On the weakening relationship between the indian monsoon and ENSO

Science

Volumn 284, Issue 5423, 1999, Pages 2156-2159

  Kumar, K Krishna ^a,c   Rajagopalan, Balaji ^b   Cane, Mark A ^b  

^a Earth Institute   (United States)

^b Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences   (United States)

^c INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TROPICAL METEOROLOGY   (India)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RAIN;

AIR-SEA INTERACTION; EL NINO-SOUTHERN OSCILLATION; MONSOON; SURFACE TEMPERATURE; WALKER CIRCULATION;

ARTICLE; ASIA; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; EUROPE; GLOBAL CLIMATE; INDIAN OCEAN; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SEA; SEASON; WINTER;

ASIA; INDIA;

EID: 0033603403     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5423.2156     Document Type: Article

References (39)

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16. The following data sets were used in this study: (i) All-India summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall during 1856-1997 [B. Parthasarathy, K. Rupa Kumar, A. A. Munot, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 49, 217 (1994); N. A. Sontakke, G. B. Pant, N. Singh, J. Clim. 6, 1807 (1993)]. The equatorial Pacific (NINO3) SST anomalies during 1856-1997. NINO3 area (5°S-5°N and 150°W-90°W) SST anomalies were obtained from the grid-point data of A. Kaplan et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567 (1998)] for the era 1856-1949, and those during 1950-1997 are taken from the Climate Prediction Center, Washington, DC (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/data/cddb/). The correlation between the two NINO3 series during the common period of 1951-90 is 0.97. (iii) Monthly velocity potential at 200 hPa during 1958-97 were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis [E. Kalnay et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437 (1996)]. The 5° by 5° surface temperature anomalies on land as well as oceans during 1871-1997 [P. D. Jones, J. Clim. 7, 1794 (1994); D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, M. Jackson, Clim. Change 31, 559 (1995)]. The anomalies are with respect to the 1961-90 climatology.
17. The following data sets were used in this study: (i) All-India summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall during 1856-1997 [B. Parthasarathy, K. Rupa Kumar, A. A. Munot, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 49, 217 (1994); N. A. Sontakke, G. B. Pant, N. Singh, J. Clim. 6, 1807 (1993)]. The equatorial Pacific (NINO3) SST anomalies during 1856-1997. NINO3 area (5°S-5°N and 150°W-90°W) SST anomalies were obtained from the grid-point data of A. Kaplan et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567 (1998)] for the era 1856-1949, and those during 1950-1997 are taken from the Climate Prediction Center, Washington, DC (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/data/cddb/). The correlation between the two NINO3 series during the common period of 1951-90 is 0.97. (iii) Monthly velocity potential at 200 hPa during 1958-97 were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis [E. Kalnay et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437 (1996)]. The 5° by 5° surface temperature anomalies on land as well as oceans during 1871-1997 [P. D. Jones, J. Clim. 7, 1794 (1994); D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, M. Jackson, Clim. Change 31, 559 (1995)]. The anomalies are with respect to the 1961-90 climatology.
18. The following data sets were used in this study: (i) All-India summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall during 1856-1997 [B. Parthasarathy, K. Rupa Kumar, A. A. Munot, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 49, 217 (1994); N. A. Sontakke, G. B. Pant, N. Singh, J. Clim. 6, 1807 (1993)]. The equatorial Pacific (NINO3) SST anomalies during 1856-1997. NINO3 area (5°S-5°N and 150°W-90°W) SST anomalies were obtained from the grid-point data of A. Kaplan et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567 (1998)] for the era 1856-1949, and those during 1950-1997 are taken from the Climate Prediction Center, Washington, DC (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/data/cddb/). The correlation between the two NINO3 series during the common period of 1951-90 is 0.97. (iii) Monthly velocity potential at 200 hPa during 1958-97 were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis [E. Kalnay et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437 (1996)]. The 5° by 5° surface temperature anomalies on land as well as oceans during 1871-1997 [P. D. Jones, J. Clim. 7, 1794 (1994); D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, M. Jackson, Clim. Change 31, 559 (1995)]. The anomalies are with respect to the 1961-90 climatology.
19. The following data sets were used in this study: (i) All-India summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall during 1856-1997 [B. Parthasarathy, K. Rupa Kumar, A. A. Munot, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 49, 217 (1994); N. A. Sontakke, G. B. Pant, N. Singh, J. Clim. 6, 1807 (1993)]. The equatorial Pacific (NINO3) SST anomalies during 1856-1997. NINO3 area (5°S-5°N and 150°W-90°W) SST anomalies were obtained from the grid-point data of A. Kaplan et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567 (1998)] for the era 1856-1949, and those during 1950-1997 are taken from the Climate Prediction Center, Washington, DC (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/data/cddb/). The correlation between the two NINO3 series during the common period of 1951-90 is 0.97. (iii) Monthly velocity potential at 200 hPa during 1958-97 were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis [E. Kalnay et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437 (1996)]. The 5° by 5° surface temperature anomalies on land as well as oceans during 1871-1997 [P. D. Jones, J. Clim. 7, 1794 (1994); D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, M. Jackson, Clim. Change 31, 559 (1995)]. The anomalies are with respect to the 1961-90 climatology.
20. The following data sets were used in this study: (i) All-India summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall during 1856-1997 [B. Parthasarathy, K. Rupa Kumar, A. A. Munot, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 49, 217 (1994); N. A. Sontakke, G. B. Pant, N. Singh, J. Clim. 6, 1807 (1993)]. The equatorial Pacific (NINO3) SST anomalies during 1856-1997. NINO3 area (5°S-5°N and 150°W-90°W) SST anomalies were obtained from the grid-point data of A. Kaplan et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567 (1998)] for the era 1856-1949, and those during 1950-1997 are taken from the Climate Prediction Center, Washington, DC (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/data/cddb/). The correlation between the two NINO3 series during the common period of 1951-90 is 0.97. (iii) Monthly velocity potential at 200 hPa during 1958-97 were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis [E. Kalnay et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437 (1996)]. The 5° by 5° surface temperature anomalies on land as well as oceans during 1871-1997 [P. D. Jones, J. Clim. 7, 1794 (1994); D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, M. Jackson, Clim. Change 31, 559 (1995)]. The anomalies are with respect to the 1961-90 climatology.
21. The following data sets were used in this study: (i) All-India summer (June to September) monsoon rainfall during 1856-1997 [B. Parthasarathy, K. Rupa Kumar, A. A. Munot, Theor. Appl. Climatol. 49, 217 (1994); N. A. Sontakke, G. B. Pant, N. Singh, J. Clim. 6, 1807 (1993)]. The equatorial Pacific (NINO3) SST anomalies during 1856-1997. NINO3 area (5°S-5°N and 150°W-90°W) SST anomalies were obtained from the grid-point data of A. Kaplan et al. [J. Geophys. Res. 103, 18567 (1998)] for the era 1856-1949, and those during 1950-1997 are taken from the Climate Prediction Center, Washington, DC (http://nic.fb4.noaa.gov/data/cddb/). The correlation between the two NINO3 series during the common period of 1951-90 is 0.97. (iii) Monthly velocity potential at 200 hPa during 1958-97 were obtained from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis [E. Kalnay et al., Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 77, 437 (1996)]. The 5° by 5° surface temperature anomalies on land as well as oceans during 1871-1997 [P. D. Jones, J. Clim. 7, 1794 (1994); D. E. Parker, C. K. Folland, M. Jackson, Clim. Change 31, 559 (1995)]. The anomalies are with respect to the 1961-90 climatology.
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39. We thank C. Ropelewski, R. Kleeman, S. Zebiak, and Y. Kushnir for useful discussions and comments. Supported by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant NA67GP0299. B.R. and M.A.C. were partially supported by NOAA grant NA56GP0221. This is Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory contribution 5937.