Breast cancer brain metastases

Cancer and Metastasis Reviews

Volumn 26, Issue 3-4, 2007, Pages 635-643

  Cheng, Xiaoyun ^a,b   Hung, Mien Chie ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MD ANDERSON CANCER CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS   (United States)

Author keywords

Brain metastasis; Breast cancer; ZrbB2

Indexed keywords

CARMUSTINE; CHEMOKINE RECEPTOR CXCR4; CORTICOSTEROID; EFAPROXIRAL; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR 2; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; LAPATINIB; MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASE; TRASTUZUMAB; VASCULOTROPIN;

ATAXIA; BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN BIOPSY; BRAIN EDEMA; BRAIN METASTASIS; BRAIN RADIATION; BREAST CANCER; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CEREBROSPINAL FLUID CYTOLOGY; CLINICAL FEATURE; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; CRANIAL NEUROPATHY; HEADACHE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; NAUSEA; NEUROIMAGING; NONHUMAN; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING; PHENOTYPE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; QUALITY OF LIFE; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SEIZURE; STEREOTAXIC SURGERY; UNSPECIFIED SIDE EFFECT; VOMITING;

ANIMALS; BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER; BRAIN NEOPLASMS; BREAST NEOPLASMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; PROGNOSIS; RECEPTOR, ERBB-2; RECEPTORS, CXCR4; RISK FACTORS; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 36148992565     PISSN: 01677659     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s10555-007-9083-x     Document Type: Review

References (81)

1. Barnholtz-Sloan, J. S., Sloan, A. E., Davis, F. G., Vigneau, F. D., Lai, P., & Sawaya, R. E. (2004). Incidence proportions of brain metastases in patients diagnosed (1973 to 2001) in the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer Surveillance System. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 2865-2872.
2. Lin, N. U., Bellon, J. R., & Winer, E. P. (2004). CNS metastases in breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 22, 3608-3617.
3. Patanaphan, V., Salazar, O. M., & Risco, R. (1988). Breast cancer: Metastatic patterns and their prognosis. Southern Medical Journal, 81, 1109-1112.
4. Tsukada, Y., Fouad, A., Pickren, J. W., & Lane, W. W. (1983). Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma. Autopsy study. Cancer, 52, 2349-2354.
5. Weil, R. J., Palmieri, D. C., Bronder, J. L., Stark, A. M., & Steeg, P. S. (2005). Breast cancer metastasis to the central nervous system. American Journal of Pathology, 167, 913-920.
6. Miller, K. D., Weathers, T., Haney, L. G., Timmerman, R., Dickler, M., Shen, J., et al. (2003). Occult central nervous system involvement in patients with metastatic breast cancer: Prevalence, predictive factors and impact on overall survival. Annals of Oncology, 14, 1072-1077.
7. Lee, Y. T. (1983). Breast carcinoma: Pattern of metastasis at autopsy. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 23, 175-180.
8. Cho, S. Y., & Choi, H. Y. (1980). Causes of death and metastatic patterns in patients with mammary cancer. Ten-year autopsy study. American Journal of Clinical Pathology, 73, 232-234.
9. Kesari, S., & Batchelor, T.T. (2003). Leptomeningeal metastases. Neurologic Clinics, 21, 25-66.
10. Gabos, Z., Sinha, R., Hanson, J., Chauhan, N., Hugh, J., Mackey, J. R., et al. (2006). Prognostic significance of human epidermal growth factor receptor positivity for the development of brain metastasis after newly diagnosed breast cancer. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 5658-5663.
11. Pestalozzi, B. C., Zahrieh, D., Price, K. N., Holmberg, S. B., Lindtner, J., Collins, J., et al. (2006). Identifying breast cancer patients at risk for central nervous system (CNS) metastases in trials of the International Breast Cancer Study Group (IBCSG). Annals of Oncology, 17, 935-944.
12. Hicks, D. G., Short, S. M., Prescott, N. L., Tarr, S. M., Coleman, K. A., Yoder, B. J., et al. (2006). Breast cancers with brain metastases are more likely to be estrogen receptor negative, express the basal cytokeratin CK5/6, and overexpress HER2 or EGFR. American Journal of Surgical Pathology, 30, 1097-1104.
13. Tham, Y. L., Sexton, K., Kramer, R., Hilsenbeck, S., & Elledge, R. (2006). Primary breast cancer phenotypes associated with propensity for central nervous system metastases. Cancer, 107, 696-704.
14. Stemmler, H. J., Kahlert, S., Siekiera, W., Untch, M., Heinrich, B., & Heinemann, V. (2006). Characteristics of patients with brain metastases receiving trastuzumab for HER2 overexpressing metastatic breast cancer. Breast, 15, 219-225.
15. Chang, J., Clark, G. M., Allred, D. C., Mohsin, S., Chamness, G., & Elledge, R. M. (2003). Survival of patients with metastatic breast carcinoma: Importance of prognostic markers of the primary tumor. Cancer, 97, 545-553.
16. Souglakos, J., Vamvakas, L., Apostolaki, S., Perraki, M., Saridaki, Z., Kazakou, I., et al. (2006). Central nervous system relapse in patients with breast cancer is associated with advanced stages, with the presence of circulating occult tumor cells and with the HER2/neu status. Breast Cancer Research, 8, R36.
17. Forsyth, P. A., & Posner, J. B. (1993). Headaches in patients with brain tumors: a study of 111 patients. Neurology, 43, 1678-1683.
18. Lassman, A. B., & DeAngelis, L. M. (2003). Brain metastases. Neurologic Clinics, 21, 1-23, vii.
19. Fizazi, K., Asselain, B., Vincent-Salomon, A., Jouve, M., Dieras, V., Palangie, T., et al. (1996). Meningeal carcinomatosis in patients with breast carcinoma. Clinical features, prognostic factors, and results of a high-dose intrathecal methotrexate regimen. Cancer, 77, 1315-1323.
20. Schellinger, P. D., Meinck, H. M., & Thron, A. (1999). Diagnostic accuracy of MRI compared to CCT in patients with brain metastases. Journal of Neuro-oncology, 44, 275-281.
21. Jeyapalan, S. A., & Batchelor, T. T. (2000). Diagnostic evaluation of neurologic metastases. Cancer Investigation, 18, 381-394.
22. Davis, P. C., Hudgins, P. A., Peterman, S. B., & Hoffman, J. C. Jr. (1991). Diagnosis of cerebral metastases: Double-dose delayed CT vs contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 12, 293-300.
23. Akeson, P., Larsson, E. M., Kristoffersen, D. T., Jonsson, E., & Holtas, S. (1995). Brain metastases-comparison of gadodiamide injection-enhanced MR imaging at standard and high dose, contrast-enhanced CT and non-contrast-enhanced MR imaging. Acta Radiologica, 36, 300-306.
24. Sze, G., Milano, E., Johnson, C., & Heier, L. (1990). Detection of brain metastases: Comparison of contrast-enhanced MR with unenhanced MR and enhanced CT. AJNR American Journal of Neuroradiology, 11, 785-791.
25. Straathof, C. S., de Bruin, H. G., Dippel, D. W., & Vecht, C. J. (1999). The diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging and cerebrospinal fluid cytology in leptomeningeal metastasis. Journal of Neurology, 246, 810-814.
26. Patchell, R. A., Tibbs, P. A., Walsh, J. W., Dempsey, R. J., Maruyama, Y., Kryscio, R. J., et al. (1990). A randomized trial of surgery in the treatment of single metastases to the brain. New England Journal of Medicine, 322, 494-500.
27. Shaffrey, M. E., Mut, M., Asher, A. L., Burri, S. H., Chahlavi, A., Chang, S. M., et al. (2004). Brain metastases. Current Problems in Surgery, 41, 665-741.
28. Engel, J., Eckel, R., Aydemir, U., Aydemir, S., Kerr, J., Schlesinger-Raab, A., et al. (2003). Determinants and prognoses of locoregional and distant progression in breast cancer. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 55, 1186-1195.
29. Gaspar, L., Scott, C., Rotman, M., Asbell, S., Phillips, T., Wasserman, T., et al. (1997). Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) of prognostic factors in three Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) brain metastases trials. International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics, 37, 745-751.
30. Lagerwaard, F. J., & Levendag, P. C. (2001). Prognostic factors in patients with brain metastases. Forum (Genova), 11, 27-46.
31. Bendell, J. C., Domchek, S. M., Burstein, H. J., Harris, L., Younger, J., Kuter, I., et al. (2003). Central nervous system metastases in women who receive trastuzumab-based therapy for metastatic breast carcinoma. Cancer, 97, 2972-2977.
32. Peacock, K. H., & Lesser, G. J. (2006). Current therapeutic approaches in patients with brain metastases. Current Treatment Options in Oncology, 7, 479-489.
33. Bindal, R. K., Sawaya, R., Leavens, M. E., & Lee, J. J. (1993). Surgical treatment of multiple brain metastases. Journal of Neurosurgery, 79, 210-216.
34. Hazuka, M. B., Burleson, W. D., Stroud, D. N., Leonard, C. E., Lillehei, K. O., & Kinzie, J. J. (1993). Multiple brain metastases are associated with poor survival in patients treated with surgery and radiotherapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 11, 369-373.
35. Suh, J. H., Stea, B., Nabid, A., Kresl, J. J., Fortin, A., Mercier, J. P., et al. (2006). Phase III study of efaproxiral as an adjunct to whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 24, 106-114.
36. Valtonen, S., Timonen, U., Toivanen, P., Kalimo, H., Kivipelto, L., Heiskanen, O., et al. (1997). Interstitial chemotherapy with carmustine-loaded polymers for high-grade gliomas: A randomized double-blind study. Neurosurgery, 41, 44-48 (discussion 48-49).
37. Grossi, P. M., Ochiai, H., Archer, G. E., McLendon, R. E., Zalutsky, M. R., Friedman, A. H., et al. (2003). Efficacy of intracerebral microinfusion of trastuzumab in an athymic rat model of intracerebral metastatic breast cancer. Clinical Cancer Research, 9, 5514-5520.
38. Ballabh, P., Braun, A., & Nedergaard, M. (2004). The blood-brain barrier: An overview: Structure, regulation, and clinical implications. Neurobiology of Disease, 16, 1-13.
39. Lee, B. C., Lee, T. H., Avraham, S., & Avraham, H. K. (2004). Involvement of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 and its ligand stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha in breast cancer cell migration through human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Molecular Cancer Research, 2, 327-338.
40. Jong, A. Y., Stins, M. F., Huang, S. H., Chen, S. H., & Kim, K. S. (2001). Traversal of Candida albicans across human blood-brain barrier in vitro. Infection and Immunity, 69, 4536-4544.
41. Clark, P. R., Manes, T. D., Pober, J. S., & Kluger, M. S. (2007). Increased ICAM-1 expression causes endothelial cell leakiness, cytoskeletal reorganization and junctional alterations. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 127, 762-774.
42. Olayioye, M. A., Neve, R. M., Lane, H. A., & Hynes, N. E. (2000). The ErbB signaling network: Receptor heterodimerization in development and cancer. EMBO Journal, 19, 3159-3167.
43. Hynes, N. E., & Stern, D. F. (1994). The biology of erbB-2/neu/HER-2 and its role in cancer. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, 1198, 165-184.
44. Slamon, D. J., Clark, G. M., Wong, S. G., Levin, W. J., Ullrich, A., & McGuire, W. L. (1987). Human breast cancer: Correlation of relapse and survival with amplification of the HER-2/neu oncogene. Science, 235, 177-182.
45. Slamon, D. J., Godolphin, W., Jones, L. A., Holt, J. A., Wong, S. G., Keith, D. E., et al. (1989). Studies of the HER-2/neu proto-oncogene in human breast and ovarian cancer. Science, 244, 707-712.
46. Miller, S. J., Xing, X., Xi, L., & Hung, M. C. (1996). Identification of a specific DNA region required for enhanced transcription of HER2/neu in the MDA-MB453 breast cancer cell line. DNA and Cell Biology, 15, 749-757.
47. Mansour, E. G., Ravdin, P. M., & Dressler, L. (1994). Prognostic factors in early breast carcinoma. Cancer, 74, 381-400.
48. Andrulis, I. L., Bull, S. B., Blackstein, M. E., Sutherland, D., Mak, C., Sidlofsky, S., et al. (1998). Neu/erbB-2 amplification identifies a poor-prognosis group of women with node-negative breast cancer. Toronto Breast Cancer Study Group. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 16, 1340-1349.
49. Pegram, M. D., Pauletti, G., & Slamon, D. J. (1998). HER-2/neu as a predictive marker of response to breast cancer therapy. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 52, 65-77.
50. Yu, D., & Hung, M. C. (2000). Overexpression of ErbB2 in cancer and ErbB2-targeting strategies. Oncogene, 19, 6115-6121.
51. Meric-Bernstam, F., & Hung, M. C. (2006). Advances in targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 signaling for cancer therapy. Clinical Cancer Research, 12, 6326-6330.
52. Zhou, B. P., Liao, Y., Xia, W., Spohn, B., Lee, M. H., & Hung, M. C. (2001). Cytoplasmic localization of p21Cip1/WAF1 by Akt-induced phosphorylation in HER-2/neu-overexpressing cells. Nature Cell Biology, 3, 245-252.
53. Xia, W., Chen, J. S., Zhou, X., Sun, P. R., Lee, D. F., Liao, Y., et al. (2004). Phosphorylation/cytoplasmic localization of p21Cip1/WAF1 is associated with HER2/neu overexpression and provides a novel combination predictor for poor prognosis in breast cancer patients. Clinical Cancer Research, 10, 3815-3824.
54. Zhou, B. P., Liao, Y., Xia, W., Zou, Y., Spohn, B., & Hung, M. C. (2001). HER-2/neu induces p53 ubiquitination via Akt-mediated MDM2 phosphorylation. Nature Cell Biology, 3, 973-982.
55. Yang, H. Y., Zhou, B. P., Hung, M. C., & Lee, M. H. (2000). Oncogenic signals of HER-2/neu in regulating the stability of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 275, 24735-24739.
56. Ding, Q., Xia, W., Liu, J. C., Yang, J. Y., Lee, D. F., Xia, J., et al. (2005). Erk associates with and primes GSK-3beta for its inactivation resulting in upregulation of beta-catenin. Molecular Cell, 19, 159-170.
57. Klos, K. S., Wyszomierski, S. L., Sun, M., Tan, M., Zhou, X., Li, P., et al. (2006). ErbB2 increases vascular endothelial growth factor protein synthesis via activation of mammalian target of rapamycin/p70S6K leading to increased angiogenesis and spontaneous metastasis of human breast cancer cells. Cancer Research, 66, 2028-2037.
58. Li, Y. M., Pan, Y., Wei, Y., Cheng, X., Zhou, B. P., Tan, M., et al. (2004). Upregulation of CXCR4 is essential for HER2-mediated tumor metastasis. Cancer Cell, 6, 459-469.
59. Kallioniemi, O. P., Holli, K., Visakorpi, T., Koivula, T., Helin, H. H., & Isola, J. J. (1991). Association of c-erbB-2 protein over-expression with high rate of cell proliferation, increased risk of visceral metastasis and poor long-term survival in breast cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 49, 650-655.
60. Slamon, D. J., Leyland-Jones, B., Shak, S., Fuchs, H., Paton, V., Bajamonde, A., et al. (2001). Use of chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast cancer that overexpresses HER2. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 783-792.
61. Yau, T., Swanton, C., Chua, S., Sue, A., Walsh, G., Rostom, A., et al. (2006). Incidence, pattern and timing of brain metastases among patients with advanced breast cancer treated with trastuzumab. Acta Oncologica, 45, 196-201.
62. Altaha, R., Crowell, E., Hobbs, G., Higa, G., & Abraham, J. (2005). Increased risk of brain metastases in patients with HER-2/neu-positive breast carcinoma. Cancer, 103, 442-443.
63. Clayton, A. J., Danson, S., Jolly, S., Ryder, W. D., Burt, P. A., Stewart, A. L., et al. (2004). Incidence of cerebral metastases in patients treated with trastuzumab for metastatic breast cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 91, 639-643.
64. Shmueli, E., Wigler, N., & Inbar, M. (2004). Central nervous system progression among patients with metastatic breast cancer responding to trastuzumab treatment. European Journal of Cancer, 40, 379-382.
65. Fuchs, I. B., Loebbecke, M., Buhler, H., Stoltenburg-Didinger, G., Heine, B., Lichtenegger, W., et al. (2002). HER2 in brain metastases: Issues of concordance, survival, and treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 20, 4130-4133.
66. Robins, H. I., Liu, G., Hayes, L., & Mehta, M. (2002). Trastuzumab for breast cancer-related carcinomatous meningitis. Clinical Breast Cancer, 2, 316.
67. Stemmler, H. J., Schmitt, M., Willems, A., Bernhard, H., Harbeck, N., & Heinemann, V. (2007). Ratio of trastuzumab levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid is altered in HER2-positive breast cancer patients with brain metastases and impairment of blood-brain barrier. Anticancer Drugs, 18, 23-28.
68. Bergman, I., Barmada, M. A., Griffin, J. A., & Slamon, D. J. (2001). Treatment of meningeal breast cancer xenografts in the rat using an anti-p185/HER2 antibody. Clinical Cancer Research, 7, 2050-2056.
69. Montemurro, F., Valabrega, G., & Aglietta, M. (2007). Lapatinib: A dual inhibitor of EGFR and HER2 tyrosine kinase activity. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 7, 257-268.
70. Dewji, M. R. (2004). Early phase I data on an irreversible pan-erb inhibitor: CI-1033. What did we learn? Journal of Chemotherapy, 16(Suppl 4), 44-48.
71. Fidler, I. J. (2002). The organ microenvironment and cancer metastasis. Differentiation, 70, 498-505.
72. Monsky, W. L., Mouta Carreira, C., Tsuzuki, Y., Gohongi, T., Fukumura, D., & Jain, R. K. (2002). Role of host microenvironment in angiogenesis and microvascular functions in human breast cancer xenografts: Mammary fat pad versus cranial tumors. Clinical Cancer Research, 8, 1008-1013.
73. Linderholm, B., Grankvist, K., Wilking, N., Johansson, M., Tavelin, B., & Henriksson, R. (2000). Correlation of vascular endothelial growth factor content with recurrences, survival, and first relapse site in primary node-positive breast carcinoma after adjuvant treatment. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 18, 1423-1431.
74. Lee, T. H., Avraham, H. K., Jiang, S., & Avraham, S. (2003). Vascular endothelial growth factor modulates the transendothelial migration of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through regulation of brain microvascular endothelial cell permeability. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 5277-5284.
75. Kim, L. S., Huang, S., Lu, W., Lev, D. C., & Price, J. E. (2004). Vascular endothelial growth factor expression promotes the growth of breast cancer brain metastases in nude mice. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 21, 107-118.
76. Mendes, O., Kim, H. T., & Stoica, G. (2005). Expression of MMP2, MMP9 and MMP3 in breast cancer brain metastasis in a rat model. Clinical & Experimental Metastasis, 22, 237-246.
77. Tester, A. M., Waltham, M., Oh, S. J., Bae, S. N., Bills, M. M., Walker, E. C., et al. (2004). Pro-matrix metalloproteinase-2 transfection increases orthotopic primary growth and experimental metastasis of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in nude mice. Cancer Research, 64, 652-658.
78. Stark, A. M., Anuszkiewicz, B., Mentlein, R., Yoneda, T., Mehdorn, H. M., & Held-Feindt, J. (2007). Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases in brain- and bone-seeking clones of metastatic MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Journal of Neuro-oncology, 81, 39-48.
79. Muller, A., Homey, B., Soto, H., Ge, N., Catron, D., Buchanan, M. E., et al. (2001). Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis. Nature, 410, 50-56.
80. Andre, F., Cabioglu, N., Assi, H., Sabourin, J. C., Delaloge, S., Sahin, A., et al. (2006). Expression of chemokine receptors predicts the site of metastatic relapse in patients with axillary node positive primary breast cancer. Annals of Oncology, 17, 945-951.
81. Schmid, B. C., Rezniczek, G. A., Fabjani, G., Yoneda, T., Leodolter, S., & Zeillinger, R. (2007). The neuronal guidance cue Slit2 induces targeted migration and may play a role in brain metastasis of breast cancer cells. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.