol, 16 (1985) 32.
11. Pool, R., Science, 245 (1989) 1187.
12. Ramsay, J. A. & Ramsay, B. A., Appl. Phycol. Forum, 7 (1990).
13. Hocking, P. J. & Marchessault, R. H., Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers, Blackie, Glasgow, 1994, Chap. 4, p. 48.
14. McCarthy-Bates, L., Plastics World, March (1993) 22.
15. Basa, N., High Technol., February (1984) 67.
16. Scherzer, T., Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B, 131 (1997) 382.
17. Suominen, I., Suihko, M. L. & Salkinojasalonen, M., J. Ind. Microbiol. Biotechnol, 19 (1997) 104.
18. Beach, E. D., Boyd, R. & Uri, N. D., Appl. Math. Model. 20 (1996) 388.
19. Mulhaupt, R., Chimia, 50 (1996) 191.
20. Holland, S. J., PhD Thesis, Aston University, Birmingham, 1986.
21. Holland, S. J. & Tighe, B. J., in Advances in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, Academic, San Diego, CA, 1992, Chap. 4, p. 101.
22. Hofmann, G. O., Arch. Orthopaed. Trauma Surg., 114 (1995) 123.
23. Tune, D. C. & Jadhav, B., Polym. Mater. Sei. Engng., 59 (1988) 383.
24. Tune, D. C, Eur. Patent Appl. A2 0321176,1989.
25. Fukada, E., Q. Rev. Biophys., 16 (1983) 59.
26. Poulton, C. W. & Aktar, S., Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 18 (1996) 133.
27. Yasin, M., Holland, S. J., Jolly, A. M. & Tighe, B. J., Biomaterials, 10 (1989) 400.
28. Thomas, P. A., Padmaja, T. & Kulkarni, M. G., J. Controlled Release, 43 (1997) 273.
29. Park, E. S., Maniar, M. & Shah, J., J. Controlled Release, 48 (1997) 67.
30. Chiellini, E., Salaro, R., Bemporad, L., D'Antone, S., Giannasi, D. & Leonard!, G., J. Biomater. Sei.-Polym. Ed., 7 (1995) 307.
31. Chiellini, E., D'Antone, S. & Salaro, R., Macromol. Symp., 123 (1997) 25.
32. Trau, M. & Truss, R. W., Eur. Patent Appl. EP 293172,1988.
33. Kubota, M., Nakano, M. & Juni, K., Chem. Pharmaceut. Bull, 36 (1988) 333.
34. Giordano, G. G., Husaini, I. H., Lahirmunir, D., Mikos, A. G. & Garcia, C. A., Invest. Ophthalmol. Visual Sei., 36 (1995) S251.
35. Jeong, B., Bae, Y. H., Lee, D. S. & Kim, S. W., Nature, 388 (1997) 860.
36. Akamatsu, K., Nishikawa, M., Takakura, Y. & Hashida, M., Int. J. Pharmaceut., 155 (1997) 65.
37. Okada, H. & Toguchi, H., Crit. Rev. Therapeut. Drug Carrier Syst., 12 (1995) 1.
38. Vacanti, C. A., Vacanti, J. P. & Langer, R., ACS Symp. Ser., 540 (1994) 16.
39. Paik, Y. H., Simon, E. S. & Swift, G., Adv. Chem. Ser., 248 (1996) 79.
40. Freeman, M. B., Paik, Y. H., Wölk, S. K. & Yocom, K. M., Abstr. Papers ACS, 207 (1994) 185-IEC.
41. Freeman, M. B., Paik, Y. H., Swift, G., Wilczynski, R., Wölk, S. K. & Yocom, K. M., ACS Symp. Ser., 627 (1996) 118.
42. Talaba, P., Srokova, L, Ebringerova, A., Hodul, P. & Marcinin, A., J. Carbohydrate Chem., 16 (1997) 573.
43. Kwan, L. & Steher, W., Eur. Patent Appl. EP 406015,1991.
44. Dohse, D. M. & Lion, L. W., Environ. Sei. Technol, 28 (1994) 541.
45. Bero, M., Adamus, G., Asperczyk, J. & Janeczek, H., Polym. Bull., 31 (1993) 9.
46. Kricheldorf, H. & Kreiser-Saunders, L, Makromol. Chem., 191 (1990) 1057.
47. Chabot, F., Vert, M, Chapelle, S. & Granger, P., Polymer, 24 (1983) 53.
48. Kricheldorf, H. & Boettcher, C, Makromol. Chem., 194, (1993) 1653.
49. Schwach, G., Coudane, J., Engel, R. & Vert, M, Polym. Bull, 32 (1994) 617.
50. lida, M., Araki, T., Teranishi, K. & Tani, H., Macromolecules, 10 (1977) 275.
51. Bloembergen, S., Holden, D. A., Bluhm, T. L., Hamer, G. K. & Marchessault, R. H., Macromolecules, 22 (1989) 1656.
52. Hocking, P. J. & Marchessault, R. H., Polym. Bull, 30 (1993) 163.
53. Hori, Y., Gonda, Y., Yamaguchi, A. & Hagiwara, T, Can. J. Macrobiol, 41(S1) (1995) 282.
54. Kobayashi, T., Yamaguchi, A., Hagiwara, T. & Hori, Y., Polymer, 36 (1995) 4707.
55. Hori, Y., Gonda, Y., Takahashi, Y., & Hagiwara, T., Macromolecules, 29 (1996) 804.
56. Kricheldorf, H. R. & Eggerstedt, S, Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 5693.
57. Hirt, T. D., Neuenschwander, P. & Suter, U. W., Macromol. Chem. Phys., 197 (1996) 4253.
58. Reeve, M. R., McCarthy, S. P. & Gross, R. A., Macromolecules, 26 (1993) 888.
59. Tsai, H. B., Li, H. C, Chang, S. J. & Yu, H. H., Polym. Bull, 27 (1991) 141.
60. Kricheldorf, H. R. & Kreiser, L, Polymer, 33 (1992) 2817.
61. Vert, M., Brite Euram BRE2-CT92-0205, Contract 5373, Biodegradable Packaging Materials, Synthesis, Modification and Environmental Fate and Impact, 1992.
62. Hirt, T. D., Neuenschwander, P. & Suter, U. W, Macromol. Chem. Phys., 197 (1996) 1609.
63. Dawes, E. A. & Senior, P. J., Adv. Microbiol Physiol, 10 (1973) 135.
64. Poirier, Y., Somerville, C., Schechtman, L. A., Satkowski, M. M. & Noda, I, Int. J. Biol Macromol, 17 (1995) 7.
65. Article in Sunday Times, 23 March 1997, p. 5.
66. Bloembergen, S., Holden, D. A., Hamer, G. K., Bluhm, T. L. & Marchessault, R. H., Macromolecules, 19 (1986) 2865.
67. Chung, Y. J., Cha, H. J., Yeo, J. S. & Yoo, Y. J., J. Ferment. Bioengng., 83 (1997) 492.
68. Doi, Y., Tamaki, A., Kunioka, M. & Soga, K., J. Appl Microbiol. BiotechnoL, 28 (1987) 330.
69. Eschenlauer, A. C., Stoup, S. K., Srienc, F. & Somers, D. A., Int. J. Biol Macromol, 19 (1996) 121.
70. Maness, P. C. & Weaver, P. F., Appl. Biochem. and Biotechnol, 45-46 (1994) 395.
71. Steinbiichel, A., Debzi, E. M., Marchessault, R. H. & Timmins, A., Appl Microbiol Technol, 39 (1993) 443.
72. Steinbiichel, A. & Schmack, G., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3 (1995) 243.
73. Gross, R., DeMello, C. & Lenz, R. W., Macromolecules 22 (1989) 1106.
74. Pères, R. & Lenz, R. W., Polymer, 35 (1994) 1059.
75. De Konig, G., Can. J. Microbiol, 41(S1) (1995) 303.
76. Inoue, Y., Sano, F., Nakamura, K. & Yoshie, N., Polym. Int., 39 (1996) 183.
77. Iwamoto, Y., Satoh, H., Mino, T. & Matsuo, T., Polym. Prepr. Jpn., 43 (1994) 4022.
78. Satoh, H., Mino, T. & Matsuo, T, Water Sei. Technol., 26 (1992) 83,933.
79. Caballero, K. P., Karel, S. F. & Register, R. A., Int. J. Biol Macromol., 17 (1995) 86.
80. Doi, Y., Microbial Polyesters, VCH, New York, 1990.
81. Saito, Y., Nakamura, S., Hiramitsu, M. & Doi, Y., Polym. Int., 39 (1996) 169.
82. Engelhardt, J., Papier, 50 (1996) 701.
83. Seneker, S. D. & Glass, J. E, Adv. Chem. Ser. 248 (1996) 125.
84. Tajima, K., Fujiwara, M., Takai, M. & Hayashi, J., Mokuzai Gakkaishi, 41 (1995) 749.
85. Vanginkel, C. G. & Gayton, S., Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 15 (1996) 270.
86. Ghiya, V. P., Dave, V., Gross, R. A. & McCarthy, S. P., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 33 (1996) 627.
87. Poutanen, K. & Forssell, P., Trends Polym. Sei., 4 (1996) 128.
88. Jane, J., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 32 (1995) 751.
89. Greco, P. & Martuscelli, E., Polymer, 30 (1988) 1475.
90. Scandola, M., Can. J. Microbiol, 41(S1) (1995) 310.
91. Kumagai, Y. & Doi, Y., Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 36 (1992) 241.
92. Verhoogt, H., Ramsay, B. A. & Favis, B. D., Polymer, 35 (1994) 5155.
93. Dave, B., Parikh, M., Reeve, M. S., Gross, R. A. & McCarthy, S. P., Polym. Mater. Sei. Engng., 63 (1990) 726.
94. Choe, S., Cha, Y., Lee, H. S, Yoon, J. S. & Choi, H. J., Polymer, 36 (1995) 4977.
95. Lotti, N., Pizzoli, M., Ceccoruli, G. & Scandola, M., Polymer, 34 (1993) 4935.
96. Finelli, L., Sarti, B. & Scandola, M., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 34 (1997) 13.
97. Kumagai, Y. & Doi, Y., Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 35 (1992) 87.
98. Reeve, M. S., McCarthy, S. P., Downey, M. J. & Gross, R. A., Macromolecules, 27 (1994) 825.
99. Blumm, E. & Owen, A. J., Polymer, 36 (1995) 4077.
100. Jannace, S., Ambrosio, L., Huang, S. J. & Nicolais, L., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 32 (1995) 881.
101. Koyama, N. & Doi, Y., Can. J. Microbiol, 41(S1) (1995) 316.
102. Koyama, N. & Doi, Y., Macromolecules, 29 (1996) 5843.
103. Avella, M., Immirzi, B., Malinconicol, M., Martuscelli, E. & Volpe, M. G., Polym. Int., 39 (1996) 191.
104. Scandola, M., Ceccoruli, G. & Pizzoli, M., Macromolecules, 25 (1992) 6441.
105. Wood, L. A., J. Polym. Sei., 28 (1958) 319.
106. Zhang, L. L, Deng, X. M. & Huang, Z. T., Polymer, 38 (1997) 5379.
107. Ceccoruli, G., Pizzoli, M. & Scandola, M., Macromolecules, 26 (1993) 6722.
108. Tighe, B. J., Amass, A. J. & Yasin, M., Macromol Symp., 123 (1997) 133.
109. Verhoogt, H., St Pierre, N., Truchon, F. S., Ramsay, B. A., Favis, B. D. & Ramsay, J. A., Can. J. Microbiol, 41(S1) (1995) 323.
110. Ramsay, B. A., Langlade, V., Carreau, P. J. & Ramsay, J. A., J. Appl Environ. Microbiol, 59 (1993) 1242.
111. Pearce, R. P. & Marchessault, R. H, Macromolecules, 27 (1994) 3869.
112. Gassner, F. & Owen, A. J., Polym. Int., 39 (1996) 215.
113. (a) Scandola, M., Focarete, M. L., Adamus, G., Sikorska, W, Baranowska, L, Swierczek, S., Gnatowski, M., Kowalczuk, M. & Jedlinski, Z., Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 2568; (b) Scandola, M, Proc. 5th Int. Scientific Workshop on Biodegradable Plastics and Polymers, June 1998.
114. Satoh, H., Yoshie, N. & Inoue, Y., Polymer, 35 (1994) 286.
115. Pearce, R. P., Jedsuason, J., Orts, W. & Marchessault, R. H., Polymer, 33 (1992) 4647.
116. Pearce, R. P. & Marchessault, R. H., Polymer, 35 (1994) 3990.
117. Abe, H., Matsubara, I. & Doi, Y., Macromolecules, 28 (1995) 844.
118. Abe, H., Doi, Y. & Kumagai, Y., Macromolecules, 27 (1994) 6012.
119. Pranamuda, H., Tokiwa, Y. & Tanaka, H., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 4 (1996)1.
120. Nishio, Y., Matsuda, K., Miyashita, Y., Kimura, N. & Suzuki, H., CW/u/ose,4(1997)131.
121. Jacobsen, S. & Fritz, H. G., Polym. Engng. Sei., 36 (1996) 2799.
122. Mayer, J. M., Elion, G. R., Buchanan, C. M, Sullivan, B. K., Pratt, S. D. & Kaplan, D. L., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 32 (1995) 775.
123. Thiebaud, S., Aburto, J, AIric, I, Borredon, E, Bikiaris, D., Prinos, J. & Panayiotou, C., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 65 (1997) 705.
124. Kim. Y. J., Lee, H. M. & Park, O. O., Polym. Engng. Sei., 35 (1995) 1652.
125. Kim, Y. J., Lee, Y. M., Lee, H. M. & Park, O. O., Korean J. Chem. Engng., Il (\994) m.
126. Arvanitoyannis, I., Psomiadou, E., Biliaderis, C. G., Ogawa, H., Kawasaki, N. & Nakayama, A., Starch-Starke, 49 (1997) 306.
127. Nakashima, T. & Matsuo, M., J. Macromol. Sei. Phys. B, 35 (1996) 659.
128. Spyros, A., Agyropoulos, D. S. & Marchessault, R. S., Macromolécules, 30 (1997) 327.
129. Erlandsson, B., Albertsson, A.-C. & Karlsson, S., Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 57 (1997) 15.
130. Gazzano, M, Tmasi, G. & Scandola, M., Macromol. Chem. Phys., 198 (1997) 71.
131. Orts, W. J, Marchessault, R. S. & Bluhm, T. L., Macromolecules, 24 (1991) 6435.
132. Orts, W. J., Vanderhart, D. L., Bluhm, T. L. & Marchessault, R. S., Can. J. Chem-Rev. Can. Chem., 73 (1995) 2094.
133. Scandola, M., Ceccorulli, G., Pizzoli, M. & Gazzano, M., Macromolecules, 25 (1992) 1405.
134. Kemnitzer, J. E., Gross, R. A., McCarthy, S. P., Liggat, J., Blundell, D. J. & Cox, M., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3 (1995) 37.
135. Sobry, R., Van den Bossche, G, Fontaine, F., Barakat, I, Dubois, P. & Jerome. R., J. Mol. Struct., 383 (1996) 63.
136. Vanderhart, D. L., Orts, W. J. & Marchessault, R. H., Macromolecules, 28 (1995) 6394.
137. Hocking, P. J. & Marchessault, R. H., Macromolecules, 28 (1995) 6401.
138. Hocking, P. J, Revol, J. F. & Marchessault, R. H, Macromolecules, 29 (1996) 2467.
139. Pearce, R, Brown, G. R. & Marchessault, R. H., Polymer, 35 (1994) 3984.
140. Lauzier, C., Marchessault, R. H., Smith, P. & Chanzy, H., Polymer, 33 (1992) 823.
141. Miyata, T. & Masuko, T., Polymer, 38 (1997) 4003.
142. Shakesheef, K. M., Davies, M. C, Roberts, C. J., Tendier, S. J. B., Shard, A. G. & Domb, A., Langmuir, 10 (1994) 4417.
143. Shakesheef, K. M., Chen, X. Y., Davies, M. C., Domb, A., Roberts, C. J., Tendier, S. J. B. & Williams, P. M, Langmuir, 11 (1995) 3921.
144. Shakesheef, K. M., Davies, M. C, Domb, A. Roberts, C. J., Tendier, S. J. B. & Williams, P. M., Crit. Rev. Therapeut. Drug Carrier Syst., 13 (1996) 225.
145. Semler, E. J., Tjia, J. S. & Moghe, P. V., Biotechnol. Prog. 13 (1996) 630.
146. Shakesheef, K. M., Evora, C, Soriano, I. & Langer, R., J. Colloid Interface Sei., 185 (1997) 538.
147. Leadley, S. R, Davies, M. C, Vert, M., Braud, C, Paul, A. J., Shard, A. G. & Watts, J. F., Macromolecules, 30 (1997) 6920.
148. Celli, A. & Scandola, M., Polymer, 33 (1992) 2699.
149. Hiljanenvainio, M., Karjalainen, T. & Seppalal, J., J. Appl. Polymer Sei., 59 (1996) 1281.
150. Merloz, P., Minfelde, R., Schelp, C, Lavaste, F., Huetolivier, J., Faure, C. & Butel, J., Rev. Chirurg. Orthoped. Repar. Appar. Moteur, SI (1995) 433.
151. Marcato, B., Paganetto, G. Ferrara, G. & Cecchin, G., J. Chromatogr. B, 682 (1996) 147.
152. Nedea, M. E., Morin, F. G. & Marchessalut, R. H., Polym. Bull, 26 (1991) 549.
153. Wang, G. B., San terre, J. P. & Labow, R. S-, J. Chromatogr. B, 698 (1997) 69. '-.
154. Shih, C, Pharmaceut. Res., 12 (1995) 2036.
155. Karlsson, S. & Albertsson, A.-C., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 32 (1995) 599.
156. Shih, C, Waldron, N. & Zentner, G. M., J. Controlled Release, 38 (1996) 69.
157. Foster, L. J. R. & Tighe, B. J., Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 341.
158. Wasserbauer, R, Beranova, M., Vancurova, D. & Dolezel, B., Biomaterials, 11 (1990) 36.
159. Ali, S. A. M., Doherty, P. J. & Williams, D. F., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 51 (1994) 1389.
160. Albertsson, A.-C., Andersson, S. O. & Karlsson, S., Polym. Degrad. Stabil, IS (1987) 73.
161. Albertsson, A.-C., Barenstedt, C. & Karlsson, S., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 51 (1994) 1097.
162. Oh take, Y., Kobayashi, T., Asabe, H., Yabuki, M, Murakami, N. & Ono, K., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 56 (1995) 1789.
163. Ohtake, Y., Kobayashi, T., Asabe, H., Yabuki, M., Murakami, N. & Ono, K., Nippon Kagaku Kaishi, 10 (1996) 853.
164. Weiland, M., Daro, A. & David, C, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 48 (1995) 275.
165. Day, M., Shaw, K., Cooney, D., Watts, J. & Harrigan, B., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 5 (1997) 137.
166. Karlsson, S., Ljungquist, O. & Albertsson, A.-C., Polym. Degrad. Stabil, 21 (1988) 237.
167. Vallini, G., Corti, A., Pera, A., Solaro, R., Cioni, F. & Chiellini, E., J. Gen. Appl Microbiol, 40 (1994) 445.
168. Yoon, B. S., Suh, M. H., Cheong, S. H., Yie, J., Yoon, S. H. & Lee, S. H., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 60 (1996) 1677.
169. Collett, J. H., Lim, L. Y. & Gould, P. L., Polym. Prepr. 30 (1989) 468.
170. Mitomo, H., Watanabe, Y., Yoshii, F. & Makuuchi, K., Radiât. Phys. Chem., 46 (1995) 233.
171. Reeve, M. S., McCarthy, S. P., Downey, M. J. & Gross, R. A., Macromolecules, 27 (1994) 825.
172. Chu, C. C, J. Appl Polym. Res., 15 (1981) 1727.
173. Vonrecum, H. A., Cleek, R. L., Eskin, S. G. & Mokos, A. G., Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 441.
174. Tsuji, H. & Ikada, Y., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 63 (1997) 855.
175. Grizzi, I., Garreau, H, Li, S. & Vert, M., Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 305.
176. Park, T. G., Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 1123.
177. Cam, D., Hyon, S. H. & Ikada, Y., Biomaterials, 16 (1995) 833.
178. Hu, D. S. G. & Liu, H. J, J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 51 (1994) 473.
179. Torres, A., Li, S. M., Roussos, S. & Vert, M., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 4 (1996) 213.
180. Otal, E, Mantzavinos, D., Delgado, M. V., Hellendbrand, R., Lebrato, J., Metcalfe, I. S. & Livingston, A. G., J. Chem. Technol Biotechnol, 70 (1997) 147.
181. Kawai, F., Macromol Symp., 123 (1997) 177.
182. Penco, M., Marcioni, S., Ferruti, P., Dantone, S. & Deghenghi, R., Biomaterials, 17 (1996) 1583.
183. Product Information, Solvay Interox Ltd, Warrington (1997).
184. Goldberg, D., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3 (1995) 61.
185. Lefebvre, F., Daro, A. & David, C, J. Macromol. Sei. A, 32 (1995) 867.
186. Koenig, M. F. & Huang, S. J, Polym. Degrad. Stabil., 45 (1994) 139.
187. Classer, W. G., McCartney, B. K. & Samaranayake, G, Biotechnol. Prag., 10 (1994) 214.
188. Gardner, R. M., Buchanan, C. M., Komarek, R., Dorschel, D., Boggs, C. & White, A. W., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 52 (1994) 1477.
189. Buchanan, C. M., Dorschel, D., Gardner, R. M., Komarek, R. & White, A. W., J. MAcromol Sei. A, 32 (1995) 683.
190. Gross, R. A., Gu, J. D, Eberiel, D. & McCarthy, S. P., J. Macromol. Sei. A, 32 (1995) 613.
191. Mino, T., Sanpedro, D. C. & Matsuo, T., Water Sei. Technol., 31 (1995) 95.
192. Vikman, M., Itavaara, M. & Poutanen, K., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3 (1995) 23.
193. Koenig, M. F. & Huang, S. J., Polymer, 36 (1995) 1877.
194. Bastioli, C., Ceruti, A., Guanella, I., Romano, G. C. & Tosin, M., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3 (1995) 81.
195. Kim, I. B., Lee, M. C, Seo, I. S. & Shin, P. K., Polymer-Korea, 19 (1995) 727.
196. Nakayama, K., Saito, T., Fukui, T., Shirakura, Y. & Tomita, K., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 827 (1985) 63.
197. Shirakura, Y., Fukui, T., Saito, T., Okatamoto, Y., Narikawa, T., Koide, K., Tomita, K., Takemasa, T. & Masamune, S., Biochim. Phys. Acta, 880 (1986) 46.
198. Doi, Y., Kanesawa, Y., Kunioka, M. & Saito, T., Macromolecules, 23 (1990) 26.
199. Eldsäter, C, Albertsson, A.-C. & Karlsson, S., Acta Polymerica, 48 (1997) 478.
200. Nobes, G. A, Marchessault, R. H., Chanzy, H., Briese, B. H. & Jendrossek, D., Macromolecules, 29 (1996) 8330.
201. Hocking, P. J., Marchessault, R. H., Timmins, M. R., Lenz, R. W. & Fuller, R. C, Macroinokcules, 29 (1996) 2472.
202. Knowles, J. C. & Hastings, G. W, Biotnaterials, 12 (1991) 210.
203. Margaert, J., Webb, A. Andersson, C., Wouters, A. & Swings, J., J. Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 50 (1993) 3233.
204. Gilmore, D. F., Antoun, S., Lenz, R. W. & Fuller, R. C., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 1 (1993) 269.
205. Abe, H. & Doi, Y., Macromolecules, 29 (1996) 8683.
206. Timmins, M. R, Lenz, R. W., Hocking, P. J., Marchessault, R. H. & Fuller, R. C., Macromol Chem. Phys., 197 (1996) 1193.
207. Seal, K. J., Chemistry and Technology of Biodegradable Polymers, Blackie, Glasgow, Chap. 6,1994, p. 116.
208. Itavaara, M. & Vikman, M., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 4 (1996) 29.
209. Itavaara, M. & Vikman, M., Chemosphere, 31 (1995) 4359.
210. Puechner, P., Mueller, W. & Bardtke, D., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3 (1995) 133.
211. Margaert, J., Anderson, C, Wouters, A. & Swings, J., Can. J. Microbiol., 41(S1) (1995) 154.
212. Mayer, J. M., Kaplan, D. L., Stole, R. E, Dixon, K. L., Shupe, A. E., Alien, A. L. & McCassie, J. E., ACS Symp. Ser. 627 (1996) 159.
213. Pettigrew, C. A., Rece, G. A., Smith, M. C. & King, L. W., J. Macromol. Sei. A, (1995) 32 811.
214. Urstadt, S., Augusta, J, Muller, R. J. & Deckwer, W. D., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 3 (1995) 121.
215. Spitzer, B., Mende, C, Menner, M. & Luck, T., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 4 (1996) 157.
216. David, C, Dekesel, C, Lefebvre, F. & Weiland, M, Angew. Makromol. Chem. 216 (1994) 21.
217. Pagga, U., Beimborn, D. B, Boelens, J. & Dewilde, B., Chemosphere, 31 (1995) 4475.
218. Yue, C. L., Gross, R. A. & McCarthy, S. P., Polym. Degrad. Stabil, 51 (1996) 205.
219. Itavaara, M., Vikman, M. & Venelampi, O., Compost Sei. Util, S (1997) 84.
220. Chaput, C, Assad, M., Yahia, L. H., Rivard, C. H. & Selmani, A., Biomater.-Living Syst. Interact., 3 (1995) 29.
221. Dang, M. H., Birchler, F., Rufiïeux, K. & Wintermantel, E., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 4 (1996) 197.
222. Dang, M. H., Birchler, F. & Wintermantel, E., J. Environ. Polym. Degrad., 5 (1997) 49.
223. Saad, B., Keiser, O. M., Welti, M., Uhlschmid, G. K. & Neuenschwander, P., J. Mater. Sei.-Mater. Med., 8 (1997) 497.
224. Mooney, D. J., Organ, G., Vacanti, J. P. & Langer, R., Cell Transplant., 3 (1994) 203.
225. Chaput, C, Yahia, L. H., Landry, D., Rivard, C. H. & Selmani, A., Biomater.-Living Syst. Interact., 3 (1995) 19.
226. Mooney, D. J., Baldwin, D. F., Suh, N. P., Vacanti, L. P. & Langer, R., Biomaterials, 17 (1996) 1417.
227. Schugens, C, Maquet, V., Grandfils, C, Jerome, R. & Teyssie, P., Polymer, 37 (1996) 1027.
228. Schugens, C, Maquet, V., Grandfils, C, Jerome, R. & Teyssie, P., J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 30 (1996) 449.
229. DeGroot, J. H, Kuijper, H. W. & Pennings, A. J., J. Mater. Sei-Mater. Med. 8 (1997) 707.
230. Panagiotopoulos, E., Dauner, M, Missirlis, Y., Caramaro, L. & Flank, H., Acta Orthopaed. Scand. 68(5275) (1997) 119.
231. Ramchandani, M., Pankaskie, M. & Robinson, D, J. Controlled Release, 43 (1997) 161.
232. Okada, H., Yomamoto, M., Heya, T., Inoue, Y., Kamei, S., Ogawa, Y. & Toguchi, H., J. Controlled Drug Release, 28 (1994) 121.
233. Huatan, H., Collett, J. H. & Atwood, D, J. Microencapsul., 12 (1995) 557.
234. Mehta, R. C, Thanoo, B. C. & Deluca, P. P., J. Controlled Drug Release, 41 (1996) 249.
235. O'Donneli, P. B. & McGinty, J. W., J. Microencapsul. 13 (1996) 667.
236. Rafler, G. & Jobmann, M., Pharmazeut. Ind., 59 (1997) 620.
237. Li, X. W., Xiao, J., Deng, X. M., Li, X. Y., Wang, H. L, Jia, W. X., Zhang, W. B., Men. L., Yang, Y. & Zheng, Z. H., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 66 (1997) 583.
238. Matsumoto, A., Matsukawa, Y., Suzuki, T., Yoshino, H. & Kobayashi, M., J. Controlled Drug Release, 48 (1997) 19.
239. Pettit, D. K., Lawter, J. R., Huang, W. J., Pankey, S. C. & Nightlinger, N. S, Pharmaceut. Res. 14 (1997) 1422.
240. Ogawa, Y., J. Biomater. Sd.-Polym. Ed., 8 (1997) 391.
241. Coombes, A. G. A., Tasker, S., Lindblad, M., Holmgren, J., Hoste, K., Toncheva, V., Schacht, E, Davies, M. C., Illum, L. & Davis, S. S., Biomateriah, 18 (1997) 1153.
242. Atkins, T. W., Biomateriah, 18 (1997) 173.
243. Atkins, T. W., J. Biomater. Sci.-Polym. Ed., S (1997) 833.
244. Stainmesse, S., Orecchioni, A. M., Nakache, E, Puisieux, F. & Fessi, H., Colloid Polym. Sei., 273 (1995) 505.
245. Stolnik, S., Garnett, M. C, Davies, M. C, Illum, L., Bousta, M., Vert, M. & Davis, S. S., Colloids Surf. A, 97 (1995) 235.
246. Massen, V., Maurin, F., Devissaguet, J. P. & Fessi, H., Int. J. Pharmaceut. 139 (1996) 113.
247. QuintanarGuerroro, D., Allemann, E., Doelker, E. & Fessi, H., Colloid Polym. Sei., 275 (1997) 640.
248. Westensen, K., Bunjes, H. & Koch, M. H. J., J. Controlled Drug Release, 48 (1997) 223.
249. Song, C. X., Labhasetwar, V., Murphy, H., Qu, Z., Humphrey, W. R., Shebuski, R. J. & Levy, R. J., J. Controlled Drug Release, 43 (1997) 197.
250. Molpeceres, J., Aberturas, M. R., Chacon, M., Berges, L. & Guzman, M., J. Microencapsul, 14 (1997) 777.
251. Gref, R., Minamitake, Y., Peracchia, M. T., Trubetskoy, V., Torchelin, V. & Langer, R., Science, 263 (1994) 1600.
252. Maruyama, A., Ishihara, T., Kim, J. S. Kim, S. W. & Akaike, T., Bioconjugate Chem., 8 (1997) 735.
253. Rodgers, E. S., Elliott, C. T., Po, A. L. W., Mackie, D. P., Scott, E. M. & Kreuter, J., Food Agric. Immunol, 9 (1997) 159.
254. Prasad, M. P. & Kalyanasundaram, M., J. Controlled Drug Release, 27 (1993) 219.
255. Alonso, M. J, Gupta, R. K., Min, C, Siber, G. R. & Langer, R., Vaccine, 12 (1994) 299.
256. Ohura, Y. & Kimura, H., Surv. Ophthalmol, 39(S1) (1995) S17.
257. Sah, H. & Chien, Y. W., J. Appl. Polym. Sei., 58 (1995) 197.
258. Sah, H., Toddywala, R. & Chien, Y. W., J. Controlled Drug Release, 35 (1995) 131.
259. Gursel, I. & Hasirci, V., J. Microencapsul, 12 (1995) 185.
260. Jameela, S. R., Suma, N., Misra, A. & Raghuvanshi, R., Curr. Sei., 70(1996)669.
261. Atkins, T. W. & Peacock, S. J., J. Biomater. Sci.-Polym. Ed., 7 (1996) 1065.
262. Atkins, T. W. & Peacock, S. J., J. Microencapusl, 13 (1996) 709.
263. Huang, Y. Y., Chung, T. W. & Tzeng, T. W., Int. J. Pharmaceut., 156 (1997) 9.
264. Hampl, J., Pokorova, D, Franz, J., Dittrich, M. & Stepanek, J, Int. J. Pharmaceut., 155 (1997) 19.
265. Cleek, R. L., Ting, K. C, Eskin, S. G. & Mikos, A. G., J. Controlled Release, 48 (1997) 259.
266. Mader, K., Bacic, G., Domb, A., Elmalak, O. & Swartz, H. M., J. Pharmaceut. Sei., 86 (1997) 126.
267. Hashizoe, M., Ogura, Y., Takanashi, T., Kunou, N., Honda, Y. & Ikada, Y., Curr. Eye Res. 16 (1997) 633.
268. Conti, B., Bucolo, C., Giannayola, C, Puglisi, G., Giunchedi, P. & Conte, U., European J. Pharmaceut. Sei., 85 (1997) 287.
269. Conway, B. R., Eyles, J. E. & Alpar, H. O., J. Controlled Release, 49 (1997) 1.
270. Laçasse, F. X., Hildgen, P., Perodin, J., Escher, E., Phillips, N. C. & McMullen, J. N., Pharmaceut. Res., 14 (1997) 887.
271. O'Hagan, D. T., Jeffery, H. & Davis, S. S., Int. J. Pharmaceut., 103 (1994) 37.
272. Chiu, L. K., Chiu, W. J. & Cheng, Y. L., Int. J. Pharmaceut., 126 (1995) 169.
273. Atkins, T. W. & Peacock, S. J., J. Biomater. Sci.-Polym. Ed., 7 (1996) 1075.
274. Grandfils, C, Flandroy, P. & Jerome, R., J. Controlled Release, 38 (1996) 109.
275. Kamijo, A., Kamei, S., Sailawa, A. & Igari, Y., J. Controlled Release, 40 (1996) 269.
276. Saad, B., Ciardelli, G., Matter, S., Welti, M., Uhlschmid, G. K., Neuenschwander, P. & Suter, U. W., J. Mater. Sei.-Mater. Med., 7 (1996) 56.
277. Atkins, T. W. & Peacock, S. J., J. Microencapsul., 14 (1997) 35.
278. Mikos, A. G., Lyman, M. D, Freed, L. E. & Langer, R., Biomaterials, 15 (1994) 55.
279. Mikos, A. G., Thorsen, A. J., Czerwonka, L. A., Bao, Y., Langer, R. & Winslow, D. N., Polymer, 35 (1994) 1068.
280. Wake, M. C., Gupta, P. K. & Mikos, A. G., Cell Transplant., 5 (1996) 465.
281. Man, D. K. & Hubbell, J. A., Macromolectiles, 30 (1997) 6077.
282. Beaumer, G. J., VanBIitterswijk, C. A. & Ponec, M., J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 28 (1994) 545.
283. Jürgens, C, Porte, T., Woher, D, Schmidt, H. G. K., Kricheldorf, H. R. & Kreisersaunders, I, Unfallchirurg, 98 (1995) 233.
284. Winteraitz, C. L, Jackson, J. K., Oktaba, A. M. & Burt, H. M, Pharmaceut. Res., 13 (1996) 368.
285. Zhang, X. C, Jackson, J. K., Wong, W., Min, W. X., Cruz, T., Hunter, W. L. & Burt, H. M., Int. J. Pharmaceut., 137 (1996) 199.