Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Pediatric Clinics of North America

Volumn 55, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 21-51

  Rubnitz, Jeffrey E ^a   Gibson, Brenda ^b   Smith, Franklin O ^c  

^a ST JUDE CHILDREN S RESEARCH HOSPITAL   (United States)

^b ROYAL HOSPITAL FOR SICK CHILDREN   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTHRACYCLINE; BACTERIAL SEPSIS; CD135 ANTIGEN; CEFEPIME; CEPHALOSPORIN; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLOFARABINE; CYTARABINE; DAUNORUBICIN; ETOPOSIDE; GEMTUZUMAB OZOGAMICIN; IDARUBICIN; IDARUBICINOL; MITOXANTRONE; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; VANCOMYCIN;

ACUTE GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; BLEEDING; CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER IMMUNOTHERAPY; CANCER RISK; CANCER THERAPY; CELL THERAPY; CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM; DISEASE FREE SURVIVAL; DOWN SYNDROME; DRUG MEGADOSE; GENE MUTATION; HUMAN; INFECTION; LEUKOSTASIS; MINIMAL RESIDUAL DISEASE; MULTIPLE CYCLE TREATMENT; MYCOSIS; PATHOGENESIS; PHARMACOGENOMICS; PROGNOSIS; PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA; REVIEW; STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION; TUMOR LYSIS SYNDROME;

ADOLESCENT; ANTHRACYCLINES; ANTINEOPLASTIC COMBINED CHEMOTHERAPY PROTOCOLS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CLINICAL TRIALS AS TOPIC; CYTARABINE; HUMANS; INFANT; LEUKEMIA, MYELOID, ACUTE; PHARMACOGENETICS; PROGNOSIS; REMISSION INDUCTION; RISK FACTORS; STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION;

EID: 38749089100     PISSN: 00313955     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.pcl.2007.11.003     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. Kaspers G., and Creutzig U. Pediatric AML: long term results of clinical trials from 13 study groups worldwide. Leukemia 19 (2005) 2025-2146
2. Kaspers G.J., and Creutzig U. Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: international progress and future directions. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2025-2029
3. Creutzig U., Zimmermann M., Ritter J., et al. Treatment strategies and long-term results in paediatric patients treated in four consecutive AML-BFM trials. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2030-2042
4. Smith F.O., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R.B., et al. Long-term results of children with acute myeloid leukemia: a report of three consecutive phase III trials by the Children's Cancer Group: CCG 251, CCG 213 and CCG 2891. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2054-2062
5. Gibson B.E., Wheatley K., Hann I.M., et al. Treatment strategy and long-term results in paediatric patients treated in consecutive UK AML trials. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2130-2138
6. Pession A., Rondelli R., Basso G., et al. Treatment and long-term results in children with acute myeloid leukaemia treated according to the AIEOP AML protocols. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2043-2053
7. Kardos G., Zwaan C.M., Kaspers G.J., et al. Treatment strategy and results in children treated on three Dutch Childhood Oncology Group acute myeloid leukemia trials. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2063-2071
8. Entz-Werle N., Suciu S., van der Werff ten Bosch J., et al. Results of 58872 and 58921 trials in acute myeloblastic leukemia and relative value of chemotherapy vs allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in first complete remission: the EORTC Children Leukemia Group report. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2072-2081
9. Perel Y., Auvrignon A., Leblanc T., et al. Treatment of childhood acute myeloblastic leukemia: dose intensification improves outcome and maintenance therapy is of no benefit-multicenter studies of the French LAME (Leucemie Aigue Myeloblastique Enfant) Cooperative Group. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2082-2089
10. Lie S.O., Abrahamsson J., Clausen N., et al. Long-term results in children with AML: NOPHO-AML Study Group-report of three consecutive trials. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2090-2100
11. Ravindranath Y., Chang M., Steuber C.P., et al. Pediatric Oncology Group (POG) studies of acute myeloid leukemia (AML): a review of four consecutive childhood AML trials conducted between 1981 and 2000. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2101-2116
12. Dluzniewska A., Balwierz W., Armata J., et al. Twenty years of Polish experience with three consecutive protocols for treatment of childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2117-2124
13. Ribeiro R.C., Razzouk B.I., Pounds S., et al. Successive clinical trials for childhood acute myeloid leukemia at St Jude Children's Research Hospital, from 1980 to 2000. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2125-2129
14. Armendariz H., Barbieri M.A., Freigeiro D., et al. Treatment strategy and long-term results in pediatric patients treated in two consecutive AML-GATLA trials. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2139-2142
15. Quintana J., Advis P., Becker A., et al. Acute myelogenous leukemia in Chile PINDA protocols 87 and 92 results. Leukemia 19 12 (2005) 2143-2146
16. Smith M.A., Ries L.A.G., Gurney J.G., et al. Leukemia. In: Ries L.A.G., Smith M.A., Gurney J.G., et al. (Eds). Cancer incidence and survival among children and adolescents: United States SEER Progam 1975-1995. NIH Pub. No. 99-4649 (1999), National Cancer Institute, SEER Program, Bethesda (MD) 17-34
17. Glavel J., Goubin A., Auclerc M.F., et al. Incidence of childhood leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in France: National Registry of Childhood Leukaemia and Lymphoma, 1990-1999. Eur J Cancer Prev 13 (2004) 97-103
18. Hjalgrim L.L., Rostgaard K., Schmiegelow K., et al. Age- and sex-specific incidence of childhood leukemia by immunophenotype in the Nordic countries. J Natl Cancer Inst 95 20 (2003) 1539-1544
19. Xie Y., Davies S.M., Xiang Y., et al. Trends in leukemia incidence and survival in the United States (1973-1998). Cancer 97 9 (2003) 2229-2235
20. Gurney J.G., Severson R.K., Davis S., et al. Incidence of cancer in children in the United States. Sex-, race-, and 1-year age-specific rates by histologic type. Cancer 75 8 (1995) 2186-2195
21. Bhatia S., and Neglia J.P. Epidemiology of childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. [see comments]. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 17 2 (1995) 94-100
22. Ross J.A., Davies S.M., Potter J.D., et al. Epidemiology of childhood leukemia, with a focus on infants. Epidemiol Rev 16 2 (1994) 243-272
23. Sandler D.P., and Ross J.A. Epidemiology of acute leukemia in children and adults. Semin Oncol 24 1 (1997) 3-16
24. Linassier C., Barin C., Calais G., et al. Early secondary acute myelogenous leukemia in breast cancer patients after treatment with mitoxantrone, cyclophosphamide, fluorouracil and radiation therapy. Ann Oncol 11 10 (2000) 1289-1294
25. Micallef I.N., Lillington D.M., Apostolidis J., et al. Therapy-related myelodysplasia and secondary acute myelogenous leukemia after high-dose therapy with autologous hematopoietic progenitor-cell support for lymphoid malignancies. J Clin Oncol 18 5 (2000) 947-955
26. Smith M.A., McCaffrey R.P., and Karp J.E. The secondary leukemias: challenges and research directions. J Natl Cancer Inst 88 7 (1996) 407-418
27. Sandoval C., Pui C.H., Bowman L.C., et al. Secondary acute myeloid leukemia in children previously treated with alkylating agents, intercalating topoisomerase II inhibitors, and irradiation. J Clin Oncol 11 6 (1993) 1039-1045
28. Relling M.V., Yanishevski Y., Nemec J., et al. Etoposide and antimetabolite pharmacology in patients who develop secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 12 3 (1998) 346-352
29. Pui C.H., Ribeiro R.C., Hancock M.L., et al. Acute myeloid leukemia in children treated with epipodophyllotoxins for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 325 24 (1991) 1682-1687
30. Le Deley M.C., Leblanc T., Shamsaldin A., et al. Risk of secondary leukemia after a solid tumor in childhood according to the dose of epipodophyllotoxins and anthracyclines: a case-control study by the Societe Francaise d'Oncologie Pediatrique. J Clin Oncol 21 6 (2003) 1074-1081
31. Korte J.E., Hertz-Picciotto I., Schulz M.R., et al. The contribution of benzene to smoking-induced leukemia. Environ Health Perspect 108 4 (2000) 333-339
32. McBride M.L. Childhood cancer and environmental contaminants. Can J Public Health 89 Suppl 1 (1998) S53-S68
33. Yin S.N., Hayes R.B., Linet M.S., et al. An expanded cohort study of cancer among benzene-exposed workers in China. Benzene Study Group. Environ Health Perspect 104 Suppl 6 (1996) 1339-1341
34. Yin S.N., Hayes R.B., Linet M.S., et al. A cohort study of cancer among benzene-exposed workers in China: overall results. Am J Ind Med 29 3 (1996) 227-235
35. Linet M.S., and Bailey P.E. Benzene, leukemia, and the Supreme Court. J Public Health Policy 2 2 (1981) 116-135
36. Mills P.K., and Zahm S.H. Organophosphate pesticide residues in urine of farmworkers and their children in Fresno County, California. Am J Ind Med 40 5 (2001) 571-577
37. Rosenberg P.S., Greene M.H., and Alter B.P. Cancer incidence in persons with Fanconi anemia. Blood 101 3 (2003) 822-826
38. German J. Bloom's syndrome. XX. The first 100 cancers. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 93 1 (1997) 100-106
39. Bader J.L., and Miller R.W. Neurofibromatosis and childhood leukemia. J Pediatr 92 6 (1978) 925-929
40. Bader-Meunier B., Tchernia G., Mielot F., et al. Occurrence of myeloproliferative disorder in patients with Noonan syndrome. J Pediatr 130 6 (1997) 885-889
41. Socie G., Henry-Amar M., Bacigalupo A., et al. Malignant tumors occurring after treatment of aplastic anemia. European Bone Marrow Transplantation-Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. N Engl J Med 329 16 (1993) 1152-1157
42. Imashuku S., Hibi S., Nakajima F., et al. A review of 125 cases to determine the risk of myelodysplasia and leukemia in pediatric neutropenic patients after treatment with recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood 84 7 (1994) 2380-2381
43. Xue Y., Zhang R., Guo Y., et al. Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura with a Philadelphia chromosome. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 69 1 (1993) 51-56
44. Geissler D., Thaler J., Konwalinka G., et al. Progressive preleukemia presenting amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenic purpura: association of the 5q- syndrome with a decreased megakaryocytic colony formation and a defective production of Meg-CSF. Leuk Res 11 8 (1987) 731-737
45. Gilliland D.G. Molecular genetics of human leukemia. Leukemia 12 Suppl 1 (1998) S7-S12
46. Dash A., and Gilliland D.G. Molecular genetics of acute myeloid leukaemia. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 14 1 (2001) 49-64
47. Gilliland D.G., and Tallman M.S. Focus on acute leukemias. Cancer Cell 1 5 (2002) 417-420
48. Castilla L.H., Garrett L., Adya N., et al. The fusion gene Cbfb-MYH11 blocks myeloid differentiation and predisposes mice to acute myelomonocytic leukaemia. Nat Genet 23 (1999) 144-146
49. Higuchi M., O'Brien D., Kumaravelu P., et al. Expression of a conditional AML1-ETO oncogene bypasses embryonic lethality and establishes a murine model of human t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Cell 1 1 (2002) 63-74
50. Ford A.M., Ridge S.A., Cabrera M.E., et al. In utero rearrangements in the trithorax-related oncogene in infant leukaemias. Nature 363 (1993) 358-360
51. Gill Super H.J., Rothberg P.G., Kobayashi H., et al. Clonal, nonconstitutional rearrangements of the MLL gene in infant twins with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: in utero chromosome rearrangement of 11q23. Blood 83 3 (1994) 641-644
52. Megonigal M.D., Rappaport E.F., Jones D.H., et al. t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) In acute myeloid leukemia of infant twins fuses MLL with hCDCrel, a cell division cycle gene in the genomic region of deletion in DiGeorge and velocardiofacial syndromes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 11 (1998) 6413-6418
53. Wiemels J.L., Ford A.M., Van Wering E.R., et al. Protracted and variable latency of acute lymphoblastic leukemia after TEL-AML1 gene fusion in utero. Blood 94 3 (1999) 1057-1062
54. Song W.J., Sullivan M.G., Legare R.D., et al. Haploinsufficiency of CBFA2 causes familial thrombocytopenia with propensity to develop acute myelogenous leukaemia. Nat Genet 23 2 (1999) 166-175
55. Bonnet D., and Dick J.E. Human acute myeloid leukemia is organized as a hierarchy that originates from a primitive hematopoietic cell. Nat Med 3 7 (1997) 730-737
56. Caligiuri M.A., Strout M.P., and Gilliland D.G. Molecular biology of acute myleloid leukemia. Semin Oncol 24 (1997) 32-44
57. Sabbath K.D., Ball E.D., Larcom P., et al. Heterogeneity of clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. J Clin Invest 75 (1985) 746-753
58. Lapidot T., Sirard C., Vormoor J., et al. A cell initiating human acute myeloid leukaemia after transplantation into SCID mice. Nature 367 6464 (1994) 645-648
59. Mehrotra B., George T.I., Kavanau K., et al. Cytogenetically aberrant cells in the stem cell compartment (CD34+lin-) in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 86 3 (1995) 1139-1147
60. Sirard C., Lapidot T., Vormoor J., et al. Normal and leukemic SCID-repopulating cells (SRC) coexist in the bone marrow and peripheral blood from CML patients in chronic phase, whereas leukemic SRC are detected in blast crisis. Blood 87 4 (1996) 1539-1548
61. Hope K.J., Jin L., and Dick J.E. Human acute myeloid leukemia stem cells. Arch Med Res 34 6 (2003) 507-514
62. Hope K.J., Jin L., and Dick J.E. Acute myeloid leukemia originates from a hierarchy of leukemic stem cell classes that differ in self-renewal capacity. Nat Immunol 5 7 (2004) 738-743
63. Warner J.K., Wang J.C., Hope K.J., et al. Concepts of human leukemic development. Oncogene 23 43 (2004) 7164-7177
64. Terpstra W., Prins A., Ploemacher R.E., et al. Long-term leukemia-initiating capacity of a CD34-subpopulation of acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 87 6 (1996) 2187-2194
65. Pollard J.A., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R.B., et al. FLT3 internal tandem duplication in CD34+/. Blood 108 8 (2006) 2764-2769
66. Pui C.H., Dahl G.V., Kalwinsky D.K., et al. Central nervous system leukemia in children with acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 66 5 (1985) 1062-1067
67. Woods W.G., Kobrinsky N., Buckley J.D., et al. Time-sequential induction therapy improves postremission outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group. Blood 87 12 (1996) 4979-4989
68. Carella A.M., Berman E., Maraone M.P., et al. Idarubicin in the treatment of acute leukemias. An overview of preclinical and clinical studies. Haematologica 75 2 (1990) 159-169
69. Berman E., and McBride M. Comparative cellular pharmacology of daunorubicin and idarubicin in human multidrug-resistant leukemia cells. Blood 79 12 (1992) 3267-3273
70. Reid J.M., Pendergrass T.W., Krailo M.D., et al. Plasma pharmacokinetics and cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of idarubicin and idarubicinol in pediatric leukemia patients: a Children's Cancer Study Group report. Cancer Res 50 20 (1990) 6525-6528
71. Creutzig U., Ritter J., Zimmermann M., et al. Idarubicin improves blast cell clearance during induction therapy in children with AML: results of study AML-BFM 93. AML-BFM Study Group. Leukemia 15 3 (2001) 348-354
72. O'Brien T.A., Russell S.J., Vowels M.R., et al. Results of consecutive trials for children newly diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia from the Australian and New Zealand Children's Cancer Study Group. Blood 100 8 (2002) 2708-2716
73. Becton D., Dahl G.V., Ravindranath Y., et al. Randomized use of cyclosporin A (CsA) to modulate P-glycoprotein in children with AML in remission: Pediatric Oncology Group Study 9421. Blood 107 4 (2006) 1315-1324
74. Riley L.C., Hann I.M., Wheatley K., et al. Treatment-related deaths during induction and first remission of acute myeloid leukaemia in children treated on the Tenth Medical Research Council acute myeloid leukaemia trial (MRC AML10). The MCR Childhood Leukaemia Working Party. Br J Haematol 106 2 (1999) 436-444
75. Byrd J.C., Dodge R.K., Carroll A., et al. Patients with t(8;21)(q22;q22) and acute myeloid leukemia have superior failure-free and overall survival when repetitive cycles of high-dose cytarabine are administered. J Clin Oncol 17 12 (1999) 3767-3775
76. Abbott B.L., Rubnitz J.E., Tong X., et al. Clinical significance of central nervous system involvement at diagnosis of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a single institution's experience. Leukemia 17 11 (2003) 2090-2096
77. Johnston D.L., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R.B., et al. Risk factors and therapy for isolated central nervous system relapse of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 23 36 (2005) 9172-9178
78. Creutzig U., Ritter J., Zimmermann M., et al. Does cranial irradiation reduce the risk for bone marrow relapse in acute myelogenous leukemia? Unexpected results of the Childhood Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Study BFM-87. J Clin Oncol 11 2 (1993) 279-286
79. Wells R.J., Woods W.G., Buckley J.D., et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia: a Children's Cancer Group study. J Clin Oncol 12 11 (1994) 2367-2377
80. Creutzig U., and Reinhardt D. Current controversies: which patients with acute myeloid leukaemia should receive a bone marrow transplantation? A European view. Br J Haematol 118 2 (2002) 365-377
81. Chen A.R., Alonzo T.A., Woods W.G., et al. Current controversies: which patients with acute myeloid leukaemia should receive a bone marrow transplantation? An American view. Br J Haematol 118 2 (2002) 378-384
82. Wheatley K. Current controversies: which patients with acute myeloid leukaemia should receive a bone marrow transplantation? A statistician's view. Br J Haematol 118 2 (2002) 351-356
83. Bleakley M., Lau L., Shaw P.J., et al. Bone marrow transplantation for paediatric AML in first remission: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 29 10 (2002) 843-852
84. Burnett A.K., Wheatley K., Goldstone A.H., et al. The value of allogeneic bone marrow transplant in patients with acute myeloid leukaemia at differing risk of relapse: results of the UK MRC AML 10 trial. Br J Haematol 118 2 (2002) 385-400
85. Creutzig U., Reinhardt D., Zimmermann M., et al. Intensive chemotherapy versus bone marrow transplantation in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a matter of controversies. Blood 97 11 (2001) 3671-3672
86. Woods W.G., Neudorf S., Gold S., et al. A comparison of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, autologous bone marrow transplantation, and aggressive chemotherapy in children with acute myeloid leukemia in remission. Blood 97 1 (2001) 56-62
87. Stevens R.F., Hann I.M., Wheatley K., et al. Marked improvements in outcome with chemotherapy alone in paediatric acute myeloid leukemia: results of the United Kingdom Medical Research Council's 10th AML trial. MRC Childhood Leukaemia Working Party. Br J Haematol 101 1 (1998) 130-140
88. Ravindranath Y., Yeager A.M., Chang M.N., et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation versus intensive consolidation chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia in childhood. Pediatric Oncology Group. N Engl J Med 334 22 (1996) 1428-1434
89. Amadori S., Testi A.M., Arico M., et al. Prospective comparative study of bone marrow transplantation and postremission chemotherapy for childhood acute myelogenous leukemia. The Associazione Italiana Ematologia ed Oncologia Pediatrica Cooperative Group. J Clin Oncol 11 6 (1993) 1046-1054
90. Gibson B., Hann I., Webb I., et al. Should stem cell transplantation (SCT) be recommended for a child with AML in 1st CR. Blood 106 (2007) 171
91. Zeller B., Gustafsson G., Forestier E., et al. Acute leukaemia in children with Down syndrome: a population-based Nordic study. Br J Haematol 128 6 (2005) 797-804
92. Ao A., Hills R., Stiller C., et al. Treatment for myeloid leukaemia of Down syndrome: population-based experience in the UK and results from the Medical Research Council AML10 and AML 12 trials. Br J Haematol 132 (2005) 576-583
93. Creutzig U., Ritter J., Vormoor J., et al. Myelodysplasia and acute myelogenous leukemia in Down's syndrome. A report of 40 children of the AML-BFM Study Group. Leukemia 10 11 (1996) 1677-1686
94. Gamis A.S., Woods W.G., Alonzo T.A., et al. Increased age at diagnosis has a significantly negative effect on outcome in children with Down syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group Study 2891. J Clin Oncol 21 18 (2003) 3415-3422
95. Testi A.M., Biondi A., Lo C.F., et al. GIMEMA-AIEOP AIDA protocol for the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) in children. Blood 106 (2005) 447-453
96. Ravindranath Y., Gregory J., and Feusner J. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia in children: arsenic or ATRA. Leukemia 18 10 (2004) 1576-1577
97. Webb D.K., Wheatley K., Harrison G., et al. Outcome for children with relapsed acute myeloid leukaemia following initial therapy in the Medical Research Council (MRC) AML 10 trial. MRC Childhood Leukaemia Working Party. Leukemia 13 1 (1999) 25-31
98. Stahnke K., Boos J., Bender-Gotze C., et al. Duration of first remission predicts remission rates and long-term survival in children with relapsed acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 12 10 (1998) 1534-1538
99. Aladjidi N., Auvrignon A., Leblanc T., et al. Outcome in children with relapsed acute myeloid leukemia after initial treatment with the French Leucemie Aique Myeloide Enfant (LAME) 89/91 protocol of the French Society of Pediatric Hematology and Immunology. J Clin Oncol 21 23 (2003) 4377-4385
100. Wells R.J., Adams M.T., Alonzo T.A., et al. Mitoxantrone and cytarabine induction, high-dose cytarabine, and etoposide intensification for pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia: Children's Cancer Group Study 2951. J Clin Oncol 21 15 (2003) 2940-2947
101. Rubnitz J.E., Razzouk B.I., Lensing S., et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of recurrence in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 109 1 (2007) 157-163
102. Abrahamsson J., Clausen N., Gustafsson G., et al. Improved outcome after relapse in children with acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 136 2 (2007) 222-236
103. Zwaan C.M., Reinhardt D., Corbacioglu S., et al. Gemtuzumab ozogamicin: first clinical experiences in children with relapsed/refractory acute myeloid leukemia treated on compassionate-use basis. Blood 101 10 (2003) 3868-3871
104. Jeha S., Gandhi V., Chan K.W., et al. Clofarabine, a novel nucleoside analog, is active in pediatric patients with advanced leukemia. Blood 103 3 (2004) 784-789
105. Meshinchi S., Leisenring W.M., Carpenter P.A., et al. Survival after second hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for recurrent pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 9 11 (2003) 706-713
106. Appelbaum F.R., Gundacker H., Head D.R., et al. Age and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 107 9 (2006) 3481-3485
107. Razzouk B.I., Estey E., Pounds S., et al. Impact of age on outcome of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from 2 institutions. Cancer 106 11 (2006) 2495-2502
108. Rubnitz J.E., Lensing S., Razzouk B.I., et al. Effect of race on outcome of white and black children with acute myeloid leukemia: the St. Jude experience. Pediatr Blood Cancer 48 1 (2007) 10-15
109. Aplenc R., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R.B., et al. Ethnicity and survival in childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group. Blood 108 1 (2006) 74-80
110. Lange B.J., Gerbing R.B., Feusner J., et al. Mortality in overweight and underweight children with acute myeloid leukemia. J Am Med Assoc 293 2 (2005) 203-211
111. Athale U.H., Razzouk B.I., Raimondi S.C., et al. Biology and outcome of childhood acute megakaryoblastic leukemia: a single institution's experience. Blood 97 12 (2001) 3727-3732
112. Barbaric D., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R., et al. Minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia (FAB AML-10) is associated with an adverse outcome in children: a report from the Children's Oncology Group, studies CCG-2891 and CCG-2961. Blood 109 6 (2007) 2314-2321
113. Barnard D., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R., et al. Comparison of childhood myelodysplastic syndrome, AML FAB M6 or M7, CCG 2891: report from the Children's Oncology Group. Pediatr Blood Cancer 49 (2007) 17-22
114. Dastugue N., Lafage-Pochitaloff M., Pages M.P., et al. Cytogenetic profile of childhood and adult megakaryoblastic leukemia (M7): a study of the Groupe Francais de Cytogenetique Hematologique (GFCH). Blood 100 2 (2002) 618-626
115. Garderet L., Labopin M., Gorin N.C., et al. Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for de novo acute megakaryocytic leukemia in first complete remission: a retrospective study of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT). Blood 105 1 (2005) 405-409
116. Reinhardt D., Diekamp S., Langebrake C., et al. Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia in children and adolescents, excluding Down's syndrome: improved outcome with intensified induction treatment. Leukemia 19 8 (2005) 1495-1496
117. Grimwade D., Walker H., Oliver F., et al. The importance of diagnostic cytogenetics on outcome in AML: analysis of 1,612 patients entered into the MRC AML 10 trial. The Medical Research Council Adult and Children's Leukaemia Working Parties. Blood 92 7 (1998) 2322-2333
118. Raimondi S.C., Chang M.N., Ravindranath Y., et al. Chromosomal abnormalities in 478 children with acute myeloid leukemia: clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a cooperative Pediatric Oncology Group study-POG 8821. Blood 94 11 (1999) 3707-3716
119. Bloomfield C.D., Lawrence D., Byrd J.C., et al. Frequency of prolonged remission duration after high-dose cytarabine intensification in acute myeloid leukemia varies by cytogenetic subtype. Cancer Res 58 18 (1998) 4173-4179
120. Byrd J.C., Mrozek K., Dodge R.K., et al. Pretreatment cytogenetic abnormalities are predictive of induction success, cumulative incidence of relapse, and overall survival in adult patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB 8461). Blood 100 13 (2002) 4325-4336
121. Marcucci G., Mrozek K., Ruppert A.S., et al. Prognostic factors and outcome of core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia patients with t(8;21) differ from those of patients with inv(16): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. J Clin Oncol 24 (2006) 5705-5717
122. Appelbaum F., Kopecky K.J., Tallman M., et al. The clinical spectrum of adult acute myeloid leukaemia associated with core binding factor translocations. Br J Haematol 135 (2006) 165-173
123. Dimartino J.F., and Cleary M.L. Mll rearrangements in haematological malignancies: lessons from clinical and biological studies. Br J Haematol 106 3 (1999) 614-626
124. Rubnitz J.E., Raimondi S.C., Tong X., et al. Favorable impact of the t(9;11) in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 20 9 (2002) 2302-2309
125. Schoch C., Schnittger S., Klaus M., et al. AML with 11q23/MLL abnormalities as defined by the WHO classification: incidence, partner chromosomes, FAB subtype, age distribution, and prognostic impact in an unselected series of 1897 cytogenetically analyzed AML cases. Blood 102 7 (2003) 2395-2402
126. Hasle H., Alonzo T.A., Auvrignon A., et al. Monosomy 7 and deletion 7q in children and adolescents with acute myeloid leukemia: an international retrospective study. Blood 109 11 (2007) 4641-4647
127. Cairoli R., Beghini A., Grillo G., et al. Prognostic impact of c-KIT mutations in core binding factor leukemias: an Italian retrospective study. Blood 107 (2007) 3463-3468
128. Schnittger S., Kohl T., Haferlach T., et al. KIT-D816 mutations in AML1-ETO-positive AML are associated with impaired event-free and overall survival. Blood 107 (2006) 1791-1799
129. Paschka P., Marcucci G., Ruppert A.S., et al. Adverse prognostic significance of KIT mutations in adult acute myeloid leukemia with inv(16) and t(8;21): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. J Clin Oncol 24 24 (2006) 3904-3911
130. Goemans B.F., Zwaan C.M., Miller M., et al. Mutations in KIT and RAS are frequent events in pediatric core-binding factor acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 19 9 (2005) 1536-1542
131. Shimada A., Taki T., Tabuchi K., et al. KIT mutations, and not FLT3 internal tandem duplication, are strongly associated with a poor prognosis in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21); a study of the Japanese Childhood AML Cooperative Study Group. Blood 107 (2006) 1806-1809
132. Boissel N., Leroy H., Brethon B., et al. Incidence and prognostic impact of c-Kit, FLT3, and Ras gene mutations in core binding factor acute myeloid leukemia (CBF-AML). Leukemia 20 6 (2006) 965-970
133. Meshinchi S., Stirewalt D.L., Alonzo T.A., et al. Activating mutations of RTK/ras signal transduction pathway in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 102 4 (2003) 1474-1479
134. Kiyoi H., Naoe T., Nakano Y., et al. Prognostic implication of FLT3 and N-RAS gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 93 9 (1999) 3074-3080
135. Abu-Duhier F.M., Goodeve A.C., Wilson G.A., et al. FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations in adult acute myeloid leukaemia define a high-risk group. Br J Haematol 111 1 (2000) 190-195
136. Kottaridis P.D., Gale R.E., Frew M.E., et al. The presence of a FLT3 internal tandem duplication in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) adds important prognostic information to cytogenetic risk group and response to the first cycle of chemotherapy: analysis of 854 patients from the United Kingdom Medical Research Council AML 10 and 12 trials. Blood 98 6 (2001) 1752-1759
137. Whitman S.P., Archer K.J., Feng L., et al. Absence of the wild-type allele predicts poor prognosis in adult de novo acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics and the internal tandem duplication of FLT3: a cancer and leukemia group B study. Cancer Res 61 19 (2001) 7233-7239
138. Schnittger S., Schoch C., Dugas M., et al. Analysis of FLT3 length mutations in 1003 patients with acute myeloid leukemia: correlation to cytogenetics, FAB subtype, and prognosis in the AMLCG study and usefulness as a marker for the detection of minimal residual disease. Blood 100 1 (2002) 59-66
139. Thiede C., Steudel C., Mohr B., et al. Analysis of FLT3-activating mutations in 979 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: association with FAB subtypes and identification of subgroups with poor prognosis. Blood 99 12 (2002) 4326-4335
140. Zwaan C.M., Meshinchi S., Radich J.P., et al. FLT3 internal tandem duplication in 234 children with acute myeloid leukemia: prognostic significance and relation to cellular drug resistance. Blood 102 7 (2003) 2387-2394
141. Meshinchi S., Woods W.G., Stirewalt D.L., et al. Prevalence and prognostic significance of Flt3 internal tandem duplication in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 97 1 (2001) 89-94
142. Iwai T., Yokota S., Nakao M., et al. Internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene and clinical evaluation in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. The Children's Cancer and Leukemia Study Group, Japan. Leukemia 13 1 (1999) 38-43
143. Meshinchi S., Alonzo T.A., Stirewalt D.L., et al. Clinical implications of FLT3 mutations in pediatric AML. Blood 108 12 (2006) 3654-3661
144. Lacayo N.J., Meshinchi S., Kinnunen P., et al. Gene expression profiles at diagnosis in de novo childhood AML patients identify FLT3 mutations with good clinical outcomes. Blood 104 9 (2004) 2646-2654
145. Leith C.P., Kopecky K.J., Chen I.M., et al. Frequency and clinical significance of the expression of the multidrug resistance proteins MDR1/P-glycoprotein, MRP1, and LRP in acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group Study. Blood 94 3 (1999) 1086-1099
146. Legrand O., Simonin G., Beauchamp-Nicoud A., et al. Simultaneous activity of MRP1 and Pgp is correlated with in vitro resistance to daunorubicin and with in vivo resistance in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 94 3 (1999) 1046-1056
147. den Boer M.L., Pieters R., Kazemier K.M., et al. Relationship between major vault protein/lung resistance protein, multidrug resistance-associated protein, P-glycoprotein expression, and drug resistance in childhood leukemia. Blood 91 6 (1998) 2092-2098
148. Preudhomme C., Sagot C., Boissel N., et al. Favorable prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations in patients with de novo acute myeloid leukemia: a study from the Acute Leukemia French Association (ALFA). Blood 100 8 (2002) 2717-2723
149. Frohling S., Schlenk R.F., Stolze I., et al. CEBPA mutations in younger adults with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: prognostic relevance and analysis of cooperating mutations. J Clin Oncol 22 4 (2004) 624-633
150. Inokuchi K., Yamaguchi H., Hanawa H., et al. Loss of DCC gene expression is of prognostic importance in acute myelogenous leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 8 6 (2002) 1882-1888
151. De Bont E.S., Fidler V., Meeuwsen T., et al. Vascular endothelial growth factor secretion is an independent prognostic factor for relapse-free survival in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia patients. Clin Cancer Res 8 9 (2002) 2856-2861
152. Kohler T., Schill C., Deininger M.W., et al. High Bad and Bax mRNA expression correlate with negative outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Leukemia 16 1 (2002) 22-29
153. Karakas T., Miething C.C., Maurer U., et al. The coexpression of the apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Wt1 in predicting survival in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 16 5 (2002) 846-854
154. Del Poeta G., Venditti A., Del Principe M.I., et al. Amount of spontaneous apoptosis detected by Bax/Bcl-2 ratio predicts outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 101 6 (2003) 2125-2131
155. Baldus C.D., Thiede C., Soucek S., et al. BAALC expression and FLT3 internal tandem duplication mutations in acute myeloid leukemia patients with normal cytogenetics: prognostic implications. J Clin Oncol 24 5 (2006) 790-797
156. Marcucci G., Maharry K., Whitman S.P., et al. High expression levels of the ETS-related gene, ERG, predict adverse outcome and improve molecular risk-based classification of cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study. J Clin Oncol 25 22 (2007) 3337-3343
157. Marcucci G., Baldus C.D., Ruppert A.S., et al. Overexpression of the ETS-related gene, ERG, predicts a worse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 23 36 (2005) 9234-9242
158. Boissel N., Renneville A., Biggio V., et al. Prevalence, clinical profile, and prognosis of NPM mutations in AML with normal karyotype. Blood 106 10 (2005) 3618-3620
159. Thiede C., Koch S., Creutzig E., et al. Prevalence and prognostic impact of NPM1 mutations in 1485 adult patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Blood 107 10 (2006) 4011-4020
160. Brown P., McIntyre E., Rau R., et al. The incidence and clinical significance of nucleophosmin mutations in childhood AML. Blood 110 3
161. Schnittger S., Kinkelin U., Schoch C., et al. Screening for MLL tandem duplication in 387 unselected patients with AML identify a prognostically unfavorable subset of AML. Leukemia 14 5 (2000) 796-804
162. Dohner K., Tobis K., Ulrich R., et al. Prognostic significance of partial tandem duplications of the MLL gene in adult patients 16 to 60 years old with acute myeloid leukemia and normal cytogenetics: a study of the Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group Ulm. J Clin Oncol 20 15 (2002) 3254-3261
163. Yagi T., Morimoto A., Eguchi M., et al. Identification of a gene expression signature associated with pediatric AML prognosis. Blood 102 5 (2003) 1849-1856
164. Valk P.J., Verhaak R.G., Beijen M.A., et al. Prognostically useful gene-expression profiles in acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 350 16 (2004) 1617-1628
165. Bullinger L., Dohner K., Bair E., et al. Use of gene-expression profiling to identify prognostic subclasses in adult acute myeloid leukemia. N Engl J Med 350 16 (2004) 1605-1616
166. Radmacher M.D., Marcucci G., Ruppert A.S., et al. Independent confirmation of a prognostic gene-expression signature in adult acute myeloid leukemia with a normal karyotype: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. Blood 108 5 (2006) 1677-1683
167. Wilson C.S., Davidson G.S., Martin S.B., et al. Gene expression profiling of adult acute myeloid leukemia identifies novel biologic clusters for risk classification and outcome prediction. Blood 108 2 (2006) 685-696
168. Mrozek K., Marcucci G., Paschka P., et al. Clinical relevance of mutations and gene-expression changes in adult acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics: are we ready for a prognostically prioritized molecular classification?. Blood 109 2 (2007) 431-448
169. Ross M.E., Mahfouz R., Onciu M., et al. Gene expression profiling of pediatric acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 104 12 (2004) 3679-3687
170. Campana D. Determination of minimal residual disease in leukaemia patients. Br J Haematol 121 6 (2003) 823-838
171. Creutzig U., Zimmermann M., Ritter J., et al. Definition of a standard-risk group in children with AML. Br J Haematol 104 3 (1999) 630-639
172. Kern W., Haferlach T., Schoch C., et al. Early blast clearance by remission induction therapy is a major independent prognostic factor for both achievement of complete remission and long-term outcome in acute myeloid leukemia: data from the German AML Cooperative Group (AMLCG) 1992 Trial. Blood 101 1 (2003) 64-70
173. Marcucci G., Mrozek K., Ruppert A.S., et al. Abnormal cytogenetics at date of morphologic complete remission predicts short overall and disease-free survival, and higher relapse rate in adult acute myeloid leukemia: results from Cancer and Leukemia Group B study 8461. J Clin Oncol 22 12 (2004) 2410-2418
174. Szczepanski T., Orfao A., van D.V., et al. Minimal residual disease in leukaemia patients. Lancet Oncol 2 7 (2001) 409-417
175. Sievers E.L., Lange B.J., Buckley J.D., et al. Prediction of relapse of pediatric acute myeloid leukemia by use of multidimensional flow cytometry. J Natl Cancer Inst 88 20 (1996) 1483-1488
176. Sievers E.L., Lange B.J., Alonzo T.A., et al. Immunophenotypic evidence of leukemia after induction therapy predicts relapse: results from a prospective Children's Cancer Group study of 252 patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 101 9 (2003) 3398-3406
177. Coustan-Smith E., Ribeiro R.C., Rubnitz J.E., et al. Clinical significance of residual disease during treatment in childhood acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 123 2 (2003) 243-252
178. Langebrake C., Creutzig U., Dworzak M., et al. Residual disease monitoring in childhood acute myeloid leukemia by multiparameter flow cytometry: the MRD-AML-BFM Study Group. J Clin Oncol 24 22 (2006) 3686-3692
179. San Miguel J.F., Martinez A., Macedo A., et al. Immunophenotyping investigation of minimal residual disease is a useful approach for predicting relapse in acute myeloid leukemia patients. Blood 90 6 (1997) 2465-2470
180. San Miguel J.F., Vidriales M.B., Lopez-Berges C., et al. Early immunophenotypical evaluation of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia identifies different patient risk groups and may contribute to postinduction treatment stratification. Blood 98 6 (2001) 1746-1751
181. Buccisano F., Maurillo L., Gattei V., et al. The kinetics of reduction of minimal residual disease impacts on duration of response and survival of patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 20 10 (2006) 1783-1789
182. Feller N., van der Pol M.A., van Stijn A., et al. MRD parameters using immunophenotypic detection methods are highly reliable in predicting survival in acute myeloid leukaemia. Leukemia 18 8 (2004) 1380-1390
183. Kern W., Voskova D., Schoch C., et al. Determination of relapse risk based on assessment of minimal residual disease during complete remission by multiparameter flow cytometry in unselected patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 104 10 (2004) 3078-3085
184. Tobal K., Newton J., Macheta M., et al. Molecular quantitation of minimal residual disease in acute myeloid leukemia with t(8;21) can identify patients in durable remission and predict clinical relapse. Blood 95 3 (2000) 815-819
185. Schnittger S., Weisser M., Schoch C., et al. New score predicting for prognosis in PML-RARA+, AML1-ETO+, or CBFBMYH11+ acute myeloid leukemia based on quantification of fusion transcripts. Blood 102 8 (2003) 2746-2755
186. Buonamici S., Ottaviani E., Testoni N., et al. Real-time quantitation of minimal residual disease in inv(16)-positive acute myeloid leukemia may indicate risk for clinical relapse and may identify patients in a curable state. Blood 99 2 (2002) 443-449
187. Guerrasio A., Pilatrino C., De Micheli D., et al. Assessment of minimal residual disease (MRD) in CBFbeta/MYH11-positive acute myeloid leukemias by qualitative and quantitative RT-PCR amplification of fusion transcripts. Leukemia 16 6 (2002) 1176-1181
188. Viehmann S., Teigler-Schlegel A., Bruch J., et al. Monitoring of minimal residual disease (MRD) by real-time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (RQ-RT-PCR) in childhood acute myeloid leukemia with AML1/ETO rearrangement. Leukemia 17 6 (2003) 1130-1136
189. Krauter J., Gorlich K., Ottmann O., et al. Prognostic value of minimal residual disease quantification by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in patients with core binding factor leukemias. J Clin Oncol 21 23 (2003) 4413-4422
190. Perea G., Lasa A., Aventin A., et al. Prognostic value of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with favorable cytogenetics [t(8;21) and inv(16)]. Leukemia 20 (2006) 87-94
191. Trka J., Kalinova M., Hrusak O., et al. Real-time quantitative PCR detection of WT1 gene expression in children with AML: prognostic significance, correlation with disease status and residual disease detection by flow cytometry. Leukemia 16 7 (2002) 1381-1389
192. Cilloni D., Gottardi E., De Micheli D., et al. Quantitative assessment of WT1 expression by real time quantitative PCR may be a useful tool for monitoring minimal residual disease in acute leukemia patients. Leukemia 16 10 (2002) 2115-2121
193. Lapillonne H., Renneville A., Auvrignon A., et al. High WT1 expression after induction therapy predicts high risk of relapse and death in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 24 10 (2006) 1507-1515
194. Evans W.E., and Relling M.V. Moving towards individualized medicine with pharmacogenomics. Nature 429 6990 (2004) 464-468
195. Monzo M., Brunet S., Urbano-Ispizua A., et al. Genomic polymorphisms provide prognostic information in intermediate-risk acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 107 12 (2006) 4871-4879
196. Gamis A.S. Acute myeloid leukemia and Down syndrome evolution of modern therapy-state of the art review. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44 1 (2005) 13-20
197. Ge Y., Jensen T., James S.J., et al. High frequency of the 844ins68 cystathionine-beta-synthase gene variant in Down syndrome children with acute myeloid leukemia. Leukemia 16 11 (2002) 2339-2341
198. Ge Y., Stout M.L., Tatman D.A., et al. GATA1, cytidine deaminase, and the high cure rate of Down syndrome children with acute megakaryocytic leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 97 3 (2005) 226-231
199. Ge Y., Dombkowski A.A., Lafiura K.M., et al. Differential gene expression, GATA1 target genes, and the chemotherapy sensitivity of Down syndrome megakaryocytic leukemia. Blood 107 4 (2006) 1570-1581
200. Taub J.W., and Ge Y. Down syndrome, drug metabolism and chromosome 21. Pediatr Blood Cancer 44 1 (2005) 33-39
201. Galmarini C.M., Thomas X., Calvo F., et al. In vivo mechanisms of resistance to cytarabine in acute myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 117 4 (2002) 860-868
202. Gati W.P., Paterson A.R., Belch A.R., et al. Es nucleoside transporter content of acute leukemia cells: role in cell sensitivity to cytarabine (AraC). Leuk Lymphoma 32 1-2 (1998) 45-54
203. Galmarini C.M., Thomas X., Graham K., et al. Deoxycytidine kinase and cN-II nucleotidase expression in blast cells predict survival in acute myeloid leukaemia patients treated with cytarabine. Br J Haematol 122 1 (2003) 53-60
204. Davies S.M., Robison L.L., Buckley J.D., et al. Glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and outcome of chemotherapy in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J Clin Oncol 19 5 (2001) 1279-1287
205. Naoe T., Tagawa Y., Kiyoi H., et al. Prognostic significance of the null genotype of glutathione S- transferase-T1 in patients with acute myeloid leukemia: increased early death after chemotherapy. Leukemia 16 2 (2002) 203-208
206. Allan J.M., Smith A.G., Wheatley K., et al. Genetic variation in XPD predicts treatment outcome and risk of acute myeloid leukemia following chemotherapy. Blood 104 13 (2004) 3872-3877
207. Mehta P.A., Alonzo T.A., Gerbing R.B., et al. XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism in the etiology and outcome of childhood acute myeloid leukemia: a Children's Oncology Group report. Blood 107 1 (2006) 39-45
208. Okamoto Y., Ribeiro R.C., Srivastava D.K., et al. Viridans streptococcal sepsis: clinical features and complications in childhood acute myeloid leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 25 9 (2003) 696-703
209. Creutzig U., Zimmermann M., Reinhardt D., et al. Early deaths and treatment-related mortality in children undergoing therapy for acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of the multicenter clinical trials AML-BFM 93 and AML-BFM 98. J Clin Oncol 22 21 (2004) 4384-4393
210. Lehrnbecher T., Varwig D., Kaiser J., et al. Infectious complications in pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: analysis of the prospective multi-institutional clinical trial AML-BFM 93. Leukemia 18 1 (2004) 72-77
211. Rubnitz J.E., Lensing S., Zhou Y., et al. Death during induction therapy and first remission of acute leukemia in childhood: the St. Jude experience. Cancer 101 7 (2004) 1677-1684
212. Gamis A.S., Howells W.B., DeSwarte-Wallace J., et al. Alpha hemolytic Streptococcal infection during intensive treatment for acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Cancer Group Study CCG-2891. J Clin Oncol 18 9 (2000) 1845-1855
213. Sung L., Lange B.J., Gerbing R.B., et al. Microbiologically documented infections and infection-related mortality in children with acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 110 (2007) 3532-3539
214. Godwin J.E., Kopecky K.J., Head D.R., et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor in elderly patients with previously untreated acute myeloid leukemia: a Southwest Oncology Group study (9031). Blood 91 10 (1998) 3607-3615
215. Heil G., Hoelzer D., Sanz M.A., et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase III study of filgrastim in remission induction and consolidation therapy for adults with de novo acute myeloid leukemia. The International Acute Myeloid Leukemia Study Group. Blood 90 12 (1997) 4710-4718
216. Amadori S., Suciu S., Jehn U., et al. Use of glycosylated recombinant human G-CSF (lenograstim) during and/or after induction chemotherapy in patients 61 years of age and older with acute myeloid leukemia: final results of AML-13, a randomized phase 3 study of the European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer and Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell'Adulto (EORTC/GIMEMA) Leukemia Groups. Blood 106 (2005) 27-34
217. George B., Mathews V., Poonkuzhali B., et al. Treatment of children with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: a single center experience. Leukemia 18 10 (2004) 1587-1590
218. Burnett A., Kell W.J., Goldstone A., et al. The addition of gemtuzumab ozogamicin to induction chemotherapy for AML improves disease free survival without extra toxicity: preliminary analysis of 1115 patients in the MRC AML15 trial. Blood 108 (2006) 13
219. Guzman M.L., Swiderski C.F., Howard D.S., et al. Preferential induction of apoptosis for primary human leukemic stem cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99 25 (2002) 16220-16225
220. Adams J. The proteasome: a suitable antineoplastic target. Nat Rev Cancer 4 5 (2004) 349-360
221. Insinga A., Monestiroli S., Ronzoni S., et al. Inhibitors of histone deacetylases induce tumor-selective apoptosis through activation of the death receptor pathway. Nat Med 11 1 (2005) 71-76
222. Nebbioso A., Clarke N., Voltz E., et al. Tumor-selective action of HDAC inhibitors involves TRAIL induction in acute myeloid leukemia cells. Nat Med 11 1 (2005) 77-84
223. Levis M., Allebach J., Tse K.F., et al. A FLT3-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor is cytotoxic to leukemia cells in vitro and in vivo. Blood 99 11 (2002) 3885-3891
224. Brown P., Meshinchi S., Levis M., et al. Pediatric AML primary samples with FLT3/ITD mutations are preferentially killed by FLT3 inhibition. Blood 104 6 (2004) 1841-1849
225. Smith B.D., Levis M., Beran M., et al. Single-agent CEP-701, a novel FLT3 inhibitor, shows biologic and clinical activity in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 103 10 (2004) 3669-3676
226. Parker W.B., Shaddix S.C., Chang C.H., et al. Effects of 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl)adenine on K562 cellular metabolism and the inhibition of human ribonucleotide reductase and DNA polymerases by its 5′-triphosphate. Cancer Res 51 9 (1991) 2386-2394
227. Xie K.C., and Plunkett W. Deoxynucleotide pool depletion and sustained inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase and DNA synthesis after treatment of human lymphoblastoid cells with 2-chloro-9-(2-deoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl) adenine. Cancer Res 56 13 (1996) 3030-3037
228. Gandhi V., Kantarjian H., Faderl S., et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of plasma clofarabine and cellular clofarabine triphosphate in patients with acute leukemias. Clin Cancer Res 9 17 (2003) 6335-6342
229. Miller J.S., Soignier Y., Panoskaltsis-Mortari A., et al. Successful adoptive transfer and in vivo expansion of human haploidentical NK cells in patients with cancer. Blood 105 8 (2005) 3051-3057