PET radiopharmaceuticals for metabolic imaging in oncology

International Congress Series

Volumn 1264, Issue C, 2004, Pages 53-76

  Wiebe, Leonard I ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF ALBERTA   (Canada)

Author keywords

Bioenergetics; Cancer; Glucose utilization; Hexose; Hypoxia imaging; Metabolism; Nitroimidazole; Tissue metabolism; 18F FAZA; 18F FDG

Indexed keywords

EID: 35348981382     PISSN: 05315131     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ics.2003.12.102     Document Type: Article

References (120)

1. Brownell, G.L., Sweet, W.H., Localization of brain tumors with positron emitters. Nucleonics 11 (1953), 40–45.
2. Brownell, G.L., A history of positron imaging. http://www.mit.edu/∼glb/, 1999.
3. Gambhir, S.S., Molecular imaging of cancer with positron tomography. Nat. Rev., Cancer 2 (2002), 683–693.
4. Bar-Shalom, R., Yefremov, N., Guralnik, L., Gaitini, D., Frenkel, A., Kuten, A., Altman, H., Keidar, Z., Israel, O., Clinical performance of PET/CT in evaluation of cancer: additional value for diagnostic imaging and patient management. J. Nucl. Med. 44 (2003), 1200–1209.
5. Delahaye, N., Crestani, B., Rakotonirina, H., Lebtahi, R., Sarda, L., Girard, P., Charpentier, E., Fery-Lemonnier, E., Syrota, A., Aubier, M., Le Guludec, D., Comparative impact of standard approach, FDG PET and FDG dual-head coincidence gamma camera imaging in preoperative staging of patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Nucl. Med. Commun. 24 (2003), 215–1224.
6. Visvikis, D., Griffiths, D., Costa, D.C., Ell, P.J., Comparison of 2-D and 3-D clinical PET imaging using a BGO based dedicated system. Nucl. Med. Commun., 24, 2003, 456.
7. 76Br-bromide and PET. J. Nucl. Med. 44 (2003), 1210–1218.
8. Guay, C., Lépine, M., Verreault, J., Bénard, F., Prognostic value of PET using 18F-FDG in Hodgkin's disease for posttreatment evaluation. J. Nucl. Med. 44 (2003), 1225–1231.
9. 64Cu for tumor imaging and therapy. J. Nucl. Med. 44 (2003), 1284–1292.
10. Lee, F.T., Scott, A.M., Immuno-PET for tumor targeting. J. Nucl. Med. 44 (2003), 1282–1283.
11. Wood, I.S., Trayhurn, P., Glucose transporters (GLUT and SGLT): expanded families of sugar transport proteins. Br. J. Nutr. 89 (2003), 3–9.
12. Gatley, J.S., Labeled glucose analogues in the genomic era. J. Nucl. Med. 44 (2003), 1082–1086.
13. Coe, E.L., Inhibition of glycolysis in ascites tumor cells preincubated with 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 264 (1972), 319–327.
14. Bessel, E.M., Courtney, V.D., Foster, A.B., et al. Some in vivo and in vitro antitumour effects of the deoxyfluoro-D-glucopyranoses. Eur. J. Cancer 9 (1973), 463–470.
15. Nakada, T., Kwee, I., Card, P.J., et al. Fluorine-19 NMR imaging of glucose metabolism. Magn. Reson. Med. 6 (1988), 307–313.
16. Kanazawa, Y., Yamane, H., Shinohara, S., et al. 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose as a functional probe for NMR: the unique metabolism beyond its 6-phosphate. J. Neurochem. 66 (1996), 2113–2120.
17. 18F]fluoro-D-glucose in mammalian cells: concise communication. J. Nucl. Med. 24 (1983), 1055–1059.
18. Bessel, E.M., Foster, A.B., Westwood, J.H., The use of deoxyfluoro-D-glucopyranoses and related compounds in a study of yeast hexokinase specificity. J. Biochem. 128 (1972), 199–204.
19. Brown, R.S., Leung, J.Y., Kison, P.V., et al. Glucose transporters and FDG uptake in untreated primary human non-small cell lung cancer. J. Nucl. Med. 40 (1999), 556–565.
20. 18F]FDG uptake in non-small cell lung cancer. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 27 (2000), 1778–1785.
21. 14C]deoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization: theory, procedure and normal values in the conscious and anesthetized albino rat. J. Neurochem. 28 (1977), 897–916.
22. 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose method for the measurement of local cerebral glucose utilization in man. Circ. Res. 44 (1979), 127–137.
23. 18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose for the measure of myocardial glucose metabolism. J. Nucl. Med. 19 (1978), 1311–1319.
24. Som, P., Atkins, H.L., Bandoypadhyay, D., et al. A fluorinated glucose analogue, 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (F-18): nontoxic tracer for rapid tumor detection. J. Nucl. Med. 21 (1980), 670–675.
25. Waki, A., Fujibayashi, Y., Magata, Y., Yokoyama, A., Sadato, N., Tsuchida, T., Ishii, Y., Yonekura, Y., Glucose transporter protein-independent tumor cell accumulation of fluorine-18-AFDG, a lipophilic fluorine-18-FDG analog. J. Nucl. Med. 39 (1998), 245–250.
26. 2. A convenient synthesis of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose. J. Org. Chem. 42 (1977), 2341–2342.
27. 18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. J. Nucl. Med. 27 (1986), 235–238.
28. 18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-mannose: a new tracer for cancer detection. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 7 (1982), 294–297.
29. 11C]methylglucose in pig liver. J. Nucl. Med. 42 (2001), 1673–1678.
30. 18F]fluoro-2-deoxyglucose in tumor-bearing rats: chromatographic and enzymatic studies. Nucl. Med. Biol. 13 (1986), 577–581.
31. 19F NMR: the effects of anesthesia. Magn. Reson. Med. 21 (1991), 191–196.
32. Kojima, M., Kuribayashi, S., Kanazawa, Y., et al. Metabolic pathway of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose in mice bearing Sarcoma 180 studied by fluorine-19 nuclear magnetic resonance. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 36 (1988), 1194–1197.
33. Kanazawa, Z., Monozono, Y., Ishikawa, M., et al. Metabolic pathway of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose studied by F-19 NMR. Life Sci. 39 (1986), 737–742.
34. Kanazawa, Y., Monozono, Y., Yamane, H., et al. NMR evidence for the unexpected interconversion of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose to 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose in mice. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 35 (1987), 895–897.
35. 19F NMR of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose for tumor diagnosis in mice. An NDP-bound hexose analogue as a new NMR target for imaging. NMR Biomed. 10 (1997), 35–41.
36. 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J. Neurochem. 46 (1986), 198–201.
37. 19F-NMR spectroscopy. Biochem. Arch. 2 (1986), 53–61.
38. 18F-FDG in mice bearing either SCCVII squamous cell carcinoma or C3H mammary carcinoma. J. Nucl. Med. 43 (2002), 940–947.
39. Pauwels, E.K.J., Ribeiro, M.J., Stoot, M.H.B., et al. FDG accumulation and tumor biology. Nucl. Med. Biol. 25 (1998), 317–322.
40. 18F]fluorodeoxyglucose: part 1. Biochemical uptake mechanism and its implication for clinical studies. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 126 (2000), 549–559.
41. Gambhir, S.S., Czernin, J., Schwimmer, J., et al. A tabulated summary of the FDG PET literature. J. Nucl. Med. 42 (2001), 1S–93S.
42. Wiebe, L.I., FDG Metabolism: quaecumque sunt vera. J. Nucl. Med. 42 (2001), 1679–1681.
43. 18F]2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose and positron emission tomography: an overview of different analytical methods. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 27 (2000), 731–743.
44. 18F]-labeled 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose: synthesis and preliminary biodistribution data. J. Nucl. Med. 19 (1978), 1339–1345.
45. Goodman, M.M., Elmaleh, D.R., Kearfott, K.J., Ackerman, R.H., Hoop, B. Jr., Brownell, G.L., Alpert, N.M., Strauss, H.W., F-18-labeled 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose for the study of regional metabolism in the brain and heart. J. Nucl. Med. 22 (1981), 138–144.
46. Bessell, E.M., Foster, A.B., Westwood, J.H., The use of deoxyfluoro-D-glucopyranoses and related compounds in a study of yeast hexokinase specificity. J. Biochem. 128 (1972), 199–204.
47. Bessell, E.M., Courtenay, D., Foster, A.B., Jones, M., Westwood, J.H., Some in vivo and in vitro antitumour effects of the deoxyfluoro-D-glucopyranoses. Eur. J. Cancer 9 (1973), 463–470.
48. 18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose using aminopolyether supported nucleophilic substitution. J. Nucl. Med. 27 (1986), 235–238.
49. 18F-fluoro-deoxy-D-glucose for studies of tissue metabolism. Int. J. Nucl. Med. Biol. 11 (1984), 15–22.
50. 18F-3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose (3-FDG) as tracers in brain and heart diagnostic studies. Nuklearmedizin 23 (1984), 31–34.
51. Vyska, K., Mehdorn, H.M., Machulla, H.J., Knust, E.J., Use of 3-fluoro-deoxyglucose for the assessment of cerebral perfusion and glucose transport: I. Theory. Neurol. Res. 7 (1985), 63–67.
52. Halama, J.R., Gatley, S.J., DeGrado, T.R., Bernstein, D.R., Ng, C.K., Holden, J.E., Validation of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose as a transport analogue in rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 247 (1984), H754–759.
53. Kwee, I.L., Nakada, T., Card, P.J., Noninvasive demonstration of in vivo 3-fluoro-3-deoxy-D-glucose metabolism in rat brain by 19F nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy: suitable probe for monitoring cerebral aldose reductase activities. J. Neurochem. 49 (1987), 428–433.
54. 19F-NMR spectroscopy. Invest. Ophthamol. Vis. Sci. 39 (1998), 2688–2695.
55. Matsuhisa, M., Nishizawa, H., Ikeda, M., Kubota, M., Arai, S., Kawamori, R., Yamasaki, Y., Prior muscle contracture enhances disposal of glucose analogue in the liver and muscle. Metabolism 47 (1998), 44–49.
56. Berkowitz, B.A., Moriyama, T., Fales, H.M., Byrd, R.A., Balaban, R.S., In vitro metabolism of 3-deoxy-3-fluoro-D-glucose. J. Biol. Chem. 265 (1990), 12417–12423.
57. 3-glucose in the rat. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 22 (1956), 586–592.
58. Betz, L.A., Gilboe, D.D., Kinetics of cerebral glucose transport in vivo. Inhibition by 3-O-methyl-glucose. Brain Res. 65 (1974), 368–372.
59. 11C-Methyl-D-glucose, a potential agent for regionalcerebral glucose utilization: Synthesis, chromatography and tissue distribution in mice. J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. 18 (1981), 855–863.
60. 11C-methyl-D-glucose (CMG) and dynamic positron emission tomography (dPET). Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 11 (1985), 97–106.
61. Gatley, S.J., Holden, J.E., Halama, J.R., DeGrado, T.R., Bernstein, D.R., Ng, C.K., Phosphorylation of glucose analogue 3-O-methyl-D-glucose by rat heart. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 30 (1984), 1008–1014.
62. 11C-methyl-D-glucoside, a tracer of the sodium-dependent glucose transporters. J. Nucl. Med. 44 (2003), 1082–1086.
63. Ehrin, E., Stone-Elander, S., Nilsson, J.L., Bergstrom, M., Blomqvist, G., Brismar, T., Eriksson, L., Greitz, T., Jansson, P.E., Litton, J.E., Malmborg, P., af Ugglas, M., Widen, L., C-11-Labeled glucose and its utilization in positron-emission tomography. J. Nucl. Med. 24 (1983), 326–331.
64. 11C]D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 44 (1993), 971–980.
65. Spence, A.M., Graham, M.M., Muzi, M., Freeman, S.D., Link, J.M., Grierson, J.M., O'Sullivan, F., Stein, D., Abbott, G.L., Krohn, K.A., Feasibility of imaging pentose cycle glucose metabolism in gliomas with PET: studies in rat brain tumor model. J. Nucl. Med. 38 (1997), 617–624.
66. Spence, A.M., Muzi, M., Graham, M.M., O'Sullivan, F., Krohn, K.A., Link, J.M., Lewellen, T.K., Lewellen, B., Freeman, S.D., Berger, M.S., Ojemann, G.A., Glucose metabolism in human malignant gliomas measured quantitatively with PET, 1-[C-11]glucose and FDG: analysis of the FDG lumped constant. J. Nucl. Med. 39 (1998), 440–448.
67. Graham, M.M., Peterson, L.M., Muzi, M., Graham, B.B., Spence, A.M., Link, J.M., Krohn, K.A., 1-[Carbon-11]-glucose radiation dosimetry and distribution in human imaging studies. J. Nucl. Med. 39 (1998), 1805–1810.
68. Grierson, J.R., Biskupiak, J.E., Link, J.M., Krohn, K.A., Radiosynthesis of 6-[C-11]-D-glucose. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 44 (1993), 1449–1458.
69. Bunn, H.F., Poyton, R.O., Oxygen sensing and molecular adaptation to hypoxia. Physiol. Rev. 76 (1996), 839–885.
70. Dachs, G.U., Stratford, I.J., The molecular response of mammalian cells to hypoxia and the potential for exploitation in cancer therapy. Br. J. Cancer 74 (1996), S126–S132.
71. Höckel, M., Vaupel, P., Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 93 (2001), 266–276.
72. Adams, G.E., Dewey, D.L., Hydrated electrons and radiobiological sensitization. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 12 (1963), 473–477.
73. Biaglow, J.E., Varnes, M.E., Roizen-Towle, L., Clark, E.P., Epp, E.R., Astor, M.B., Hall, E.J., Biochemistry of reduction of nitroimidazoles. Biochem. Pharm. 35 (1986), 77–90.
74. Adams, G.E., Flockhart, I.R., Smithen, C.E., Stratford, I.J., Wardman, P., Watts, M.E., Electron affinic sensitization: VIII. A correlation between structure, one electron reduction potential and efficiency of nitroimidazoles as hypoxic cell radiosensitizers. Radiat. Res. 67 (1976), 9–20.
75. Brown, J.M., Workman, P., Partition coefficients as a guide to the development of radiosensitizers which are less toxic than misonidazole. Radiat. Res. 82 (1980), 171–190.
76. Workman, P., Brown, J.M., Structure–pharmacokinetic relationships for misonidazole analogues in mice. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. 6 (1981), 39–49.
77. Wiebe, L.I., Radionuclides, radiotracers and radiopharmaceuticals for in vivo diagnosis. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 24 (1984), 365–372.
78. Chapman, J.D., Franko, A.J., Sharplin, J., A marker for hypoxic cells in tumours with clinical applicability. Br. J. Cancer 43 (1981), 546–550.
79. Wiebe, L.I., Mannan, R.H., Mercer, J.R., Haverland, G.W., Chapman, J.D., Structure–activity relationships among nitroimidazole nucleosides used as markers of tissue hypoxia., 7th Int. Symp. Radiopharmacol. Boston, 1991.
80. Nunn, A., Linder, K., Strauss, H.W., Nitroimidazoles and imaging hypoxia. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 22 (1995), 265–280.
81. Wiebe, L.I., Stypinski, D., Pharmacokinetics of SPECT radiopharmaceuticals for imaging hypoxic tissues. Q. J. Nucl. Med. 39 (1996), 270–284.
82. Machulla, H.-J., (eds.) Imaging of Hypoxia—Tracer Developments, 1999, Kluwer Academic Publishing, Dordrecht.
83. 123I-IAZA. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 45 (2002), S89–102.
84. Rasey, J.S., Grunbaum, Z., Magee, S., Nelson, N.J., Olive, P.L., Durand, R.E., Krohn, K.A., Characterization of radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole as a probe for hypoxic cells. Radiat. Res. 111 (1987), 292–304.
85. Prekeges, J.L., Rasey, J.S., Grunbaum, Z., Krohn, K.H., Reduction of fluoromisonidazole, a new imaging agent for hypoxia. Biochem. Pharmacol. 42 (1991), 2387–2395.
86. Casciari, J.J., Graham, M.M., Rasey, J.S., A modeling approach for quantifying tumor hypoxia with [F-18]fluoromisonidazole PET time–activity data. Med. Phys. 22 (1995), 1127–1139.
87. Rasey, J.S., Casciari, J.J., Hofstrand, P.D., Muzi, M., Graham, M.M., Chin, L.K., Determining hypoxic fraction in a rat glioma by uptake of radiolabeled fluoromisonidazole. Radiat. Res. 153 (2000), 84–92.
88. 18F]fluoromisonidazole uptake on oxygen delivery and tissue oxygenation in the porcine liver. Nucl. Med. Biol. 27 (2000), 693–700.
89. Graham, M.M., Peterson, L.M., Link, J.M., Evans, M.L., Rasey, J.S., Koh, W.J., Caldwell, J.H., Krohn, K.A., Fluorine-18-fluoromisonidazole radiation dosimetry in imaging studies. J. Nucl. Med. 38 (1997), 1631–1636.
90. Koh, W.J., Rasey, J.S., Evans, M.L., Grierson, J.R., Lewellen, T.K., Graham, M.M., Krohn, K.A., Griffin, T.W., Imaging of hypoxia in human tumors with [F-18]fluoromisonidazole. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 22 (1992), 199–212.
91. 18F]fluoromisonidazole: a pretherapy study of 37 patients. Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 36 (1996), 417–428.
92. 18F]FDG PET imaging in soft tissue sarcomas: correlation of hypoxia, metabolism and VEGF expression. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 30 (2003), 695–704.
93. 18F]fluoromisonidazole PET and pO2 electrode measurements. Influence of tumour volume and carbogen breathing. Acta Oncol. 41 (2002), 304–312.
94. 18F-fluoromisonidazole PET and polarographic needle electrodes in human soft tissue tumours. Radiother. Oncol. 67 (2003), 339–344.
95. 18F]fluoro-1-(2-nitro-1-imidazolyl)-2-propanol. A potential PET agent for detecting hypoxic but viable tissues. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum., A 40 (1989), 117–126.
96. 18F]fluoromisonidazole. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 44 (1993), 1085–1091.
97. 18F]fluoromisonidazole). Pharm. Res. 11 (1994), 466–469.
98. 18F]fluoromisonidazole. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 44 (1993), 1129–1132.
99. 18FMISO): a comparative study of their selective uptake in hypoxic cells and PET imaging in experimental rat tumors. Nucl. Med. Biol. 30 (2003), 317–326.
100. 18F-labeled fluoronitroimidazoles: potential in vivo markers of hypoxic tissue. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum., A 37 (1986), 599–605.
101. Mathias, C.J., Welch, M.J., Kilbourn, M.R., Jerabek, P.A., Patrick, T.B., Raichle, M.E., Krohn, K.A., Rasey, J.S., Shaw, D.W., Radiolabeled hypoxic cell sensitizers: tracers for assessment of ischemia. Life Sci. 41 (1987), 199–206.
102. 18F]fluoroalkyl-2-nitroimidazoles for imaging hypoxia. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 22 (1999), 590–597.
103. 18F]fluoropropyl)-2-nitroimidazole with a low energy LUMO orbital designed as brain hypoxia-targeting imaging agent. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 25 (2002), 616–621.
104. 18F]fluoroetanidazole, a new radiopharmaceutical for detecting tumor hypoxia. J. Nucl. Med. 40 (1999), 1072–1079.
105. 18F]FETNIM: a potential hypoxia marker for PET. J. Nucl. Med. 42 (2001), 1397–1404.
106. 18F-Fluoroerythronitroimidazole radiation dosimetry in cancer studies. J. Nucl. Med. 43 (2002), 1674–1680.
107. Mercer, J.R., Mannan, R.H., Somayaji, V.V., Lee, J., Chapman, J.D., Wiebe, L.I., Sugar-coupled 2-nitroimidazoles: novel in vivo markers for hypoxic tumor tissue. Maddalena, D.J., Snowdon, G.M., Boniface, G.R., (eds.) Advances in Radiopharmacology, 1990, Wollongong University Printing Services, Australia, 104–113.
108. Mannan, R.H., Somayaji, V.V., Lee, J., Mercer, J.R., Chapman, J.D., Wiebe, L.I., Radioiodinated 1-(5-Iodo-5-deoxy-β-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (iodoazomycin arabinoside: IAZA), a novel marker of tissue hypoxia. J. Nucl. Med. 32 (1991), 1764–1770.
109. Mannan, R.H., Mercer, J.R., Wiebe, L.I., Kumar, P., Somayaji, V.V., Chapman, J.D., Radioiodinated azomycin pyranoside (IAZP): a novel non-invasive marker for the assessment of tumor hypoxia. J. Nucl. Biol. Med. 36 (1992), 60–67.
110. Mannan, R.H., Mercer, J.R., Wiebe, L.I., Somayaji, V.V., Chapman, J.D., Radioiodinated 1-2-(fluoro-4-iodo-2,4-dideoxy-(-l-xylopyranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole: a novel probe for the non-invasive assessment of tumor hypoxia. Radiat. Res. 132 (1992), 368–374.
111. Kumar, P., Wiebe, L.I., Beiki, D., Ohkura, K., Seki, K., Synthesis of β-azomycin nucleosides: 1-(β-D-2-iodo-2-deoxyfuranoarabinosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (β-2-IAZA), a novel marker of tissue hypoxia. Tetrahedron Lett. 43 (2002), 4427–4429.
112. 3H-labelling and preliminary biological evaluation of a novel 2-nitroimidazole marker of tissue hypoxia. J. Label. Compd. Radiopharm. 42 (1999), 3–16.
113. 18F]FAZA, a new tracer for hypoxia. J. Nucl. Med., 43, 2002, 364.
114. 18F]-FAZA: a potential tumour hypoxia imaging agent, 10th Int. Symp. Radiopharm. Chem. Sydney, August 2003 (poster).
115. Kumar, P., Wiebe, L.I., Asikoglu, M., Tandon, M., McEwan, A.J., Microwave-assisted (radio)halogenation of nitroimidazole-based hypoxia markers. Appl. Radiat. Isotopes 57 (2002), 697–703.
116. Piert, M., Machulla, H.J., Reichl, G.P., Ziegler, S., Kumar, P., Wiebe, L.I., Schwaiger, M., Fluorine-18 labeled fluoroazomycin arabinoside (FAZA): imaging murine tumor hypoxia with improved biokinetics. J. Nucl. Med., 43, 2002, 278.
117. R. Hicks, Personal communication, 2003.
118. Zanzonico, P., O'Donoghue, J., Chapman, J.D., Schneider, R., Cai, S., Larson, S., Wen, B., Chen, Y., Finn, R., Ruan, S., Gerweck, L., Humm, J., Ling, C., Iodine-124-labeled iodo-azomycin-galactoside imaging of tumor hypoxia in mice with serial microPET scanning. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. Mol. Imaging 30 (2003), 117–128.
119. 64Cu-ATSM in vitro and in vivo in a hypoxic tumor model. J. Nucl. Med. 40 (1999), 177–183.
120. 4-methylthiosemicarbazone): effect of changes in tissue oxygenation. J. Nucl. Med. 42 (2001), 655–661.