Polymer synthesis by in vitro enzyme catalysis

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 101, Issue 7, 2001, Pages 2097-2124

  Gross, Richard A ^a   Kumar, Ajay ^a   Kalra, Bhanu ^a  

^a POLYTECHNIC UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

LACTONES;

CONDENSATION; ENZYMES; MONOMERS; RING OPENING POLYMERIZATION; SOLVENTS; SYNTHESIS (CHEMICAL); THERMAL EFFECTS;

CATALYSIS;

ENZYME; POLYMER; TRIACYLGLYCEROL LIPASE;

CATALYSIS; CHEMISTRY; KINETICS; REVIEW; SYNTHESIS;

CATALYSIS; ENZYMES; KINETICS; LIPASE; POLYMERS;

EID: 0035385138     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr0002590     Document Type: Review

References (180)

1. Svirkin, Y.Y.; Xu, J.; Gross, R.A.; Kaplan, D.L.; Swift, G. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 4591.
2. Kobayashi, S.; Kashiwa, K.; Kawasaki, T.; Shoda, S.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 3079.
3. Martin, B.D.; Ampofo, S.A.; Linhardt, R.J.; Dordick, J.S. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 7081.
4. Gross, R.A., Kaplan, D.L., Swift, G., Eds. Enzymes in Polymer Synthesis; ACS Symposium Series 684; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998.
5. Gutman, A.L.; Zuobi, K.; Bravdo, T.J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 3546.
6. Gutman, A.L.; Zuobi, K.; Boltansky, A. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 3861.
7. Gutman, A.L.; Oren, D.; Boltanski, T.; Bravdo, T. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 5367.
8. Kobayashi, S.; Uyama, H.; Namekawa, S. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1998, 59, 195.
9. Hmamouchi, M.; Prud'homme, R.J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. Ed. 1991, 29, 1281.
10. Carriere, F.; Eisenbach, C.; Schulz, G.V. Makromol. Chem. 1981, 182, 325.
11. D'hondt, C.; Lenz, R.W. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 1978, 16, 261.
12. Grenier, D.; Prud'homme, R.E. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 1981, 19, 1781.
13. Cheng, M.; Attygalle, A.B.; Lobkovsky, E.B.; Coates, G.W.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 11583.
14. Cheng, M.; Ovit, T.M.; Hustad, P.D.; Coates, G.W. Polym. Preprint 1999, 40 (1), 542.
15. Hmamouchi, M.; Prud'homme, R.E. J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Chem. Ed. 1988, 26, 1593.
16. Therisod, M.; Klibanov, A.M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 5638.
17. Therisod, M.; Klibanov, A.M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 3977.
18. Riva, S.; Secundo, F. Chim. Oggi 1990, 6, 9.
19. Drueckhammer, D.G.; Hennen, W.G.; Pederson, R.L.; Barbas, C.F., III; Gautheron, C.M.; Krach, T.; Wong, C.H. Synthesis 1991, 499.
20. Moye, C.J. Adv. Carbohydr. Chem. Biochem. 1972, 27, 85.
21. Wang, Y.F.; Lalonde, J.J.; Momongan, M.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7200.
22. Kitagawa, M.; Tokiwa, Y.J. Carbohydr. Chem. 1998, 17, 343.
23. Ikeda, I.; Klibanov, A.M.; Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 42, 788.
24. Sharma, A.; Chattopadhyay, S. Biotechnol. Lett. 1993, 15, 1145.
25. Oosterom, M.W.; Rantwijk, F.V.; Sheldon, R.A. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1996, 49, 328.
26. Adelhorst, K.; Bjorkling, F.; Godtfredsen, S.E.; Kirk, O. Synthesis 1990, 112.
27. Andresen, O.; Kirk, O. In Carbohydrate Bioengineering; Petersen, S.B., Svensson, B., Pedersen, S., Eds.; Elsevier: Elsinore, Denmark, 1995; p 343.
28. MacDonald, R.T.; Pulapura, S.K.; Svirkin, Y.Y.; Gross, R.A.; Kaplan, D.L.; Akkara, J.; Swift, G.; Wolk, S. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 73.
29. Henderson, L.A.; Svirkin, Y.Y.; Gross, R.A.; Kapaln, D.L.; Swift, G. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 7759.
30. Bisht, K.S.; Deng, F.; Gross, R.A.; Kaplan, D.L.; Swift, G.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 1363.
31. Shibatani, S.; Kitagawa, M.; Tokiwa, Y. Biotechnol. Lett. 1997, 19, 511.
32. Kitagawa, M.; Tokiwa, Y. Carbohydr. Lett. 1997, 2, 893.
33. Tokiwa, Y.; Kitagawa, M.; Fan, H.; Raku, T.; Hiraguri, Y.; Shibatani, S.; Kurane, R. Biotechnol. Tech. 1999, 13, 173.
34. Kitagawa, M.; Fan, H.; Raku, T.; Kurane, R.; Tokiwa, Y. Biotechnol. Lett. 2000, 22, 883.
35. Bisht, K.S.; Waterson, A.C.; Gross, R.A. PMSE 1998, 97, 246.
36. Asmer, H.J.; Lang, S.; Wagner, F.; Vray, V.J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 1988, 65, 1460.
37. Patil, D.R.; Dordick, J.S.; Rethwisch, D.G. Macromolecules 1991, 24, 3462.
38. Pavel, K.; Ritter, H. In Enzymes in Polymer Synthesis; Gross, R.A., Kaplan, D.L., Swift, G., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1996; p 200.
39. Pavel, K.; Ritter, H. Makromol. Chem. 1991, 192, 1941.
40. Geyer, U.; Klemm, D.; Pavel, K.; Ritter, H. Makromol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 1995, 6, 337.
41. Namekawa, S.; Suda, S.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1999, 25, 145.
42. Cordova, A.; Iversen, T.; Hult, K. Polymer 1999, 40, 6709.
43. Knani, D.; Gutman, A.L.; Kohn, D.H. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 1221.
44. Knani, D.; Kohn, D.H. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1993, 31, 2887.
45. O'Hagan, D.; Zaidi, N.A. J. Chem. Soc, Perkin Trans. I. 1993, 2389.
46. O'Hagan, D.; Zaidi, N.A. Polymer 1994, 35, 3576.
47. Okumara, S.; Iwai, M.; Tominaga, Y. Agric. Biol. Chem. 1984, 48, 2805.
48. Magolin, A.L.; Creene, J.Y.; Klibanov, A.M. Tetrahedron Lett. 1987, 28, 1607.
49. Wallace, J.S.; Morrow, C.J. J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1989, 27, 3271.
50. Morrow, C.J.; Wallace, J.S. U.S. Patent 5,147,791; September 15, 1992, p 993.
51. Linko, Y.-Y.; Wang, Z.-L.; Seppala, J.J. Biotechnol. 1995, 40, 133.
52. Linko, Y.-Y.; Wang, Z.-L.; Seppala, J. Enzymol. Microb. Technol. 1995, 17, 506.
53. Linko, Y.-Y.; Lamsa, M.; Wu, X.; Uosukanum, E.; Seppala, J.; Linko, P.J. Biotechnol. 1998, 66, 41.
54. Uyama, H.; Inada, K.; Kobayashi, S. Polym. J. 2000, 32, 440.
55. Binns, F.; Harffey, P.; Roberts, S.M.; Taylor, A.J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1998, 36, 2069.
56. Wang, Y.F.; Lalonde, J.J.; Momongan, M.; Bergbreitter, D.E.; Wong, C.H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 7200.
57. Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Chem Lett. 1994, 1687.
58. Uyama, H.; Shigeru, Y.; Kobayashi, S. Polym. J. 1999, 31, 380.
59. Chaudhary, A.K.; Lopez, J.; Beckman, E.J.; Russell, A.J. Biotechnol. Prog. 1997, 13, 318.
60. Chaudhary, A.K.; Beckman, E.J.; Russell, A.J. AIChE J. 1998, 44, 753.
61. Rodney, R.L.; Allinson, B.T.; Beckman, E.J.; Russell, A.J. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1999, 65, 485.
62. Mesiano, A.J.; Beckman, E.J.; Russell, A.J. Biotechnol. Prog. 2000, 16, 64.
63. Patil, D.R.; Rethwisch, D.G.; Dordick, J.S. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1991, 37, 639.
64. Dordick, J.S.; Martin, B.; Linhardt, R.J. U. S. Patent 5,474,915; December 12, 1995.
65. Athavale, V.D.; Gaonkar, S.R. Biotechnol. Lett. 1994, 16, 149.
66. Jedlinski, Z.; Kowalczuk, M.; Adamus, G.; Sikorska, W.; Rydz, J. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1999, 25, 247.
67. Kitagawa, M.; Tokiwa, Y. Biotechnol. Lett. 1998, 20, 627.
68. Rodney, R.L.; Stagno, J.L.; Beckman, E.J.; Russel, A.J. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1999, 62, 259.
69. Kline, B.J.; Beckman, E.J.; Russell, A.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 9475.
70. Geresh, S.; Gilboa, Y. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1990, 31,270.
71. Binns, F.; Roberts, S.M.; Taylor, A.; Williams, C.F. J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1993, 1,899.
72. Morrow, C.J. MRS Bull. 1992, November.
73. Chaudhary, A.K.; Beckman, E.J.; Russel, A.J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 3728.
74. Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Chem. Lett. 1993, 1149.
75. Kumar, A.; Gross, R.A. Biomacromolecules 2000, 1, 133.
76. Xu, J.; Gross, R.A.; Kaplan, D.L.; Swift, G. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 4582.
77. Nobes, G.A.R.; Kazalauskas, R.J.; Marchessault, R.H. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 4829.
78. Uyama, H.; Kikuchi, H.; Takeya, K.; Kobayashi, S. Acta Polym. 1996, 47, 357.
79. Uyama, H.; Kikuchi, H.; Takeya, K.; Kobayashi, S. Bull Chem. Soc., Jpn. 1995, 68, 56.
80. Bisht, K.S.; Henderson, L.A.; Gross, R.A.; Kapaln, D.L.; Swift, G. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 2705.
81. (a) Kumar, A.; Kalra, B.; Dekhterman, A.; Gross, R.A. Macromolecules 2000, 33, 6303.
82. (b) Kumar, A.; Kalra, B.; Dekhterman, A.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41 (2), 1832.
83. Matsumura, S.; Beppu, H.; Tsukuda, K.; Toshima, K. Biotechnol. Lett. 1996, 18, 1041.
84. Kobayashi, S.; Uyama, H.; Namekawa, S.; Hayakawa, H. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 5655.
85. Uyama, H.; Takeya, K.; Hoshi, N.; Kobayashi, S. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 7046.
86. Dong, H.; Wang, H.-D.; Cao, S.-G.; Shen, J.-C. Biotechnol Lett. 1998, 20, 905.
87. Matsmura, S.; Beppu, H.; Nakamura, K.; Osanai, S.; Toshima, K. Chem. Lett. 1996, 795.
88. Kullmer, K.; Kikuchi, H.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1998, 19, 127.
89. Nishida, H.; Yamashita, M.; Nagashima, M.; Endo, T.; Tokiwa, Y.J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Chem. 2000, 38, 1560.
90. Deng, F.; Gross, R.A. Int. J. Biomol. 1999, 25, 153.
91. Dubois, Ph.; Degee, Ph.; Jerome, R.; Teyssie, Ph. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 2614.
92. Nomura, R.; Ueno, A.; Endo, T. Macromolecules 1994, 27, 620.
93. Bisht, K.S.; Svirkin, Y.Y.; Henderson, L.A.; Gross, R.A.; Kapaln, D.L.; Swift, G. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 7735.
94. Al-Azemi, T.F.; Bisht, K.S. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 6536.
95. Kobayashi, S,; Kikuchi, H.; Uyama.H. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1997, 18, 575.
96. Matsumura, S.; Tsukada, K.; Toshima, K. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 3122.
97. Namekawa, S.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Polym. J. 1996, 28, 730.
98. Matsumura, S.; Tsukada, K.; Toshima, K. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 1999, 25, 161.
99. Al-Azemi, T.F.; Harmon, J.P.; Bisht, K.S. Biomacromolecules 2000, 1 (3), 493.
100. (a) Kumar, A.; Garg, K.; Gao, W.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41 (2), 1830.
101. Kumar, A.; Garg, K.; Gross, R.A. Macromolecules 2001, 34, 3527.
102. Mahapatro, A.; Kumar, A.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41 (2), 1826.
103. Zacchigna, M.; Luca, G.D.; Lassiani, L.; Varnavas, A.; Boccu, E. IL Farmaco 1998, 53, 758.
104. Dong, H.; Gui, C.-S.; Li, Z.-Q.; Han, S.P.; You, D.L.; Shen, J.C.J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1999, 37, 1265.
105. Mei, Y.; Kumar, A.; Gross, R.A. Submitted for publication to J. Am. Chem. Soc.
106. Matsumuto, M.; Odachi, D.; Kondo, K. Biochem. Bioeng. J. 1999, 4, 73.
107. Takahashi, K.; Saito, Y.; Inada, Y.J. Am. Oil. Chem. Sci. 1988, 65 (6), 911.
108. Okahata, Y.; Ijiro, K.J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1988, 1392.
109. Tsuzuki, W.; Okahata, Y.; Katayama, O.; Suzuki, T.J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1 1991, 1245.
110. Tsuzuki, W.; Sasaki, T.; Suzuki, T.J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 2 1991, 1851.
111. Goto, M.; Kameyama, H.; Miyata, M.; Nakashio, F.J. Chem. Eng. Jpn. 1993, 26, 109.
112. Goto, M.; Kamiya, N.; Miyata, M.; Nakashio, F. Biotechnol. Prog. 1994, 10, 263.
113. Okahata, Y.; Ijiro, K. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1992, 65, 2411.
114. Kline, B.J.; Lele, S.; Beckman, E.J.; Russel, A.J. Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 2001, 47 (2), 489.
115. Shuai, X.; Jedlinski, Z.; Kowalczuk, M.; Rydz, J.; Tan, H. Eur. Polym. J. 1999, 35, 721.
116. Kobayashi, S.; Takeya, K.; Suda, S.; Uyama, H. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1998, 199, 1729.
117. Deng, F.; Bisht, K.S.; Gross, R.A.; Kaplan, D.L. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 5159.
118. Cordova A.; Iversen, T.; Hult, K. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1040.
119. Matsumura, S.; Suzuki, Y.; Tsukada, K.; Toshima, K.; Del, Y.; Kasuya, K.-I. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 6444.
120. Li, J.; Xie, W.; Cheng, H.N.; Nickel, R.G.; Wang, P.G. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 2789.
121. Chaudhary, A.K.; Beckman, E.J.; Russell, A.J. In Enzymes in Polymer Synthesis; Gross, R.A., Kaplan, D.L., Swift, G., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 684; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998.
122. Zaks, A.; Klibanov, A.M. J. Biol. Chem. 1988, 263, 17,8017.
123. Reetz, M.T.; Zonta, A.; Simplelkamp, J.; Rufinska, A.; Tesche, B.J. Sol-Gel Sci. Technol. 1996, 7, 35.
124. Otero, C.; Robledo, L.; Alcantara, A.R. J Mol. Catal. B: Enzymatic 1 1995, 23.
125. Okahata, Y.; Fujimoto, F.; Ijiro, K. Tetrahedron Lett. 1988, 29, 5133.
126. Noda, S.; Kamiya, N.; Gore, M.; Nakashio, F. Biotechnol. Lett. 1997, 19, 307.
127. Bruno, F.F.; Dordick, J.S.; Kaplan, D.L.; Akkara, J. In Enzymes in Polymer Synthesis; Gross, R.A., Kaplan, D.L., Swift, G., Eds.; ACS Symposium Series 684; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 1998.
128. Bruno, F.F.; Akkara, J.A.; Ayyagari, M.; Kaplan, D.L.; Gross, R.A.; Swift, G.; Dordick, J.S. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 8881.
129. Uyama, H.; Suda, S.; Kikuchi, H.; Kobayashi, S. Chem. Lett. 1997, 1109.
130. Martinelle, M.; Holmquist, M.; Hulk, K. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1995, 1258, 272.
131. Henderson, L.A. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 1998.
132. Henderson, L.; Gross, R.A. Polymers from Renewable Resources Biopolyester and Biocatalysis; ACS Symposium Series 764; American Chemical Society: Washington, DC, 2000.
133. Santaniello, E.; Ferraboschi, P.; Grisenti, P.; Manzocchi, A. Chem. Rev. 1992, 92, 1.
134. Kumar, A.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preptrint 2900, 41 (2), 1863.
135. Kumar, A.; Gross, R.A. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2000, 122, 11767.
136. Bankova, M.; Kumar, A.; Gross, R.A.; Impallomeni, G.; Ballistreri, A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41(2), 1822.
137. Cordova, A.; Iversen, T.; Hult, K. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1040.
138. Cardova, A.; Hult, A.; Hult, K.; Ihre, H.; Iversen,T.; Malmstrom, E. J. Am. Chem. Sec. 1998, 118, 13521.
139. Ihre, H.; Hult, A.; Soderlind, E. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6388.
140. Trollsas, M.; Hedrick, J.L.; Mcerreys, D.; Dubois, P.; Jerome, R.; Ihre, H.; Hult, A. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 8508.
141. Uyama, H.; Kurioka, H.; Kaneko, I.; Kobayashi, S. Chem. Lett. 1994, 423.
142. Uyama, H.; Kurioka, H.; Sugihara, J.; Kobayashi, S. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 1996, 69, 189.
143. Akkara, J.A.; Senecal, K.J.; Kaplan, D.L.J. Polym. Sci. Part A: Polym. Chem. 1991, 29, 1561.
144. Dordick, J.; Marletta, M.A.; Klibanov, A.M. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1987, 30, 31.
145. Uyama, H.; Kurioka, H.; Komatsu, I.; Sugihara, J.; Kobayashi, S. Macromol. Rep. A 1995, 32, 649.
146. Mita, N.; Oguchi, T.; Tawaki, S.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41 (1), 223.
147. Johnson-Ruttimann, C.; Lamar, R.T. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1996, 62, 3890.
148. Xu, Y.-P.; Huang, G.-L.; Yu, Y.-T. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1995, 47, 117.
149. Rao, A.M.; John, V.T.; Gonzalez, R.D.; Akkara, J.A.; Kaplan, D.L.; Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1993, 41, 531.
150. Kurioka, H.; Komatsu, I.; Sugihara, J.; Kobayashi, S. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 15, 507.
151. Tonami, H.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S.; Fujita, T.; Taguchi, Y.; Osada, K. Biomacromolecules 2000, 2, 149.
152. Uyama, H.; Kurioka, H.N.; Kobayashi, S. Colloids Surf. A: Physiochem. Eng. Aspects 1999, 153, 189.
153. Sarma, R.; Alva, K.S.; Marx, K.A.; Tripathy, S.K.; Akkara, J.A.; Kaplan, D.L. Mater. Sci. Eng. 1996, C4, 189.
154. Michon, T.; Chenu, M.; Kellershon, N.; Desmadril, M.; Gueguen, J. Biochemistry 1997, 36, 8504.
155. Michon, T.; Wang, W.; Ferrasson, E.; Gueguen, J. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 1999, 63, 449.
156. Malencik, D.A.; Anderson, S.R. Biochemistry 1996, 35, 4375.
157. Sheng, D.; Gold, M.H. Eur.J. Biochem. 1999, 259, 626.
158. Kobayashi, S.; kurioka, H.; Uyama, H. Macromol. Rapid Commun. 1996, 17, 503.
159. Ikeda, R.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 3053.
160. Ikeda, R.; Sugihara, J.; Uyama, H.; Kobayashi, S. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 8702.
161. Alva, K.S.; Kumar, J.; Marx, K.A.; Tripathi, S. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 4024.
162. Kumar, J.; Tripathi, S.; Senecal, K.J.; Samuelson, L.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 71.
163. Tripathi, S. Chem. Eng. News 1999, 77, 68.
164. Wang, P.; Dordick, J.A. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 941.
165. Bruno, F.F.; Akkara, J.A.; Samuelson, L.A.; Kaplan, D.L.; Mandal, B.K.; Marx, K.A.; Tripathy, S.K. Langmuir 1995, 12, 889.
166. Ayyagari, M.; Marx, K.A.; Tripathy, S.K.; Akkara, J.A.; Kaplan, D.L. Macromolecules 1995, 28, 5192.
167. Courteix, A.; Bergel, A.; Comtat, M. J. Appl. Electrochem. 1995, 25, 508.
168. Premachandran, R.S.; Banerjee, S.; Wu, X.-K.; John, V.T.; McPherson, G.L.; Akkara, J.A.; Kaplan, D.L. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 6452.
169. Kalra, B.; Kumar, A.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41 (2), 1804.
170. Derango, A.R.; Chiang, L.-C.; Dowbenko, R.; Lasch, J.G. Biotechnol. Tech. 1992, 6, 523.
171. Uyama, H.; Lohavissavapanich, C.; Ikeda, R.; Kobayashi, S. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 554.
172. Emery, O.; Lalot, T.; Brigodiot, M.; Marechal, E.J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1997, 35, 3331.
173. Teixeira, D.; Lalot, T.; Brigodiot, M.; Marechal, E. Macromolecules 1999, 32, 70.
174. Kalra, B.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 1,213.
175. Kalra, B.; Gross, R.A. Biomacromolecules 2000, 1 (3), 501.
176. Kalra, B.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41 (2), 1828.
177. Kalra, B.; Gross, R.A. Polym. Preprint 2000, 41 (2), 1935.
178. Leung, D.W.; Chen; E.; Goeddel, D.V. Technique 1989, 1, 11.
179. Stemmer, W.P.C. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994, 91, 10747.
180. Crameri, A.; Raillard, S.-A.; Bermudez, E.; Stemmer, W.P.C. Nature 1998, 391,288.